Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2020.03.01
Marina C Costa, F. Enguita
{"title":"Towards a universal nomenclature standardization for circular RNAs","authors":"Marina C Costa, F. Enguita","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2020.03.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2020.03.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2020.03.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49078808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.02.03
Jun Hu, Xiaoming Chen
Background: The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not well understood, which has led to unsatisfactory therapeutic solutions. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-155 in free fatty acid (FFA)-exposed HepG2 cells. Furthermore, we determined the target gene of miR-155 involved in intracellular fatty acid accumulation. Methods: HepG2 cells were transfected with miR-155 mimics or inhibitor with or without FFA exposure. miR-155 expression was quantified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Intracellular fatty acid accumulation was visualized by Nile red staining, flow cytofluorometric analysis, and fluorescence microscopy. Western blot was used to determine the expression level of the target gene. In addition, functional rescue experiments were performed based on miR-155 inhibitor and siRNAs to the target gene. Results: miR-155 level was significantly elevated in HepG2 cells exposed with FFA. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-155 was observed to promote fatty acid accumulation in the absence of FFA in vitro. In addition, overexpression of miR-155 was capable of blunting fatty acid accumulation in the presence of FFA in vitro. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) was validated as a target gene of miR-155 involved in fatty acid accumulation. Interfering C/EBPβ in HepG2 cells could reverse the promotion effect of miR-155 inhibitor on lipogenesis. Conclusions: miR-155 controls fatty acid accumulation by targeting C/EBPβ. Intervention of miR-155/C/EBPβ might be a novel therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.
{"title":"miR-155 modulates fatty acid accumulation by targeting C/EBPβ in free fatty acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells","authors":"Jun Hu, Xiaoming Chen","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not well understood, which has led to unsatisfactory therapeutic solutions. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-155 in free fatty acid (FFA)-exposed HepG2 cells. Furthermore, we determined the target gene of miR-155 involved in intracellular fatty acid accumulation. \u0000 Methods: HepG2 cells were transfected with miR-155 mimics or inhibitor with or without FFA exposure. miR-155 expression was quantified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Intracellular fatty acid accumulation was visualized by Nile red staining, flow cytofluorometric analysis, and fluorescence microscopy. Western blot was used to determine the expression level of the target gene. In addition, functional rescue experiments were performed based on miR-155 inhibitor and siRNAs to the target gene. \u0000 Results: miR-155 level was significantly elevated in HepG2 cells exposed with FFA. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-155 was observed to promote fatty acid accumulation in the absence of FFA in vitro. In addition, overexpression of miR-155 was capable of blunting fatty acid accumulation in the presence of FFA in vitro. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) was validated as a target gene of miR-155 involved in fatty acid accumulation. Interfering C/EBPβ in HepG2 cells could reverse the promotion effect of miR-155 inhibitor on lipogenesis. \u0000 Conclusions: miR-155 controls fatty acid accumulation by targeting C/EBPβ. Intervention of miR-155/C/EBPβ might be a novel therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41509272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.02.02
R. Awasthi, J. Madan, H. Malipeddi, K. Dua, G. Kulkarni
Since, the first report on discovery of double helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crkk (April 1953, Nature), numerous papers have been published reporting function of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). On the basis of evidence and the expert’s opinion, it is well documented that majority of the human genome encodes RNAs that do not code for proteins. The aim of this communication is to summarize the importance of ncRNAs as regulators of several biological and developmental processes. Finally, this laconic review focuses on the approaches investigated for the delivery of ncRNAs.
{"title":"Therapeutic strategies for targeting non-coding RNAs with special emphasis on novel delivery systems","authors":"R. Awasthi, J. Madan, H. Malipeddi, K. Dua, G. Kulkarni","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"Since, the first report on discovery of double helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crkk (April 1953, Nature), numerous papers have been published reporting function of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). On the basis of evidence and the expert’s opinion, it is well documented that majority of the human genome encodes RNAs that do not code for proteins. The aim of this communication is to summarize the importance of ncRNAs as regulators of several biological and developmental processes. Finally, this laconic review focuses on the approaches investigated for the delivery of ncRNAs.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.02.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45064758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.10.03
{"title":"Application of the CARE guideline as reporting standard in the Non-coding RNA Investigation","authors":"","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.10.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.10.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43142630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-28DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.10.02
Derrick Watkins, D. Arya
Small non-coding RNAs continue to be identified that regulate the processes of translation and transcription in prokaryotes. A variety of regulatory mechanisms have been characterized by these regulatory RNAs that occur by complementary base pairing between the small regulatory RNA (sreRNA) and a target mRNA, including transcription attenuation, translation inhibition, translation activation, and mRNA protection. Here, we discuss the description of these mechanisms, and the key components that contribute to the interactions between the sreRNA and the target mRNA. Additionally, we classify sreRNAs into categories based on their origins. Antisense RNA (asRNA) is defined strictly as cis-encoded, trans-acting regulatory RNA, while small RNA (sRNA) is strictly defined as trans-encoded, trans-acting regulatory RNA. Although both RNAs bind the target mRNA by Watson-Crick base pairing to the complementary sequence of mRNA, sRNA binding typically requires the presence of a chaperone protein, is only partially complementary to the target mRNA, and often targets multiple mRNAs. Therefore, we characterize the mechanism of sRNA as similar to the well characterized eukaryotic miRNA and discuss the parallels and differences between the two. The binding of asRNA to its target mRNA, by contrast, is typically independent of a chaperone protein, is completely or almost completely complementary to the mRNA target sequence and targets only a single mRNA. While this categorization is likely to evolve as the research identifies more relevant and distinguishing characteristics to classify sreRNAs, the classification used here of prokaryotic sreRNAs should lead to a more refined approach to the discussion and investigation of regulatory RNAs until then.
{"title":"Regulatory roles of small RNAs in prokaryotes: parallels and contrast with eukaryotic miRNA","authors":"Derrick Watkins, D. Arya","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.10.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.10.02","url":null,"abstract":"Small non-coding RNAs continue to be identified that regulate the processes of translation and transcription in prokaryotes. A variety of regulatory mechanisms have been characterized by these regulatory RNAs that occur by complementary base pairing between the small regulatory RNA (sreRNA) and a target mRNA, including transcription attenuation, translation inhibition, translation activation, and mRNA protection. Here, we discuss the description of these mechanisms, and the key components that contribute to the interactions between the sreRNA and the target mRNA. Additionally, we classify sreRNAs into categories based on their origins. Antisense RNA (asRNA) is defined strictly as cis-encoded, trans-acting regulatory RNA, while small RNA (sRNA) is strictly defined as trans-encoded, trans-acting regulatory RNA. Although both RNAs bind the target mRNA by Watson-Crick base pairing to the complementary sequence of mRNA, sRNA binding typically requires the presence of a chaperone protein, is only partially complementary to the target mRNA, and often targets multiple mRNAs. Therefore, we characterize the mechanism of sRNA as similar to the well characterized eukaryotic miRNA and discuss the parallels and differences between the two. The binding of asRNA to its target mRNA, by contrast, is typically independent of a chaperone protein, is completely or almost completely complementary to the mRNA target sequence and targets only a single mRNA. While this categorization is likely to evolve as the research identifies more relevant and distinguishing characteristics to classify sreRNAs, the classification used here of prokaryotic sreRNAs should lead to a more refined approach to the discussion and investigation of regulatory RNAs until then.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.10.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43012659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.10.01
P. Madeddu
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of death in developed countries (1,2). In the UK alone, there are 2 million people with CAD and 188,000 require treatment for a myocardial infarction (MI) each year. Because of the limited regenerative capacity of the human heart (3), an acute MI causes permanent damage that may ultimately result in heart failure (HF). The management of chronic HF has improved considerably in recent years but, at the same time, healthcare and social costs have rocketed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new strategies potentially transforming palliative care into curative therapy.
{"title":"The exosomes carry new hope for cardiac regeneration","authors":"P. Madeddu","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.10.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.10.01","url":null,"abstract":"Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of death in developed countries (1,2). In the UK alone, there are 2 million people with CAD and 188,000 require treatment for a myocardial infarction (MI) each year. Because of the limited regenerative capacity of the human heart (3), an acute MI causes permanent damage that may ultimately result in heart failure (HF). The management of chronic HF has improved considerably in recent years but, at the same time, healthcare and social costs have rocketed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new strategies potentially transforming palliative care into curative therapy.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.10.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44299505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-09DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.07.01
Mengxue Sun, Meiyi Song, Fei Wang
Currently, more and more clinical cases of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are increasing that may lead to acute liver failure and even death. It has been reported that DILI is the main cause of clinical drugs withdrawal, which results in a bad impact on the treatment of many diseases. So far there are still no effective monitoring means and therapeutic approaches for DILI. Nowadays many types of research on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly including microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are interesting and have significant effects on lots of diseases, such as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment methods. This article mainly reviews concerning the ncRNAs in DILI to find the new sights of diagnosis and treatments in DILI.
{"title":"Non-coding RNAs and drug-induced liver injury","authors":"Mengxue Sun, Meiyi Song, Fei Wang","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.07.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.07.01","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, more and more clinical cases of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are increasing that may lead to acute liver failure and even death. It has been reported that DILI is the main cause of clinical drugs withdrawal, which results in a bad impact on the treatment of many diseases. So far there are still no effective monitoring means and therapeutic approaches for DILI. Nowadays many types of research on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly including microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are interesting and have significant effects on lots of diseases, such as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment methods. This article mainly reviews concerning the ncRNAs in DILI to find the new sights of diagnosis and treatments in DILI.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41448074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2018.12.03
Rupal Ojha, V. Prajapati
One of the foremost and worldwide leading cause of death is cancer. The molecular modifications or alterations in the genome leads to the cancerous condition. Many other factors are responsible for the cause of the disease such as lifestyle, age, gender, ecological factors, race, food and heredity (1). Among all the cancers, colorectal cancer is the third most often occurring cancer and responsible for the millions of deaths worldwide.
{"title":"MiR-20a loaded with nanoparticles helps in the reduction of colorectal liver metastasis","authors":"Rupal Ojha, V. Prajapati","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2018.12.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2018.12.03","url":null,"abstract":"One of the foremost and worldwide leading cause of death is cancer. The molecular modifications or alterations in the genome leads to the cancerous condition. Many other factors are responsible for the cause of the disease such as lifestyle, age, gender, ecological factors, race, food and heredity (1). Among all the cancers, colorectal cancer is the third most often occurring cancer and responsible for the millions of deaths worldwide.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2018.12.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42074918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-30DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.08.02
Z. Dai, Taihua Yang, G. Song
Liver, the largest internal organ in vertebrates, plays an essential role in metabolic processes in the body. Many factors, such as viruses and alcohol, can lead to function disorders or even liver failure. Every year more than a million patients suffer from various liver diseases. miRNAs have evolved as important regulators in in liver development, homeostasis, dysfunction, and regeneration. Increasing evidences have shown that miRNAs play an important role in various liver diseases, including acute liver failure (ALF), chronic liver failure as well as liver carcinoma. In this review, we update the roles of miRNAs in liver regeneration, fibrosis and cancer.
{"title":"The roles of miRNAs in liver diseases","authors":"Z. Dai, Taihua Yang, G. Song","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.08.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.08.02","url":null,"abstract":"Liver, the largest internal organ in vertebrates, plays an essential role in metabolic processes in the body. Many factors, such as viruses and alcohol, can lead to function disorders or even liver failure. Every year more than a million patients suffer from various liver diseases. miRNAs have evolved as important regulators in in liver development, homeostasis, dysfunction, and regeneration. Increasing evidences have shown that miRNAs play an important role in various liver diseases, including acute liver failure (ALF), chronic liver failure as well as liver carcinoma. In this review, we update the roles of miRNAs in liver regeneration, fibrosis and cancer.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.08.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47129470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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