Morfologiia (Saint Petersburg, Russia)最新文献

The aim of this work was to analyze the literature data and the results of authors' own research, to answer the question--if the osteocytes of bone tissues resulting from membranous and chondral ossification, belong to one or to different cell lines. The differences between the cells of osteocyte lines derived from bones resulting from membranous and chondral ossification were established in: 1) the magnitude of the mechanical signal, initiating the development of the process of mechanotransduction; 2) the nature of the relationship between the magnitude of the mechanical signal that initiates the reorganization of the architecture of bone structures and the resource of their strength; in membranous bones significantly lower mechanical signal caused a substantially greater increment of bone strength resource; 3) the biological activity of bone structures, bone fragments formed from membranous tissue were more optimal for transplantation; 4) the characteristics of expression of functional markers of bone cells at different stages of their differentiation; 5) the nature of the reaction of bone cells to mechanical stress; 6) the sensitivity of bone cells to one of the factors controlling the process of mechanotransduction (PGI2); 7) the functioning of osteocytes during lactation. These differences reflect the functional requirements to the bones of the skeleton--the supporting function in the bones of the limbs and the shaping and protection in the bones of the cranial vault. These data suggest that the results of research conducted on the bones of the skull, should not be transferred to the entire skeleton as a whole.

The purpose of the present investigation was acomparative study of the effect of prenatalexposure to alcohol on the histologicalcharacteristics of neurons in the frontal cortex ofthe rats of different ages. The study was conductedon 175 outbred albino rats — the offspring of 25females given a 15% solution of ethanol as asource of drinking throughout pregnancy. Thecortex was examined at Days 2–90 after birthusing histological, histochemical and morphometricmethods. An increase (Days 2, 5), followed by thereduction (Days 10 and 90) of the thickness of thecortex and the size of neurons (Days 20–90) weredetected, together with the decrease in the numberof neurons in layer V of the cortex, reduction of thenumber of normochromic and an increase of thenumber of shrunken hyperchromic neurons andghost cells in all study periods. Antenatalalcoholization was found to cause a variety ofhistological changes in the frontal cortex of ratbrain in postnatal ontogenesis that had a long-termand progressive nature.

The aim of the study was to identify the variants oflocation and branching of the infraorbital nerve(ION) in the infraorbital canal. UsingV. P. Vorobyov macromicroscopic method, thehead of 23 individuals (11 males, 12 females)ranging in age from newborn to 74 years, wasdissected. It was found that ION divided intobranches at the level of the inferior orbital fissure,in the beginning of the infraorbital furrow,infraorbital canal, infraorbital foramen and after itsemergence from the infraorbital foramen. In somepreparations, the additional infraorbital foraminawere noted, containing the emerging branches ofION. In 15 preparations ION consisted of 1 trunkand divided into branches in the infraorbitalforamen or 3–6 mm distal to it (the magistral typeof branching). In 8 cases ION gave 2 or moretrunks within the orbital cavity (the dissipated typeof branching). Additional infraorbital foramina inmost cases had a rounded or roundedflattenedform. The data on variants of the structure andtopography of the additional infraorbital foraminaare presented.

The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution pattern of cellular contacts protein beta-catenin in the choroid plexus and ependyma of lateral ventricles of the brain. The study was conducted on frontal sections of the brain of Wistar rats (n = 10) using polyclonal antibodies against beta-catenin. The obtained preparations were analyzed by microscopy in transmitted light and using confocal laser microscopy. To study the distribution of beta-catenin in different projections, three-dimensional reconstruction was performed. The study demonstrated different distribution patterns of this protein in ependyma and choroid plexus. Unlike ependyma, in the cells of the choroid plexus beta-catenin was distributed in the same way as in simple epithelial tissues (on the basal and lateral borders of the cells). This may indicate different tissue attribution of the ependyma and the choroid plexus epithelium, despite their common origin.

Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of thepharyngeal tonsil was studied in 50 children aged 4to 14 years with chronic adenoiditis. that wasremoved during the operation from. The childrenwere divided into 3 groups. The 1st group includedchildren with decreased tone of the autonomicnervous system (ANS) and autonomichyperreactivity, the 2nd group — children withincreased ANS tone and low autonomic reactivity,the 3rd group — children with optimal autonomictone and normal reactivity. The state of thenervous structures in the region of adenoidovergrowths was studied by histochemicalmethods, demonstrating adren- and cholinergicnerve fibers in the same section (incubation inglyoxylic acid and Karnovsky–Roots method).Adrenergic nerve fibers with many varicositieswere found mainly in perivasal plexuses, fromwhich the branches passed subepitheliallybetween the nodules, and the terminals ofthinfibers penetrated the lymphoid nodules. Theassessment of the functional activity of adrenergicnerve fibers demonstrated that in the 1st group theaverage luminescence intensity in varicoseextensions and intervaricose areas was equal to22.7±2.5 and 37,2±3.5 conventional units (c.u.),respectively, in the 2nd group it was equal to57.3±1,4 and 15.5±4.3 c.u., while in the 3rdgroup — to 34,3±2,2 and 30.1±3.8 c.u. It wasfound that cholinergic nerve fibers were locatedsimilarly to adrenergic fibers, but appeared thickerand had larger varicosities. The activity ofcholinergic nerve structures could be evaluated bythe staining intensity (from light yellow to darkbrown) and by the number of varicose extensionsin a certain fiber. Similar to adrenergic fibers,cholinergic nerve fibers often passed fromperivascular plexuses and innervated the lymphoidtissue.

Using general histological, histochemical,immunocytochemical and morphometric methods,two muscles (longissimus dorsi and bicepsfemoris) were characterized morphologically andfunctionally in 15-month-old calves of the new«Aita» breed type (n=6) and in calves of the sameage from the base type Kalmyk breed of cattle(n=6). The results of the study showed that themuscles of animals of a new breed type hadsmaller diameter of the muscle fibers and slightlygreater thickness of the endomysium. In themuscles of animals of two types no differenceswere found between the volumes of nuclei andglycogen in the muscle fibers, as well as betweenthe fractions occupied by loose fibrous connectivetissue and the cellular composition of theendomysium. The data obtained reflect the rangeof variability of the muscle tissue within the breedsof cattle, they are also indicative of high qualitycharacteristics of meat products obtained fromthese animals.

The aim of the present work was a comparativestudy of basic parameters of spermatogenesis inmice of inbred PT (n=99) and CBA/Lac (n=81)strains, starting with the puberal period ofdevelopment until Day 80. The number ofspermatozoa was measured in the caudal portionsof both epididymides (epididymal reserve),morphological characteristics and spermatozoamotility were evaluated, and body, testes andepididymal weight was determined. Starting frompuberty and thereafter, it was found that CBA/Lacmales as compared with RT mice had lowertesticular mass and epididymal spermatozoanumber. However, spermatozoa functionalcapacity of CBA/Lac males was higher ascompared to that of PT mice, since starting withthe puberal period, they were characterized by alower frequency of abnormal forms, and in thepost-puberal period — by higher relativeconcentrations of motile spermatozoa. Thus, in themales of laboratory mice studied, the interstraindifferences in the key parameters ofspermatogenesis related to fertility, began toemerge in the puberal period, and their interstrainvariability may have a compensatory character.

Anatomical structure of right ventricularseptomarginal trabecula (SMT) was studied atmicro-macroscopical level in 99 preparations ofhuman fetal heart formed without malformationsand minor abnormalities, obtained at 17–28 weeksof development. SMT was found to be a constantcardiac structure consisting of the body and twobranches: anterior and posterior. Body of SMT is amyocardial vallum, unseparable from theinterventricular septum, the long axis of which isalways located along the conventional lineconnecting septal insertion of supraventricularcrest and right ventricular apex. Posterior margin ofSMT body was distinct in 75% of cases andsmoothened in 21.9%. Base of the SMT was solidin 46.3% and split into secondary trabeculae in52.6% of cases. Narrow and wide forms of SMTbody were considered as its extreme anatomicalvariants. It is suggested to distinguish twoanatomical types of SMT: a complete type, inwhich SMT was represented by a complexconsisting of body in the form of muscular vallumand both branches, and an incomplete one, inwhich one of the branches was absent. Humanfetal heart SMT is characterized by a variability,which is manifested by certain combinations ofanatomic variants of SMT base form, its posteriormargin, and the presence, shape and mutuallocation of its branches.

The diaphragm was taken from the corpses of 80 humans of both sexes of adult age and was studied using the complex of preparation, injection, morphometric and of variational-statistical methods. A significant anatomical variation of the left inferior phrenic veins was found, that was characterized by different variants of their confluence, and variation of their diameters. Five variants of the confluence of the left inferior phrenic veins were defined. It was shown that the variant of confluence of the left inferior phrenic veins into a single trunk fusing with the inferior vena cava was suitable for catheterization. Suitable for catheterization left inferior phrenic veins may be divided into freely catheterizable (diameter of 5 mm and more).and conditionally catheterizable (diameter less Than 5 mm). When performing cardiac resynchronization therapy, the vein can be used as an alternative way (along with the coronary sinus of the heart) for transvenous delivery system of stimulation electrode. Variants of confluence of the left inferior phrenic vein in hepatic and adrenal veins were not suitable for catheterization.

To examine the dynamics of prenatal developmentof the corpus callosum (CC) of the brain, aprospective cohort study was conducted in 100large fetuses (with the birth weight of 4000 g ormore, the average for the group equal to 4350±250g) with symmetrical and asymmetrical developmentaccording to weight-tolength ratio. The controlgroup consisted of 50 fetuses with an averagebody weight of 3452±287 g. Measurements oflength, thickness and width of CC were performedusing multiplanar technique of ultrasound imaging.The deceleration of the rate of growth of CC lengthwas detected in large fetuses after 33rd week ascompared to that in control group. In a comparativeanalysis of CC parameters in large fetusesdepending on the symmetry of their development,significantly lower values of its length were foundafter 27 weeks in fetuses with an asymmetricalgrowth. CC width in large fetuses with anasymmetrical development was significantlysmaller than that in symmetrical development from21st week of gestation till term.