Pub Date : 2013-08-01DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20130304.05
Benjamin Odari, Robinson Musembi, M. Mageto, H. Othieno, F. Gaitho, M. Mghendi, Valentine Muramba
F-co-doped Palladiu m Tin Oxide (PTO) thin films were pyrolytically deposited on glass substrate at 450 0 C using an alcoholic precursor solution consisting of Tin (IV) Chloride (SnCl4.5H2O), Palladiu m Ch loride (Pd Cl2) and Ammoniu m Fluoride (NH4F). A resistivity of 0.3-6.9×10 -2 Ωcm was obtained in F-co-doped PTO films prepared with a Pd content of 3.68at% and F content of 0 - 23.96at% under optimized conditions. The optical properties were studied in the UV/ VIS/ NIR region. The optical bandgap of the films laid in the range 3.945 - 4.014 eV. Using dispersion analysis with Drude and Kim terms, optical constants were determined fro m spectro-photometric measurements for films on glass.
{"title":"Optoelectronic Properties of F-co-doped PTO Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis","authors":"Benjamin Odari, Robinson Musembi, M. Mageto, H. Othieno, F. Gaitho, M. Mghendi, Valentine Muramba","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20130304.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20130304.05","url":null,"abstract":"F-co-doped Palladiu m Tin Oxide (PTO) thin films were pyrolytically deposited on glass substrate at 450 0 C using an alcoholic precursor solution consisting of Tin (IV) Chloride (SnCl4.5H2O), Palladiu m Ch loride (Pd Cl2) and Ammoniu m Fluoride (NH4F). A resistivity of 0.3-6.9×10 -2 Ωcm was obtained in F-co-doped PTO films prepared with a Pd content of 3.68at% and F content of 0 - 23.96at% under optimized conditions. The optical properties were studied in the UV/ VIS/ NIR region. The optical bandgap of the films laid in the range 3.945 - 4.014 eV. Using dispersion analysis with Drude and Kim terms, optical constants were determined fro m spectro-photometric measurements for films on glass.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86666216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-07DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.01
D. Bhalla, D. Singh, Swati Singh, D. Seth
In this paper efforts have been made to explain the manufacturing method of Manganese-Zinc (Mn-Zn) soft ferrites in detail along with its uses and applications. The same method is applicable to Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) and Lithium Titanium (Li-Ti or Microwave) ferrites also. A process flow chart is shown. The manufacturing steps like-mixing of powders, calcination of powder, grinding of powder, granules making, pressing of components, sintering in tunnel kiln or box furnace and machining on rotary table grinding machine, have been explained. Effect of atmosphere (oxygen), when the components are sintered at high temperature, is discussed. The temperature profiles of muffle furnace and tunnel kilns have also been discussed. The variation in temperature within the muffle furnace (900×900×800 mm) has been studied with the help of a sliding thermocouple. Temperature gradient within the furnace volume has been plotted on graph. A mathematical relation has been found using curve fitting equation. Actual and mathematical results have been compared.
{"title":"Material Processing Technology for Soft Ferrites Manufacturing","authors":"D. Bhalla, D. Singh, Swati Singh, D. Seth","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.01","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper efforts have been made to explain the manufacturing method of Manganese-Zinc (Mn-Zn) soft ferrites in detail along with its uses and applications. The same method is applicable to Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) and Lithium Titanium (Li-Ti or Microwave) ferrites also. A process flow chart is shown. The manufacturing steps like-mixing of powders, calcination of powder, grinding of powder, granules making, pressing of components, sintering in tunnel kiln or box furnace and machining on rotary table grinding machine, have been explained. Effect of atmosphere (oxygen), when the components are sintered at high temperature, is discussed. The temperature profiles of muffle furnace and tunnel kilns have also been discussed. The variation in temperature within the muffle furnace (900×900×800 mm) has been studied with the help of a sliding thermocouple. Temperature gradient within the furnace volume has been plotted on graph. A mathematical relation has been found using curve fitting equation. Actual and mathematical results have been compared.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84979457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-07DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.07
Wafaa M. S. Al-Khayat, G. Wilde
SiliconNanoparticles with thickness ranging between 40 to 50 nm and an average diameter of 80 nm were prepared by Physical Vapour Deposition (electron beam). The Nanoparticles showed blue and visible light emission from 300 A o to 900 A o , with peak intensity at 350-700 A o .Also AFM measurements were carried out and the regularity of silicon Nanoparticles was calculated and found to be equal to 0.3858 according to a quantitative hexagonal regularity calculation.
{"title":"Characteristics Study of Silicon Nanoparticles Produced by Physical Vapour Deposition","authors":"Wafaa M. S. Al-Khayat, G. Wilde","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.07","url":null,"abstract":"SiliconNanoparticles with thickness ranging between 40 to 50 nm and an average diameter of 80 nm were prepared by Physical Vapour Deposition (electron beam). The Nanoparticles showed blue and visible light emission from 300 A o to 900 A o , with peak intensity at 350-700 A o .Also AFM measurements were carried out and the regularity of silicon Nanoparticles was calculated and found to be equal to 0.3858 according to a quantitative hexagonal regularity calculation.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90524127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-07DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.04
K. S. Rao, G. Srinivas, M. Prasad, Y. Srinivas, B. Shudheer, A. Rao
Now-a-days, there has been growing demand for the development of micro scale devices, due to its less cost, space requirements, high dimensional stability and especially manufacturing time. This paper reports the modeling of MEMS based Piezoelectric shear actuated beam by using COMSOL Multiphysics software of version 4.2a.The dimensions of the model beam is of 100-mm long, 30-mm width, 10-mm thickness. In this paper, we analysed the deflection of beam under different voltages. In the first step, deflection of beam is analysed by changing the material of sandwiched beam. In the second step deflection of beam is explored by changing material of electrodes. In the third step, deflection of beam is analysed by changing both materials of sandwiched beam and electrodes. In the final step defection of beam is explored by changing both thickness and material of electrodes. Finally, the results of analysis allowed to conclude us to design a piezo electric shear actuated beam with different ranges and resolutions, under the condition of changing both thickness and material of electrodes gives the optimum deflection of 216nm under 30v excited input voltage.
{"title":"Design and Simulation of MEMS Based Piezoelectric Shear Actuated Beam","authors":"K. S. Rao, G. Srinivas, M. Prasad, Y. Srinivas, B. Shudheer, A. Rao","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.04","url":null,"abstract":"Now-a-days, there has been growing demand for the development of micro scale devices, due to its less cost, space requirements, high dimensional stability and especially manufacturing time. This paper reports the modeling of MEMS based Piezoelectric shear actuated beam by using COMSOL Multiphysics software of version 4.2a.The dimensions of the model beam is of 100-mm long, 30-mm width, 10-mm thickness. In this paper, we analysed the deflection of beam under different voltages. In the first step, deflection of beam is analysed by changing the material of sandwiched beam. In the second step deflection of beam is explored by changing material of electrodes. In the third step, deflection of beam is analysed by changing both materials of sandwiched beam and electrodes. In the final step defection of beam is explored by changing both thickness and material of electrodes. Finally, the results of analysis allowed to conclude us to design a piezo electric shear actuated beam with different ranges and resolutions, under the condition of changing both thickness and material of electrodes gives the optimum deflection of 216nm under 30v excited input voltage.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75995467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-07DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.03
S. Mammadov, S. A. Rzayeva, A. Garibov, E. Akperov, J. Mammadov
As shown, Energy effect have definition role for solubility of irradiate copolymer in mix butadiene nitrile rubber with polyvinylchloride, entropic effect remaining negative in initial polymer do not promote to solubility process. The experiments showed that increasing of radiation dosage during cross linking reduces characteristic viscosity of solutions and influence to change other physical-chemical properties of cross- linked copolymers.
{"title":"Thermodynamic Research of Solubility of Irradiate Cross-linked Copolymers in Mix Butadiene Nitrile with Polyvinylchloride","authors":"S. Mammadov, S. A. Rzayeva, A. Garibov, E. Akperov, J. Mammadov","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.03","url":null,"abstract":"As shown, Energy effect have definition role for solubility of irradiate copolymer in mix butadiene nitrile rubber with polyvinylchloride, entropic effect remaining negative in initial polymer do not promote to solubility process. The experiments showed that increasing of radiation dosage during cross linking reduces characteristic viscosity of solutions and influence to change other physical-chemical properties of cross- linked copolymers.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87819682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-07DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.08
S. P. Pandey
Metal/Semiconductor (n-type & p-type) devices were irradiated with Au(7+) and Si(8+) ions of energy ~100MeV with different fluencies (10 10 - 10 13 ions/cm 2 ). Electronic properties have been studied from I-V and C-V characteristics of the devices before and after the irradiation. Hydrogenation of the irradiated devices has also been performed to investigate the hydrogen passivation effect of the irradiation induced defects. The devices were annealed upto 400°C and Infrared spectroscopic studies have been carried out at each annealing temperatures to study the nature of irradiation induced defects. The result has been discussed in the realm of radiation hardness and the conductivity type change of the irradiated electronic devices.
{"title":"Observation of Conductivity Type Change in Swift Heavy Ion Irradiated Metal/Semiconductor Devices","authors":"S. P. Pandey","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.08","url":null,"abstract":"Metal/Semiconductor (n-type & p-type) devices were irradiated with Au(7+) and Si(8+) ions of energy ~100MeV with different fluencies (10 10 - 10 13 ions/cm 2 ). Electronic properties have been studied from I-V and C-V characteristics of the devices before and after the irradiation. Hydrogenation of the irradiated devices has also been performed to investigate the hydrogen passivation effect of the irradiation induced defects. The devices were annealed upto 400°C and Infrared spectroscopic studies have been carried out at each annealing temperatures to study the nature of irradiation induced defects. The result has been discussed in the realm of radiation hardness and the conductivity type change of the irradiated electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89797691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-07DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.05
L. Căpitanu, V. Florescu
Analyzing some hip prostheses retrieved by revision, the appearance of some forms of polishing of the femoral head were observed, as well as significant plastic deformations followed by local hardening. At the same time, obvious traces of wearing through fretting of the acetabular cup of UHMWPE, which in some studies are confounded or assimilated with the adhesive wear. Starting with the well-known fact that the rolling movement always has a lower friction compared to sliding friction, the authors have conceived and realized a pivoting movement joint on a "layer of balls" with "compensation space", placed between the acetabular cup and the femoral head. This technical MOM solution allows free self-directed migration of the balls, depending on the resistance opposed, with successive occupation of the "compensation space". As a concept, the proposed technical solution excludes the existence of a cage for maintaining the spheres relative positions.
{"title":"New Concepts for Improved Durability of MOM Total Hip Endoprostheses. A Review","authors":"L. Căpitanu, V. Florescu","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.05","url":null,"abstract":"Analyzing some hip prostheses retrieved by revision, the appearance of some forms of polishing of the femoral head were observed, as well as significant plastic deformations followed by local hardening. At the same time, obvious traces of wearing through fretting of the acetabular cup of UHMWPE, which in some studies are confounded or assimilated with the adhesive wear. Starting with the well-known fact that the rolling movement always has a lower friction compared to sliding friction, the authors have conceived and realized a pivoting movement joint on a \"layer of balls\" with \"compensation space\", placed between the acetabular cup and the femoral head. This technical MOM solution allows free self-directed migration of the balls, depending on the resistance opposed, with successive occupation of the \"compensation space\". As a concept, the proposed technical solution excludes the existence of a cage for maintaining the spheres relative positions.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80976982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-07DOI: 10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.06
I. Kud’, L. Ieremenko, L. S. Likhoded, I. Uvarova, D. P. Zyatkevich
The regularities of solid state synthesis of the solid solution (Mo0.9 ,Cr0.1)Si2 in vacuum have been investigated in the temperature range 400-1200℃ depending on the dispersity and energetic state of the init ial powders, namely mo lybdenum, chro miu m and silicon. The energetic state of the in itial mixture was established to be a determin ing factor which affects the principal features of solid state interaction whereas an increase in dispersity only influences the temperature of the interaction start. When non-activated initial mixtures and ones mechanically activated in a p lanetary mill with lo w number of dru m revolutions were used, the solid solution formation proceeded owing to diffusion of silicon into metals through successive formation of lo wer and higher molybdenum-based silicide phases followed by their interaction. Mechanical activation in a planetary mill with high number of dru m revolutions was accompanied by not only decrease in particle size but also changes in the energetic state of the reaction mixture, which resulted in changing the regularities of the solid solution formation. Herein solid solutions on the basis of two higher molybdenum silicide phases, tetra- and hexagonal mod ifications, were formed with further poly morphic transition of the unstable high temperature hexagonal β-MoSi2 phase into the lo w temperature tetragonal α-MoSi2 phase. It has been established that temperature of the beginning of interaction decreases by 100℃ as compared with non-activated initial mixtures and temperature of the end of the process depends on the amount of accu mu lated energy: under low energy mechanical activation the process is co mplete at 1200℃, while a h igh energy activation decreases this temperature by 200-400℃ depending on the duration of activation.
{"title":"Features of the Solid Solution (Mo 0.9 ,Cr 0.1 )Si 2 Formation Depending on the State of Initial Mixture","authors":"I. Kud’, L. Ieremenko, L. S. Likhoded, I. Uvarova, D. P. Zyatkevich","doi":"10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.MATERIALS.20120206.06","url":null,"abstract":"The regularities of solid state synthesis of the solid solution (Mo0.9 ,Cr0.1)Si2 in vacuum have been investigated in the temperature range 400-1200℃ depending on the dispersity and energetic state of the init ial powders, namely mo lybdenum, chro miu m and silicon. The energetic state of the in itial mixture was established to be a determin ing factor which affects the principal features of solid state interaction whereas an increase in dispersity only influences the temperature of the interaction start. When non-activated initial mixtures and ones mechanically activated in a p lanetary mill with lo w number of dru m revolutions were used, the solid solution formation proceeded owing to diffusion of silicon into metals through successive formation of lo wer and higher molybdenum-based silicide phases followed by their interaction. Mechanical activation in a planetary mill with high number of dru m revolutions was accompanied by not only decrease in particle size but also changes in the energetic state of the reaction mixture, which resulted in changing the regularities of the solid solution formation. Herein solid solutions on the basis of two higher molybdenum silicide phases, tetra- and hexagonal mod ifications, were formed with further poly morphic transition of the unstable high temperature hexagonal β-MoSi2 phase into the lo w temperature tetragonal α-MoSi2 phase. It has been established that temperature of the beginning of interaction decreases by 100℃ as compared with non-activated initial mixtures and temperature of the end of the process depends on the amount of accu mu lated energy: under low energy mechanical activation the process is co mplete at 1200℃, while a h igh energy activation decreases this temperature by 200-400℃ depending on the duration of activation.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87928018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study of the WSe2 Layered Compound Semi Conductors Useful for Photoeletrochemical Solar Cells","authors":"P. R. Patel, V. Pathak","doi":"10.7726/AJMST.2013.1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7726/AJMST.2013.1007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78267215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study evaluates the influence of low-pressure air plasma before vacuum evaporation process on the cotton textile surface morphology, as well as evaporated copper coating adhesion. During the experiment, commercial cotton textile was functionalized with vacuum evaporation technique with or without low– pressure air plasma pre-treatment. Surface analysis of the cotton textile treated with low-pressure air plasma and evaporated copper was carried out using Scanning electron microscope. As shown in the experimental results, modification of cotton textile surface by applying low-pressure air plasma noticeably deteriorates adhesion of the evaporated copper coating to the cotton textile substrate. These can be explained as morphological changes of the cotton textile surface resulting from its modification with low-pressure air plasma. Scanning electron microscope micrographs reveal that low-pressure air plasma changes cotton textile surface morphology, i.e. the original cotton fibre surface generally becomes smoother, whereas some fibres become completely even.
{"title":"LOW-PRESSURE AIR PLASMA INFLUENCE ON COTTON TEXTILE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY AND evaporated COPPER COATING ADHESION","authors":"S. Vihodceva, S. Kukle","doi":"10.7726/AJMST.2013.1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7726/AJMST.2013.1001","url":null,"abstract":"The present study evaluates the influence of low-pressure air plasma before vacuum evaporation process on the cotton textile surface morphology, as well as evaporated copper coating adhesion. During the experiment, commercial cotton textile was functionalized with vacuum evaporation technique with or without low– pressure air plasma pre-treatment. Surface analysis of the cotton textile treated with low-pressure air plasma and evaporated copper was carried out using Scanning electron microscope. As shown in the experimental results, modification of cotton textile surface by applying low-pressure air plasma noticeably deteriorates adhesion of the evaporated copper coating to the cotton textile substrate. These can be explained as morphological changes of the cotton textile surface resulting from its modification with low-pressure air plasma. Scanning electron microscope micrographs reveal that low-pressure air plasma changes cotton textile surface morphology, i.e. the original cotton fibre surface generally becomes smoother, whereas some fibres become completely even.","PeriodicalId":7420,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Materials Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90257286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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