Morfologiia (Saint Petersburg, Russia)最新文献

The review analyses the data on the structure ofsubmandibular (SMG), parotid and sublingualsalivary glands in rodents and on biologically activesubstances produced by them. The evidence ispresented on the mutual influence of rodent majorsalivary glands (MSG) and the testes. Specialattention is paid to gender differences of MSG inrodents, which are more fully apparent in matureindividuals and are most pronounced in SMG.Sexual dimorphism is morphologically manifestedin a larger size of secretory portions, the relativeareas of granular and interlobular excretory ductsof SMG and greater number of granular cells ofstriated ducts of the sublingual glands in males.Biochemically sexual dimorphism is characterizedby different amounts of biologically activesubstances secreted by the epithelial cells ofsecretory portions and granular cells of the ducts.Epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor,kallikrein and other substances are synthesized ingranular cells of the excretory ducts of all MSG inrodents, however, to the greatest extent — bySMG. The higher content of physiologically activesubstances in MSG saliva in males plays animportant biological role.

The aim of the study was to analyze histologicaland morphometric changes in the brain of ratssubjected to immobilization stress and to assessthe neuroprotective effect of the extract ofAstragalus membranaceus (AE). The work wascarried out on Wistar rats that were divided into 3groups (6 animals in each): group 1 — intact rats;group 2 — control animals subjected toimmobilization stress for 18 h; group 3 — ratstreated orally with AE (50 mg/kg) for 7 days andthen subjected to immobilization stress. The levelof stress-induced brain damage was assessed bya morphometric method, by measuring theproportions of morphologically intact neurons,hyperchromatic shrunken neurons and neuronswith the signs of degeneration in layers III–V of thecerebral cortex and CA1 region of thehippocampus in the standard area of the section.Immobilization stress in rats led to a clearlypronounced neuronal damage in the cerebralcortex and hippocampus. AE was found to limit thestress-induced neuronal damage in the cerebralcortex and the hippocampus: the proportion ofhyperchromatic shrunken neurons was reduced 3and 4.6 times, respectively, compared to control.

The aim of this study — qualitative and quantitativeevaluation of synaptogenesis in the developingcerebellum of the rat (postnatal Days 2–45) usingimmunohistochemical detection of synaptophysin(SYP) as the the marker. The expression of SYPwas demonstrated in postmitotic neurons of theexternal granular layer and migrating precursors ofgranular neurons of the cerebellum. During thewhole period studied, an increase in the width ofthe zone of synaptogenesis in the molecular layertook place together with the decrease of SYPimmunoreactivity.The reduction in the number ofSYP-immunopositive synapses was noted aroundPurkinje cell perikarya from Day 7 till Day 15. In theinternal granular layer, SYP-immunopositive dotswere observed that increased in size from Day 2 toDay 45 due to the formation of cerebellar glomeruli.In the cerebellar interposed nucleus, the numberand sizes of axosomatic synapses aroundneuronal perikarya were found to increase duringthe whole period examined. In the neuropil, theuneven aggregates of SYP-immunopositiveaxodendritic synapses were observed.

Experiments were carried out on 22 albino male Wistar rats to study the morphological peculiarities of osseointegration of titanium grafts with bioactive surface stimulated additionally with bone plastic material "Gamalant-paste-FORTE Plus" containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). In 9 rats the implants were placed into femoral bones after local treatment of bone canal with rhBMP-2-containing material. Another 9 animals were implanted but received no treatment, 4 rats formed the group of intact control. Zone of osseointegration was studied 4, 8 and 12 weeks after graft placement using histological and morphometric methods as well as immune histochemistry to demonstrate osteonectin, CD68, MMP-9, and TIMP-1. The study showed that preliminary treatment of bone canal with rhBMP-2-containing material preceding implant placement was accompanied by an additional osteoinductive effect. More intense and outrunning bone formation in the area of osseointegration was observed, together with remodeling and compaction of the contiguous cancellous bone, thus providing the necessary balance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 with a high level of each factor expression.

Age-related changes in the hippocampus (HC)result in the disturbances of all types of memoryand the shifts of emotional reactions. The aim ofthe present study was to examine themorphometric parameters of neurons of human HCduring the aging process. The material wasobtained at autopsy of the bodies of 43 individualsof both sexes aged 21–92 years that were dividedinto 4 age groups. The sections were stained withNissl’s cresyl violet for identification of neurons.The neurons were counted within the standardarea and their profile field area was measured inHC proper, in the area of fields CA1 and CA3, andin dentate gyrus in the hippocampal pes. It wasfound that with aging human HC underwent aheterochronic loss of nerve cells, the intensity ofwhich differed at the level of the middle part andthe hippocampal pes. The degree of age-relatedloss of nerve cells in human HC increased in thedirection: dentate gyrus → CA3 → CA1. In mostcompartments of HC, a compensatory increase ofthe neuron profile field area was observed in theperiod from 36 to 74 years, giving place to itsreduction in individuals older than 75 years.

The dynamics of the distribution of GABAergicneurons and neurons expressing different types ofGABA receptors (GABAAα1 and GABAB1) wasstudied in Bötzingercomplex (BötC) in the earlypostnatal period (the period of functionalmaturation of the respiratory system in mammals)in norm and prenatal reduction of serotonin contentin Wistar rats. The brain was studied on postnatalDays 5, 9 and 20 in two groups of rat pups: control(n=9), born by intact females, and experimental(n=13), born from mothers that receivedparachlorophenylalanine, causing the depressionof endogenous serotonin level. Imunocytochemicalmethods were used to detect the neuronsproducing GABA and expressing GABAAα1 andGABAB1 receptors. It was shown that thematuration of the inhibitory GABAergic network inBötC occurred in the early postnatal period (by Day9). Simultaneously with GABA, the expression ofGABAAα1 and GABAB1 receptors took place,however their maturation has the distinctivefeatures. The formation of GABAAα1 receptorsoccurred earlier (by Day 9) and coincided in timewith the expression of GABA. The maturation ofGABAB1 receptors happened later — only by thethird week. Prenatal serotonin deficiency caused adelay in the expression of GABA and GABAAα1receptors by the neurons of BötC, as well as thedisruption of the formation of a network ofterminals and synapses containing GABA,GABAAα1 and GABAB1 receptors.

The goal of this study was to examine thelocalization and the structural and functionalfeatures of mast cells (MC) in the parotid gland inchronic alcohol intoxication. The study wasconducted on 15 adult outbred albino male ratsreceiving 20% ethanol solution as the sole sourceof drinking for 2 months. The control groupincluded 10 intact animals. Structural changes inparotid salivary glands were studied in paraffinsections, stained with hematoxylin–eosin. MC weredemonstrated in cryostat sections stained byUnna’s method; their topography,degranulationwere evaluated and their number perfield of vision was counted. Serotonin content wasassessed quantitatively by using fluorescentmicroscopy and cytospectrophotometry. In chronicalcohol intoxication, marked variability wasdemonstrated in the shape of the secretoryportions and the size of their glandular cells, whichoften showed unstained vacuoles. Interlobularducts are unevenly dilated, their cells had variableheight. The number of MC in the connective tissuelayer around the interlobular excretory ducts andblood vessels was increased, most of them were ina state of degranulation. However, the content ofserotonin in these areas was not changedsignificantly compared with that in the controlgroup, presumably due to the fact that serotoninreleased from MC during degranulation, wasactively interacting with numerous fibers andterminals of the autonomic nervous system locatedhere, and was quickly trapped by them. Within thelobules, the amount of MC was increased to alesser extent than in the area of interlobular ducts,but 80% of them were in a state of pronounceddegranulation, often with complete disintegration ofthe cytoplasm. These cells apparently served asthe sources of serotonin, the number of whichsignificantly increased in the area of secretoryportions. It is suggested that the increasedconcentrations of serotonin in the area of thesecretory portions indicates that under theinfluence of alcohol intoxication the additionalparacrine regulatory mechanisms were activated inthe gland, which contributed to its functionalactivity, aimed at accelerating the excretion ofethanol and its toxic products of metabolism.

Using immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was studied in the brain of the mitten crab Eriocheir japonica in norm and at 2, 4, 6 and 12 hours of anoxia on the model of water deprivation. In intact crabs, the number of immunopositive neurons was small, but it increased with anoxia duration. Particularly pronounced increase in the proportion of neurons with the HIF-1α expression was found in cell group 6. In group 9/11. the highest expression index was observed between 2-6 hours of anoxia. In group 17, significant changes in the proportion of immunopositive cells was observed only after 2 hours of anoxia. After 6 hours of anoxia, proportion of neurons with HIF-1α expression within all cell groups was reduced, but the reactions appeared in the blood cells. It is assumed that the increase in the proportion of immunopositive neurons and the appearance of the expression of HIF-1α in blood cells in the anoxic brain play an important role in providing compensatory and protective processes, enhancing adaptive capacity of mitten crab under the conditions of hypoxic stress.

The aim of this work was to determine the interrelation between the preoperative blood counts and the quality of vascularized adipo-fascio-cutaneous flap survival. In 10 adult male Wistar rats, a flap with the area of 18 cm2 was formed on the basis of superficial inferior epigastric artery; after a 90 min ischemic period it was replanted. 12 days after operation the quality of flap survival was assessed with computer-assisted planimetry. It was found that the combination of preoperative leukocyte, thrombocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil counts as well as reactive lymphocyte counts close to the maximal reference values increased the probability of epidermolysis.

The article presents the information on the modern modifications of Perls' reaction including diaminobenzidine enhancement according to R. Meguro (for various tissues). M.A. Smith (for nervous tissue), S.M. Levine (for detection of iron in oligodendrocytes and myelinated nervous fibers), and our own modification for visualization of the nucleolar iron. The analysis is performed of the advantages and disadvantages of these modifications of histochemical demonstration of iron. It is shown that the use of new methodological approaches significantly increases the sensitivity of Perls' reaction. Control procedures allow to to eliminate the possibility of artifacts.