Pub Date : 2016-05-26DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000209
Susmita Sarkar, Advaita Ganguly, H. Sunwoo
Tuberculosis, a global public health epidemic, is one of the leading causes of death by an infectious disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb), 5-10% of whom will possibly go on to develop active disease. Tuberculosis (TB) is an epidemic especially in poor countries, and each year the disease kills approximately 1.7 million people worldwide. The Mycobacterium family has over 60 species but only a few of them can cause diseases in humans, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium avium. MTb can exist in the latent state, where it resides in the human body for an extended period of time without showing any clinical symptoms. Once the host’s immune system becomes weakened, whether by age or concomitant disease, the bacteria attains virulent or active form. With the increasing incidence of HIV infection, tuberculosis has reemerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
{"title":"Current Overview of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs: Metabolism and Toxicities","authors":"Susmita Sarkar, Advaita Ganguly, H. Sunwoo","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000209","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis, a global public health epidemic, is one of the leading causes of death by an infectious disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb), 5-10% of whom will possibly go on to develop active disease. Tuberculosis (TB) is an epidemic especially in poor countries, and each year the disease kills approximately 1.7 million people worldwide. The Mycobacterium family has over 60 species but only a few of them can cause diseases in humans, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium avium. MTb can exist in the latent state, where it resides in the human body for an extended period of time without showing any clinical symptoms. Once the host’s immune system becomes weakened, whether by age or concomitant disease, the bacteria attains virulent or active form. With the increasing incidence of HIV infection, tuberculosis has reemerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-24DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000208
K. Rawat, M. Chahar, P. Reddy, N. Srivastava, U. Gupta, M. Natrajan, V. Katoch, K. Katoch, D. Chauhan
This study is focused to analyze the expression profile of CXCL8 and CXCL10 chemokines genes and to address the contribution of these chemokines in late phase of M.leprae infection in human skin lesion samples. In this study skin biopsy samples from leprosy patients (n=35) were collected including BL-LL=12, BB=14, BT=8 and healthy volunteers (n=3). All the biopsy samples were collected in RNALater for mRNA expression study as well as 10% buffered formalin (BF) for histopathologic analysis. Total RNA was isolated from collected samples and cDNA was prepared. Level of mRNA expression of CXCL8 and CXCL10 chemokine genes was measured via q-PCR and insitu RT-PCR to locate the presence of CXCL8 and CXCL10 chemokines inside M. leprae infected tissue. The mRNA expression of CXCL8 was found relatively elevated in lepromatous (BL-LL) skin samples significantly as compared to BB category of leprosy; whereas in BT cases down-regulation was recorded. CXCL10 mRNA expression was found elevated in lepromatous (BL-LL) cases than other cases (BT, BB) of leprosy samples. In histopathological examination, 59.38% maximum infiltration was observed in BL-LL cases of leprosy and in-situ RT-PCR confirmed the presence of chemokines genes in tissue sections. Interestingly, chemokines CXCL-10 and CXCL-8 showed elevated expression in BL-LL category. The study advocated that CXCL10 and CXCL-8 possibly may have a role in lepromatous (BL-LL) form of leprosy.
{"title":"Expression and Analysis of CXCL8 and CXCL10 Chemokines in Human SkinLesions Infected with M.leprae","authors":"K. Rawat, M. Chahar, P. Reddy, N. Srivastava, U. Gupta, M. Natrajan, V. Katoch, K. Katoch, D. Chauhan","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000208","url":null,"abstract":"This study is focused to analyze the expression profile of CXCL8 and CXCL10 chemokines genes and to address the contribution of these chemokines in late phase of M.leprae infection in human skin lesion samples. In this study skin biopsy samples from leprosy patients (n=35) were collected including BL-LL=12, BB=14, BT=8 and healthy volunteers (n=3). All the biopsy samples were collected in RNALater for mRNA expression study as well as 10% buffered formalin (BF) for histopathologic analysis. Total RNA was isolated from collected samples and cDNA was prepared. Level of mRNA expression of CXCL8 and CXCL10 chemokine genes was measured via q-PCR and insitu RT-PCR to locate the presence of CXCL8 and CXCL10 chemokines inside M. leprae infected tissue. The mRNA expression of CXCL8 was found relatively elevated in lepromatous (BL-LL) skin samples significantly as compared to BB category of leprosy; whereas in BT cases down-regulation was recorded. CXCL10 mRNA expression was found elevated in lepromatous (BL-LL) cases than other cases (BT, BB) of leprosy samples. In histopathological examination, 59.38% maximum infiltration was observed in BL-LL cases of leprosy and in-situ RT-PCR confirmed the presence of chemokines genes in tissue sections. Interestingly, chemokines CXCL-10 and CXCL-8 showed elevated expression in BL-LL category. The study advocated that CXCL10 and CXCL-8 possibly may have a role in lepromatous (BL-LL) form of leprosy.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"173 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-16DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000E131
P. Chavda, K. Mehta
The global adult tobacco survey conducted in India suggests that 35% of adults use some or the other form of tobacco out of which 9% use it in smoking form [1]. While the youth tobacco survey among adolescents in 13-15 years of age also showed tobacco usage at a high rate of around 15% with around 4% using it in smoking form [2]. This suggests that the habit of tobacco usage is picked up early in life right from the school age. The tuberculosis tobacco nexus suggests that we can expect higher rate of tobacco usage among tuberculosis patients. A study from southern India shows that 94% tuberculosis patients were ever smokers and 71% current smokers at the time of study [3].
{"title":"Extending a Step Further: Offering Tobacco Cessation Counselling to Contacts ofTuberculosis Patients","authors":"P. Chavda, K. Mehta","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000E131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000E131","url":null,"abstract":"The global adult tobacco survey conducted in India suggests that 35% of adults use some or the other form of tobacco out of which 9% use it in smoking form [1]. While the youth tobacco survey among adolescents in 13-15 years of age also showed tobacco usage at a high rate of around 15% with around 4% using it in smoking form [2]. This suggests that the habit of tobacco usage is picked up early in life right from the school age. The tuberculosis tobacco nexus suggests that we can expect higher rate of tobacco usage among tuberculosis patients. A study from southern India shows that 94% tuberculosis patients were ever smokers and 71% current smokers at the time of study [3].","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000E131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70586947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-14DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000207
K. Lai, Hsin-Hua Chen, M. Wen, Yi-Ming Chen, J. Lan, Der-Yuan Chen
Background: To develop a new method for synovial biopsy with ultrasound (US) guidance and a semi-automatic SuperCore biopsy instrument. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients (8 men and 14 women, median age 57 years (range 22–79 years)) with active arthritis or tenosynovitis were enrolled from April 2012 through October 2012. Each patient had one joint or tendon biopsied. US examination was performed to determine the optimal synovial site for biopsy. After skin disinfection and local anaesthesia, a portal was established using a trephine needle as needed. An 18-gauge SuperCore biopsy needle was placed into the target synovial site via the portal or just percutaneously under US guidance with free hand technique. Repeated needle passes and cuts to obtain 3-10 pieces of synovial tissues in each joint. The success of biopsy was defined as identification of synovium on histological examination. Results: Synovium of 21 joints (10 knees, 6 wrists, 3 ankles, 1 elbow and 1 metacarpophalangeal joint) were biopsied. One patient had biopsy of flexor digitorum tendon sheath. All biopsies obtained adequate amounts of synovial tissues for histologic reading with a success rate of 100%. Synovial lining was identified in 18 (85.7%) of 21 joints. The patient with flexor digitorum tenosynovitis was proven to have mycobacterial infectionby histological examination. All patients tolerated the procedures well, and no complication was observed during 2-week follow up. Conclusions: US-guided synovial biopsy using SuperCore biopsy instrument is a promising method for synovial research. It has the advantages of simple, mini-invasiveness and high success rate. The complication is rare.
{"title":"Minimally Invasive Ultrasound-guided Synovial Biopsy Using SuperCoreBiopsy Instrument","authors":"K. Lai, Hsin-Hua Chen, M. Wen, Yi-Ming Chen, J. Lan, Der-Yuan Chen","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000207","url":null,"abstract":"Background: To develop a new method for synovial biopsy with ultrasound (US) guidance and a semi-automatic SuperCore biopsy instrument. \u0000Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients (8 men and 14 women, median age 57 years (range 22–79 years)) with active arthritis or tenosynovitis were enrolled from April 2012 through October 2012. Each patient had one joint or tendon biopsied. US examination was performed to determine the optimal synovial site for biopsy. After skin disinfection and local anaesthesia, a portal was established using a trephine needle as needed. An 18-gauge SuperCore biopsy needle was placed into the target synovial site via the portal or just percutaneously under US guidance with free hand technique. Repeated needle passes and cuts to obtain 3-10 pieces of synovial tissues in each joint. The success of biopsy was defined as identification of synovium on histological examination. \u0000Results: Synovium of 21 joints (10 knees, 6 wrists, 3 ankles, 1 elbow and 1 metacarpophalangeal joint) were biopsied. One patient had biopsy of flexor digitorum tendon sheath. All biopsies obtained adequate amounts of synovial tissues for histologic reading with a success rate of 100%. Synovial lining was identified in 18 (85.7%) of 21 joints. The patient with flexor digitorum tenosynovitis was proven to have mycobacterial infectionby histological examination. All patients tolerated the procedures well, and no complication was observed during 2-week follow up. \u0000Conclusions: US-guided synovial biopsy using SuperCore biopsy instrument is a promising method for synovial research. It has the advantages of simple, mini-invasiveness and high success rate. The complication is rare.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-25DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000204
P. Saravanan, S. Patra
The recent upsurge of life-threatening multidrug- and extreme drug- resistant tuberculosis along with HIV co-infection urge the need of new drug targets and drugs to cripple the survival and infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The current scenario of tuberculosis might be dealt by targeting pathogen’s enzymes that participate in both cell wall and lipid metabolism.
{"title":"Rv3802c in Tuberculosis Therapeutics","authors":"P. Saravanan, S. Patra","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000204","url":null,"abstract":"The recent upsurge of life-threatening multidrug- and extreme drug- resistant tuberculosis along with HIV co-infection urge the need of new drug targets and drugs to cripple the survival and infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The current scenario of tuberculosis might be dealt by targeting pathogen’s enzymes that participate in both cell wall and lipid metabolism.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-23DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000206
M. Hama, Y. Yamazaki, M. Kosaka, A. Ushiki, N. Goto, M. Sugawara, M. Hanaoka
A 72-year-old Japanese woman who had been suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for five years started treatment with infliximab. The screening of a chest X-ray before initiating infliximab treatment showed no abnormal shadows. After a month of infliximab, she was admitted to the emergency hospital with a half-month history of a fever, fatigue, dyspnea, and cough. She was diagnosed with tuberculosis from a culture smear and referred to our hospital. The chest images showed a bilateral massive cavity and infiltration. Despite the administration of an anti-tuberculous agent, the cavity and infiltration were enlarged on a chest X-ray and the patient died due to respiratory failure. Cases of tuberculosis resulting in death after a short duration of infliximab treatment have been rarely reported. We speculate that chest CT and the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for tuberculosis screening should be evaluated before starting infliximab treatment, and preventive administration of isoniazid should be considered with consultation with a pulmonologist.
{"title":"Fulminant Pulmonary Tuberculosis by Infliximab in Patient withRheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"M. Hama, Y. Yamazaki, M. Kosaka, A. Ushiki, N. Goto, M. Sugawara, M. Hanaoka","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000206","url":null,"abstract":"A 72-year-old Japanese woman who had been suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for five years started treatment with infliximab. The screening of a chest X-ray before initiating infliximab treatment showed no abnormal shadows. After a month of infliximab, she was admitted to the emergency hospital with a half-month history of a fever, fatigue, dyspnea, and cough. She was diagnosed with tuberculosis from a culture smear and referred to our hospital. The chest images showed a bilateral massive cavity and infiltration. Despite the administration of an anti-tuberculous agent, the cavity and infiltration were enlarged on a chest X-ray and the patient died due to respiratory failure. Cases of tuberculosis resulting in death after a short duration of infliximab treatment have been rarely reported. We speculate that chest CT and the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for tuberculosis screening should be evaluated before starting infliximab treatment, and preventive administration of isoniazid should be considered with consultation with a pulmonologist.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-22DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000205
B. Ayele
Background: Direct sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-poor countries. However, the requirement for repeated visits to submit specimens and receive results is associated with considerable diagnostic delay, work load, patients drop-out and high expenses for patients. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently changed its policy from spot morning spot (SMS) to spot morning (SM), the SM method still involves two days visits for a patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of first spot double slides smears for the diagnosis of PTB in high TB setting. Methods: A total of 362 patients who visited the out-patient department (OPD) of Dilla referral hospital and who were suspected of PTB were involved in the study. In addition SMS sputum samples were collected; double slides smears were prepared, stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method and 100 fields were examined under oil immersion objective for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Results: Of 362, 54 (14.92%) were smear-positives. Out of the 54 smear positive patients, 53 (98.15%) were positives by the first spot specimen. Additionally, 1 of 54 (1.85%) were positives by the morning specimen. Using the 2-day protocol (SMS) among 362 patients, 54 (14.92%) were smear positives by double slides and 53 (14.64%) by single slide smears. Whereas using the 1-day protocol (first spot); among 362 patients, 53 (14.64%) were smear positives both in double slides and single slide smears. Conclusion: The double slides smears from the first spot sputum samples appeared to be as effective as SMS strategy for the diagnosis of PTB though additional studies are required under various settings.
{"title":"The Yield of First Spot Double Slide Smears for the Diagnosis ofPulmonary Tuberculosis","authors":"B. Ayele","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000205","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Direct sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-poor countries. However, the requirement for repeated visits to submit specimens and receive results is associated with considerable diagnostic delay, work load, patients drop-out and high expenses for patients. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently changed its policy from spot morning spot (SMS) to spot morning (SM), the SM method still involves two days visits for a patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of first spot double slides smears for the diagnosis of PTB in high TB setting. \u0000Methods: A total of 362 patients who visited the out-patient department (OPD) of Dilla referral hospital and who were suspected of PTB were involved in the study. In addition SMS sputum samples were collected; double slides smears were prepared, stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method and 100 fields were examined under oil immersion objective for acid fast bacilli (AFB). \u0000Results: Of 362, 54 (14.92%) were smear-positives. Out of the 54 smear positive patients, 53 (98.15%) were positives by the first spot specimen. Additionally, 1 of 54 (1.85%) were positives by the morning specimen. Using the 2-day protocol (SMS) among 362 patients, 54 (14.92%) were smear positives by double slides and 53 (14.64%) by single slide smears. Whereas using the 1-day protocol (first spot); among 362 patients, 53 (14.64%) were smear positives both in double slides and single slide smears. \u0000Conclusion: The double slides smears from the first spot sputum samples appeared to be as effective as SMS strategy for the diagnosis of PTB though additional studies are required under various settings.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70583103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-25DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000203
Qingfei Zheng, Wen Liu
Mycobacterial infection has long been one of the most serious infectious diseases throughout the world. Since the abuse of antibiotics, and for other reasons, the emergence of bacterial drug-resistance is now one of the most urgent clinical problems. Nowadays, the speed of antibiotic development is actually far more slowly than that of the bacterial drug-resistance generation. Thereby, searching for new efficient antibiotics is a top priority in pharmaceutical studies. In this commentary, we summarized the recent advances regarding the development of new thiopeptide antibiotics via biosynthetic strategy and the discovery of a novel dual mechanism of action against Mycobacterium marinum-represented intracellular pathogens.
{"title":"Thiopeptide Antibiotics act on both Host and Microbe to Deliver Double Punch on Mycobacterial Infection","authors":"Qingfei Zheng, Wen Liu","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000203","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterial infection has long been one of the most serious infectious diseases throughout the world. Since the abuse of antibiotics, and for other reasons, the emergence of bacterial drug-resistance is now one of the most urgent clinical problems. Nowadays, the speed of antibiotic development is actually far more slowly than that of the bacterial drug-resistance generation. Thereby, searching for new efficient antibiotics is a top priority in pharmaceutical studies. In this commentary, we summarized the recent advances regarding the development of new thiopeptide antibiotics via biosynthetic strategy and the discovery of a novel dual mechanism of action against Mycobacterium marinum-represented intracellular pathogens.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-22DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000202
Lingaraja Jena, G. Wankhade, Pranita J Waghmare, B. Harinath
Most Multi Drug Resistance and Extremely Drug Resistance clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are found to be resistant to the anti-tuberculousis drugs such as Isoniazid and Rifampicin. The mechanism of action and drug resistance due to Isoniazid has been the subject of extensive study. According to Tuberculosis drug resistance mutation database, 22 genes/proteins are associated with Isoniazid resistance such as katG, nat, inhA, ahpc, ndh, kasA etc. Mutation in the gene seems to affect the formation of Isoniazid to its active form or enhancing the catabolism thus making it ineffective. Studies in different laboratories have shown usefulness of computational approach in elucidating the mechanism of action of Isoniazid and development of drug resistance. Computational studies in our laboratory showed that a mutation in KatG (S315T/S315N) prevents free radical formation, thus the development of resistance to the drug. Further, we observed through molecular dynamics simulation approach that mutation (G67R/G207E) in NAT enzyme increases the stability and catalytic ability of the mutant enzyme, thus making the drug ineffective.
{"title":"Computational Approach in Understanding Mechanism of Action of Isoniazidand Drug Resistance","authors":"Lingaraja Jena, G. Wankhade, Pranita J Waghmare, B. Harinath","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000202","url":null,"abstract":"Most Multi Drug Resistance and Extremely Drug Resistance clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are found to be resistant to the anti-tuberculousis drugs such as Isoniazid and Rifampicin. The mechanism of action and drug resistance due to Isoniazid has been the subject of extensive study. According to Tuberculosis drug resistance mutation database, 22 genes/proteins are associated with Isoniazid resistance such as katG, nat, inhA, ahpc, ndh, kasA etc. Mutation in the gene seems to affect the formation of Isoniazid to its active form or enhancing the catabolism thus making it ineffective. Studies in different laboratories have shown usefulness of computational approach in elucidating the mechanism of action of Isoniazid and development of drug resistance. Computational studies in our laboratory showed that a mutation in KatG (S315T/S315N) prevents free radical formation, thus the development of resistance to the drug. Further, we observed through molecular dynamics simulation approach that mutation (G67R/G207E) in NAT enzyme increases the stability and catalytic ability of the mutant enzyme, thus making the drug ineffective.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-21DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000201
M. Lavania, R. Turankar, I. Singh, A. Nigam, U. Sengupta
Introduction: Mycobacterium gilvum is a fast grower with smooth growth having pale yellow colour. This strain was first isolated from the sediment of the Grand Calumet River in North-western Indiana based on its ability to utilize pyrene, a toxic polycyclic hydrocarbon, as a growth substrate. Methods: The identification and characterization of this isolate was done by various conventional and molecular tests including 16S rDNA sequencing. Sequencing of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene revealed a unique organism M.glivum, distantly related to M.vaccae group. Blast results showed similarity of these sequences with M.gilvum. Conclusion: Results might shed further light and its association with amoeba in the leprosy endemic area of this rare Mycobacterium species.
{"title":"Detection of Mycobacterium Gilvum First Time from the Bathing Water of Leprosy Patient from Purulia, West Bengal","authors":"M. Lavania, R. Turankar, I. Singh, A. Nigam, U. Sengupta","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000201","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Mycobacterium gilvum is a fast grower with smooth growth having pale yellow colour. This strain was first isolated from the sediment of the Grand Calumet River in North-western Indiana based on its ability to utilize pyrene, a toxic polycyclic hydrocarbon, as a growth substrate. \u0000Methods: The identification and characterization of this isolate was done by various conventional and molecular tests including 16S rDNA sequencing. Sequencing of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene revealed a unique organism M.glivum, distantly related to M.vaccae group. Blast results showed similarity of these sequences with M.gilvum. \u0000Conclusion: Results might shed further light and its association with amoeba in the leprosy endemic area of this rare Mycobacterium species.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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