Morfologiia (Saint Petersburg, Russia)最新文献

To detect the anatomical correlations between theform of the palato-alveolar complex and the shapeand degree of pneumatization of the maxillarysinuses, skull frontal saw cuts obtained from 60adult persons were studied at the level of thesecond molars. The form of the palato-alveolarcomplex was found to change significantly with theloss of teeth. Thus the palato-alveolar complexwith well expressed alveolar process of the upperjaw and high palatal vault more often correspondedto the maxillarysinus of a trihedral or uncertainform with the varying degrees of pneumatization.The palato-alveolar complex with a considerableatrophy of an alveolar process of the upper jawand the flat palate was accompanied by thehyperpneumatitized sinuses of a tetrahedral form,while the transitional form of the complex whichwas observed in cases of partial loss of the teeth,was combined with the asymmetry of the form anddegree of a pneumatization of the sinuses. Thesecorrelations are important for oral and maxillofacialsurgery and dentistry.

The aim of the present study was to optimize thehistochemical method of amyloid staining usingCongo red. The study was performed onspecimens of the myocardium of left ventricle ofthe heart obtained at autopsy from the patientswith amyloidosis of myocardium diagnosedpostmortem. It was shown that a positive impact onthe quality of the staining of amyloid is provided bya procedure of pre-heating the slides in the liquid,especially at an acidic pH. The staining protocolwas developed allowing to obtain preparationscharacterized by high-contrast staining of amyloidat light microscopic level and by high intensity of itsfluorescence. The advantage of the protocolpresented is also a significant reduction in the totalduration of staining, an increase in stability of thespecific staining of amyloid and the absence ofnonspecific background staining.

The problem of the formation of new lymphoidstructures (neolymphogenesis) is quitecontroversial and widely discussed in the literature.Under normal conditions, lymphoid organs ariseonly in the process of fetal development(organogenesis), however in long-standing chronicinflammatory processes, nonhealing wounds,autoimmune diseases, oncologic pathologyspontaneous formation of new lymphoid structureswas noted. The structures of the peripherallymphoid formations include the lymphocytesarranged singly and in clusters (infiltration),lymphoid nodules and lymph nodes. Themorphogenesis of the components of lymphoidtissue and the possibility of creating artificiallymphoid structures, reproducing the function ofthe natural ones, is demonstrated. Important role inthe development of lymphoid structures is playedby mediators of inflammation, cytokines of thefamily of lymphotoxins, tumor necrosis factor. Thepossibilities of prosthetic substitution of thefunctions of the lymphoid structures are describedfor the activation of protective processes in thebody.

Motor neuron and synapse ultrastructure in the somatic area of oculomotor nerve nuclei (cranial nerve III nuclei) was studied in C57 Black/6 mice. It was shown that that axodendritic and axosomatic synapses were characterized by rounded subjunctional bodies, located at the postsynaptic side of the synaptic contact at some distance from postsynaptic density. At the site of the subjunctional densities, the synaptic gap was expanded to 30 µm. In the same synapse, the synaptic gap could be reduced twice or more. Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses occured on spines. On the soma and dendrites of motoneurons, en passant type of synapses were found. No gap junctions were observed.

The uterine tissues of female rats (n=30) with a scarred myometrium were examined by methods of light microscopy after the delivery. 1.5-2 months after the delivery no significant differences in the parameters of blood and lymph flow in the deep layers of the endometrium, myometrium and the myometrial scar tissue were found between the intact rats, nulliparous rats with a scarred uterus, rats that gave birth after laparotomy only and those that gave birth under the conditions of myometrial scar. In the course of pregnancy and labor activity, the damage of the tissues was observed not in the uterine scar proper, but at its borders with the myometrium. This is supported by the old hemorrhages and lymphostasis phenomena, greater number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and erythrocytes. In determining the indications and contraindications to vaginal childbirth in women with scarred uterus it is necessary to examine not only the scar proper, but also its border with the myometrium. The myometrial scar by itself, is not an absolute contraindication to vaginal delivery, the natural delivery is feasible in the absence of cavities with liquid and hemorrhages in the tissues of the uterine scar and at its border with myometrium.

To assess the effect of orthopedic lengthening on proliferative activity of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage, dosed tibial lengthening by 28 mm was performed in 15 dogs at the rate of I mm/day divided into 4 sessions. Experiment time-points - 28 days of distraction, 30 days of fixation in the apparatus and 30 days after the apparatus removal. Methods of light microscopy of paraffin sections, immunohistochemistry, histomorphometry of semithin epoxide sections were used. At the end of distraction, the preferential concentration of Ki-67 marker was detected in the upper layers of the intermediate zone, while focal distribution was noted in the superficial and deep zones of articular cartilage of femoral condyles. Upon completion of lengthening, a stable increase in the number of chondrocytes was noted in the superficial and intermediate zones but not in the deep cartilage zone as com ared with the intact group (n=5).

In 5 groups of rats (6 animals in each), the changes of neurons in hippocampal fields CA1 and CA4 were studied 7 days after severe hypobaric hypoxia (180 mm Hg, for 3 h) preceded by various numbers (1, 3 and 6) of sessions of preconditioning (PC) by mild hypobaric hypoxia (360 mm Hg, for 2 h, 24 h prior to severe hypoxia). It was found that a single session of PC did not prevent the damage to the structure of neurons and their death after exposure to severe hypoxia. Meanwhile, 6, and especially 3 sessions of PC induced protective mechanisms of neuronal damage prevention. In rats after 6 sessions of PC, unlike those exposed to 3 sessions, mild chromatolysis of hippocampal neurons was demonstrated. This could result from prolonged hypermetabolic activity of neurons and indicate their functional overloading.

To study the structural organization and histogenesis of the cardiac muscle tissue in the walls of human caval and pulmonary veins, the heart was examined in 3 human embryos (at weeks 6-7 of development) and 20 fetuses (at weeks 9-10, 16, 19, 22 and 24 of development), as well as segments of caval and pulmonary veins of adult men and women (n = 50) located at various distances from the heart. The methods of light and electron microscopy were used in this work. To obtain the isolated cells from the walls of caval and pulmonary veins, the method of tissue alkaline dissociation was used. An immunohistochemical study with the monoclonal antibodies against cardiac troponin T was performed. It was found that the cardiomyocytes in humans were located in the middle and outer tunics of caval and pulmonary veins, where they formed thick layers. In the pulmonary veins of the adult humans, cardiac muscle fibers did not reach the intrapulmonary areas, in the inferior vena cava their layer did not extend beyond the pericardium, in the superior vena cava, its length was 2.5-3.0 cm. The formation of the pulmonary vein orifices occured by sequential inclusion of the wall of the common pulmonary vein, and later--of the right and left pulmonary veins into the wall of the left atrium. During the formation of the orifices of the caval veins, the gradual inclusion of the wall of the venous sinus in the wall of the right atrium was observed, resulting in caval veins opening directly into the cavity of the right atrium. The veins studied were referred to the veins of the muscular type with the strong development of muscular elements containing the myocardial component.

The jejunum of C57 BL/6 mice (n = 5) was examined 7 days after a 30-day-long space flight and in vivarium control animals (n = 6). The cellular composition of the lamina propria of the mucous membranes of the villi and crypt region was studied using histological and morphometric methods. It was found that on Day 7 the recovery of normal cellular composition of the lamina propria was incomplete. In the villi, the number of medium and small lymphocytes, as well as of the plasma cells was reduced. In the crypt region, the changes were less pronounced. In the lamina propria in experimental animals the number of large lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, disintegrating cells and stromal cells was increased. The number of eosinophils was reduced.