Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.08.01
P. Pinto-Hernández, C. Tomás-Zapico, E. Iglesias-Gutiérrez
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance at first recognition during pregnancy (1). It is usually diagnosed at 24–28 gestational weeks, according to the recommendations of international associations and committees (2). Diagnosis is made using a sequential model of universal screening with a 50-g one-hour glucose challenge test (GCT), followed by a diagnostic 100-g three-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for women with a positive screening test (3). The overall incidence of GDM is increasing worldwide, affecting approximately 7–15% of all pregnancies (4). It is considered the most frequent metabolic problem during pregnancy, representing about 90% of risky pregnancies (5), although the prevalence of pregnancies complicated by diabetes (gestational or pre-gestational) varies geographically and among different ethnic groups (6). During healthy pregnancy insulin resistance increases due to the secretion of a series of placental hormones antagonists to insulin (cortisol, prolactin, progesterone and lactogen), ultimately causing blood glucose to rise (6). Furthermore, in GDM women insulin production is insufficient to counteract this increasing insulin resistance, due to an increase in β-pancreatic cells apoptotic rate which leads to an abnormal production and secretion of insulin (7). Given that blood glucose easily goes through placenta by facilitated diffusion, it reaches the fetus producing fetal hyperglycemia (8).
{"title":"Circulating microRNAs as modifiable diagnostic biomarkers of gestational and transgenerational metabolic risk: can exercise play a role?","authors":"P. Pinto-Hernández, C. Tomás-Zapico, E. Iglesias-Gutiérrez","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.08.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.08.01","url":null,"abstract":"Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance at first recognition during pregnancy (1). It is usually diagnosed at 24–28 gestational weeks, according to the recommendations of international associations and committees (2). Diagnosis is made using a sequential model of universal screening with a 50-g one-hour glucose challenge test (GCT), followed by a diagnostic 100-g three-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for women with a positive screening test (3). The overall incidence of GDM is increasing worldwide, affecting approximately 7–15% of all pregnancies (4). It is considered the most frequent metabolic problem during pregnancy, representing about 90% of risky pregnancies (5), although the prevalence of pregnancies complicated by diabetes (gestational or pre-gestational) varies geographically and among different ethnic groups (6). During healthy pregnancy insulin resistance increases due to the secretion of a series of placental hormones antagonists to insulin (cortisol, prolactin, progesterone and lactogen), ultimately causing blood glucose to rise (6). Furthermore, in GDM women insulin production is insufficient to counteract this increasing insulin resistance, due to an increase in β-pancreatic cells apoptotic rate which leads to an abnormal production and secretion of insulin (7). Given that blood glucose easily goes through placenta by facilitated diffusion, it reaches the fetus producing fetal hyperglycemia (8).","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.08.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67563376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-05DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.02
P. Rameshwar, Oleta A. Sandiford
MiRNAs (miRs) have been widely studied in all aspects of medicine. However, the method by which miR-mediated functions are negatively regulated remains an unresolved question. The identification of circular RNA (circRNA) has been shown to act as sponges for miRs (1). The paper by Zhang et al ., shows circDYM serving as a sponge for miR-9 (2). The authors linked their findings to major depressive disorder (MDD) in experimental models with human samples. The findings with human samples were then validated with two animal models of depression, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced.
{"title":"Circular RNA: closing the loop for miRNA translation to patients","authors":"P. Rameshwar, Oleta A. Sandiford","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.02","url":null,"abstract":"MiRNAs (miRs) have been widely studied in all aspects of medicine. However, the method by which miR-mediated functions are negatively regulated remains an unresolved question. The identification of circular RNA (circRNA) has been shown to act as sponges for miRs (1). The paper by Zhang et al ., shows circDYM serving as a sponge for miR-9 (2). The authors linked their findings to major depressive disorder (MDD) in experimental models with human samples. The findings with human samples were then validated with two animal models of depression, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46132293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01Epub Date: 2019-08-26DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.07.02
John D Gagnon, K Mark Ansel
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Like transcription factors, miRNAs exert their effects by modulating the expression of networks of genes that operate in common or convergent pathways. CD8+ T cells are critical agents of the adaptive immune system that provide protection from infection and cancer. Here, we review the important roles of miRNAs in the regulation of CD8+ T cell biology and provide perspectives on the broader emerging principles of miRNA function.
{"title":"MicroRNA regulation of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses.","authors":"John D Gagnon, K Mark Ansel","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.07.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.07.02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Like transcription factors, miRNAs exert their effects by modulating the expression of networks of genes that operate in common or convergent pathways. CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells are critical agents of the adaptive immune system that provide protection from infection and cancer. Here, we review the important roles of miRNAs in the regulation of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell biology and provide perspectives on the broader emerging principles of miRNA function.</p>","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.07.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37463690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-06DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.04
Xiao Han, Yaqin Zhang
The study “ Adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA-34a inhibits M2 macrophage polarization to promote obesity-induced adipose inflammation ”, presented by Pan et al . and published in J Clin Invest, has been read by us with great interest (1). In this study, the authors uncovered adipocyte-secreted exosomes as a potentially novel mediator of obesity-induced adipose inflammation, acting by transporting miR-34a into the adjacent macrophages, where it drives the polarization program toward proinflammatory M1 phenotype by targeting the transcription factor KLF4. Indeed, this study provided a new question for obesity-induced systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, but in terms of the molecular mechanism of miR-34a on M1/M2 polarization, there still are something to clarify and need for more investigation.
{"title":"Exosomal miR-34a: the code for adipocyte-macrophage communication","authors":"Xiao Han, Yaqin Zhang","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.04","url":null,"abstract":"The study “ Adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA-34a inhibits M2 macrophage polarization to promote obesity-induced adipose inflammation ”, presented by Pan et al . and published in J Clin Invest, has been read by us with great interest (1). In this study, the authors uncovered adipocyte-secreted exosomes as a potentially novel mediator of obesity-induced adipose inflammation, acting by transporting miR-34a into the adjacent macrophages, where it drives the polarization program toward proinflammatory M1 phenotype by targeting the transcription factor KLF4. Indeed, this study provided a new question for obesity-induced systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, but in terms of the molecular mechanism of miR-34a on M1/M2 polarization, there still are something to clarify and need for more investigation.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47898550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-21DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.02
Lan Chen, N. Fukuda
As the capacities of proliferation and self-healing of cardiomyocytes in adults are limited, treatment of ischemic myocardium after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) led to a trend of investigations and research into human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells, cardiac stem/progenitor cells, bone marrow (BM)-derived cells including mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial progenitor cells to promote cardiac neovascularization and repair of the ischemic injury to rescue the ischemic myocardium and function of the heart (1-3).
{"title":"Bone marrow-derived cell mobilization with suppression of CXCR4 mediated by exosomes carrying myocardial microRNAs for repair of the infarcted heart","authors":"Lan Chen, N. Fukuda","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.02","url":null,"abstract":"As the capacities of proliferation and self-healing of cardiomyocytes in adults are limited, treatment of ischemic myocardium after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) led to a trend of investigations and research into human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells, cardiac stem/progenitor cells, bone marrow (BM)-derived cells including mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial progenitor cells to promote cardiac neovascularization and repair of the ischemic injury to rescue the ischemic myocardium and function of the heart (1-3).","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42225655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-15DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.01
L. Porta, A. Caterina
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small nucleotides that can bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) preventing its translation. Different mRNA targets can have the same miRNA binding site leading to a miRNA-mediated cross-talk between competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) species (1-3). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are yet another example of ceRNAs (4), first discovered by electron microscopy in an RNA virus in 1976 (5). These are single stranded non-coding RNAs that have their 3' and 5' ends covalently linked due to back-splicing, thus acquiring a circular form. Due to their low transcript abundance, circRNAs were originally thought to be a byproduct of aberrant splicing of mRNA (6). In recent years, however, progress in high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics lead to the identification of many new circRNAs.
{"title":"Impact of circRNA on the complex regulatory network of the cell","authors":"L. Porta, A. Caterina","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.01","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small nucleotides that can bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) preventing its translation. Different mRNA targets can have the same miRNA binding site leading to a miRNA-mediated cross-talk between competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) species (1-3). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are yet another example of ceRNAs (4), first discovered by electron microscopy in an RNA virus in 1976 (5). These are single stranded non-coding RNAs that have their 3' and 5' ends covalently linked due to back-splicing, thus acquiring a circular form. Due to their low transcript abundance, circRNAs were originally thought to be a byproduct of aberrant splicing of mRNA (6). In recent years, however, progress in high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics lead to the identification of many new circRNAs.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44938548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-15DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.01
I. Badiola
Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently occurring cancer and a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide (1). The most common metastatic target organ of colorectal cancer is the liver (2). The first interaction between colon cancer cell and liver occurs in the liver sinusoid. The narrow fenestrated capillaries of the hepatic tissue (3). The tumor cell is trapped in this space and start the interaction between metastatic cell and host organ.
{"title":"Targeting liver sinusoidal endothelial cell activation during angiogenesis using miRNA: a new therapeutic approach against liver metastasis","authors":"I. Badiola","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.01","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently occurring cancer and a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide (1). The most common metastatic target organ of colorectal cancer is the liver (2). The first interaction between colon cancer cell and liver occurs in the liver sinusoid. The narrow fenestrated capillaries of the hepatic tissue (3). The tumor cell is trapped in this space and start the interaction between metastatic cell and host organ.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.04.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41866853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-06DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.03
V. D. Mauro, D. Catalucci
Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) still remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The current lack of therapeutic approaches that efficiently improve CVD quality of care and prevent the development of life-threatening complications, prompted the scientific community to continue a deeper investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving the onset and progression of these pathologies. In this context, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) were demonstrated to be involved in the onset of different forms of CVDs. In this review we will discuss basic aspects of some classes of ncRNAs as well as their mechanism of action and involvement in CVDs. The potential therapeutic use of ncRNAs in the clinical practice will also be addressed.
{"title":"The role of small and long non-coding RNAs in cardiac pathologies","authors":"V. D. Mauro, D. Catalucci","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.03","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) still remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The current lack of therapeutic approaches that efficiently improve CVD quality of care and prevent the development of life-threatening complications, prompted the scientific community to continue a deeper investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving the onset and progression of these pathologies. In this context, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) were demonstrated to be involved in the onset of different forms of CVDs. In this review we will discuss basic aspects of some classes of ncRNAs as well as their mechanism of action and involvement in CVDs. The potential therapeutic use of ncRNAs in the clinical practice will also be addressed.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.05.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41790977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.04
F. J. Ghods
The success of kidney transplantation as the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage kidney diseases (ESKD) is hindered by eventual failure of grafts mainly due to immune mediated rejection. Early detection of acute rejection (AR) for early initiation of proper anti-rejection therapy is very important in preventing allograft damage or loss. Understanding of non-coding RNAs’ (ncRNAs) function and the existence of a highly regulated interplay between mRNA/miRNAs/lncRNAs in allograft rejection has gained the attention of research groups to explore different expression patterns of ncRNAs in the field of organ transplantation. Finding a specific pattern of ncRNAs as biomarker will be extremely important for monitoring the kidney allograft function, diagnosis, treatment and even preventing of AR occurrence. In this review list of miRNAs and lncRNAs have been linked to AR following kidney transplantation until now is presented.
{"title":"Trends of non-coding RNAs research in acute rejection after kidney transplantation","authors":"F. J. Ghods","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.04","url":null,"abstract":"The success of kidney transplantation as the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage kidney diseases (ESKD) is hindered by eventual failure of grafts mainly due to immune mediated rejection. Early detection of acute rejection (AR) for early initiation of proper anti-rejection therapy is very important in preventing allograft damage or loss. Understanding of non-coding RNAs’ (ncRNAs) function and the existence of a highly regulated interplay between mRNA/miRNAs/lncRNAs in allograft rejection has gained the attention of research groups to explore different expression patterns of ncRNAs in the field of organ transplantation. Finding a specific pattern of ncRNAs as biomarker will be extremely important for monitoring the kidney allograft function, diagnosis, treatment and even preventing of AR occurrence. In this review list of miRNAs and lncRNAs have been linked to AR following kidney transplantation until now is presented.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47481297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.05
F. Enguita
Pervasive transcription of the human genome is responsible for the generation of thousands of non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs) with regulatory function. These ncRNAs can be generated either by the transcription of specific genomic loci or by the processing of already synthesized RNAs. The regulatory roles of these molecular species have special importance in non-proliferative organs such as the heart, where a delicate balance of molecular interactions is needed to ensure its biogenesis and function.
{"title":"Circling the PINK away: suppression of autophagy by a novel ncRNA-mediated mechanism","authors":"F. Enguita","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.05","url":null,"abstract":"Pervasive transcription of the human genome is responsible for the generation of thousands of non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs) with regulatory function. These ncRNAs can be generated either by the transcription of specific genomic loci or by the processing of already synthesized RNAs. The regulatory roles of these molecular species have special importance in non-proliferative organs such as the heart, where a delicate balance of molecular interactions is needed to ensure its biogenesis and function.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47754420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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