Pub Date : 2019-03-21DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.01
T. Basak, R. Ain
To reconceptualize epitranscriptomics, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as future frontiers in the paradigm shift of stereotyped biological science. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) represent a class of endogenous RNA molecules with length greater than 200 nucleotides but not exceeding 100 kilobases that do not encode proteins, yet transcribed by RNA Polymerase II and are poly-adenylated. Unlike protein-coding genes, they exhibit poor interspecies conservation. However, lack of sequence conservation does not imply the lack of function. Indeed, this dearth in evolutionary conservation challenges the functional investigation of lncRNAs. Previously characterized as products of pervasive transcription, recent advances in lncRNA research proposes them as imperative mediators of gene regulation at the transcription and post-transcriptional level. Ever-increasing amount of RNA sequencing data is expanding the lncRNA inventory to fundamentally dissect the architecture of eukaryotic complexity. Over the last two decades a flurry of studies identified quite a few placental lncRNAs. However, given the complexity of placental development, many questions have been raised regarding their biological function. Nonetheless, identification of lncRNAs of placental origin in the maternal circulation throughout pregnancy raised the prospect of lncRNAs being evaluated as prognostic biomarker of trophoblast associated disorders leading to adverse pregnancy outcome. In this review, we summarize key findings on the recent advances in lncRNA research during the development of the feto-maternal organ placenta and dys-regulations of lncRNA functionalities as prime determinants of placenta associated pregnancy complications.
{"title":"Long non-coding RNAs in placental development and disease","authors":"T. Basak, R. Ain","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.01","url":null,"abstract":"To reconceptualize epitranscriptomics, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as future frontiers in the paradigm shift of stereotyped biological science. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) represent a class of endogenous RNA molecules with length greater than 200 nucleotides but not exceeding 100 kilobases that do not encode proteins, yet transcribed by RNA Polymerase II and are poly-adenylated. Unlike protein-coding genes, they exhibit poor interspecies conservation. However, lack of sequence conservation does not imply the lack of function. Indeed, this dearth in evolutionary conservation challenges the functional investigation of lncRNAs. Previously characterized as products of pervasive transcription, recent advances in lncRNA research proposes them as imperative mediators of gene regulation at the transcription and post-transcriptional level. Ever-increasing amount of RNA sequencing data is expanding the lncRNA inventory to fundamentally dissect the architecture of eukaryotic complexity. Over the last two decades a flurry of studies identified quite a few placental lncRNAs. However, given the complexity of placental development, many questions have been raised regarding their biological function. Nonetheless, identification of lncRNAs of placental origin in the maternal circulation throughout pregnancy raised the prospect of lncRNAs being evaluated as prognostic biomarker of trophoblast associated disorders leading to adverse pregnancy outcome. In this review, we summarize key findings on the recent advances in lncRNA research during the development of the feto-maternal organ placenta and dys-regulations of lncRNA functionalities as prime determinants of placenta associated pregnancy complications.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43378043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-13DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.02
Sudhiranjan Gupta, P. Chatterjee
Studies conducted in the past decade have identified that a significant portion of the genome is “non-coded” instead accounts for non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), guide RNAs (gRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Evidences further indicate that these groups of ncRNAs contribute significantly to cardiac remodeling process including hypertrophy and fibrosis. In addition, several ncRNAs have been identified as biomarkers in cardiac disease. Thereby, ncRNAs are promising therapeutic targets for several cardiac pathologies/diseases. This review aims to discuss and summarize the molecular mechanisms and function of several classes of ncRNAs related to cardiac diseases.
{"title":"Role of non-coding RNA in cardiac remodeling","authors":"Sudhiranjan Gupta, P. Chatterjee","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.02","url":null,"abstract":"Studies conducted in the past decade have identified that a significant portion of the genome is “non-coded” instead accounts for non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), guide RNAs (gRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Evidences further indicate that these groups of ncRNAs contribute significantly to cardiac remodeling process including hypertrophy and fibrosis. In addition, several ncRNAs have been identified as biomarkers in cardiac disease. Thereby, ncRNAs are promising therapeutic targets for several cardiac pathologies/diseases. This review aims to discuss and summarize the molecular mechanisms and function of several classes of ncRNAs related to cardiac diseases.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.03.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47010738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-01Epub Date: 2019-03-18DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.03.03
Jae Gyun Oh, Changwon Kho
The myocardium is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Although cardiomyocytes count for up to 85% of a heart’s volume, the actual cell number of cardiomyocytes account for just 30–40% of all cardiac cells. Non-cardiomyocytes constitute 60–70% of a cardiac cell and approximately 90% of these non-cardiomyocytes represent fibroblasts (1,2). Previously, the function and viability of cardiomyocytes have been treated as a primary research interest area, while fibrosis was considered as a secondary effect from the changes in cardiomyocytes. However, recent studies have suggested an influence of fibroblasts over cardiomyocytes (3,4).
{"title":"Cross-communication between fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes.","authors":"Jae Gyun Oh, Changwon Kho","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.03.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.03.03","url":null,"abstract":"The myocardium is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Although cardiomyocytes count for up to 85% of a heart’s volume, the actual cell number of cardiomyocytes account for just 30–40% of all cardiac cells. Non-cardiomyocytes constitute 60–70% of a cardiac cell and approximately 90% of these non-cardiomyocytes represent fibroblasts (1,2). Previously, the function and viability of cardiomyocytes have been treated as a primary research interest area, while fibrosis was considered as a secondary effect from the changes in cardiomyocytes. However, recent studies have suggested an influence of fibroblasts over cardiomyocytes (3,4).","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.03.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37170990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.02.04
M. Fassan, C. Vicentini
The onset of bone erosion is associated to several diseases, including metabolic processes as hyperparathyroidism, malignancies, chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis (1). This condition leads to mobility loss, functional impairment, pains and fractures with a dramatically reduction of patients’ life quality. The resulting bone loss reflects, basically, an imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts activity where bone formation is replaced by its resorption (2).
{"title":"Role of microRNA-182 in skeletal diseases: new therapeutic approaches to prevent bone loss","authors":"M. Fassan, C. Vicentini","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"The onset of bone erosion is associated to several diseases, including metabolic processes as hyperparathyroidism, malignancies, chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis (1). This condition leads to mobility loss, functional impairment, pains and fractures with a dramatically reduction of patients’ life quality. The resulting bone loss reflects, basically, an imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts activity where bone formation is replaced by its resorption (2).","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.02.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45565231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.02.01
Xiya Lu, Meiyi Song, Fei Wang
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a kind of novel non-coding RNA, which is widely present in eukaryotes and has a special circular structure formed by 3'- and 5'-ends linking covalently. CircRNA has many features, including high stability, conservation, etc. Since the discovery of circRNA, it has been considered a “by-product” of gene expression. In recent years, many studies have confirmed that circRNAs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. CircRNA is involved in various cancer processes including the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, etc., and is differentially expressed in tumor tissues and even in the circulation of patients. Because of these characteristics, circRNA has become a competitive candidate in being a novel biomarker of cancer. This article reviews the role of circulating circRNA in cancer and its diagnostic significance.
{"title":"Circulating circular RNAs as biomarkers of cancer","authors":"Xiya Lu, Meiyi Song, Fei Wang","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"Circular RNA (circRNA) is a kind of novel non-coding RNA, which is widely present in eukaryotes and has a special circular structure formed by 3'- and 5'-ends linking covalently. CircRNA has many features, including high stability, conservation, etc. Since the discovery of circRNA, it has been considered a “by-product” of gene expression. In recent years, many studies have confirmed that circRNAs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. CircRNA is involved in various cancer processes including the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, etc., and is differentially expressed in tumor tissues and even in the circulation of patients. Because of these characteristics, circRNA has become a competitive candidate in being a novel biomarker of cancer. This article reviews the role of circulating circRNA in cancer and its diagnostic significance.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.02.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44289837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-18DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.05
Valentina Bordoni, L. Bagella
Epigenetics is a branch of genetics that studies the heritable phenotype changes influencing gene expression, cellular functions and fate, which do not occur through altered DNA sequence of the genes. The investigation of the underlying mechanisms of epigenetics and the deep understanding of its functions in the biological process are milestones for biology research.
{"title":"Long noncoding RNA SYISL: the crucial interaction with EZH2 in skeletal muscle differentiation and disorders","authors":"Valentina Bordoni, L. Bagella","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"Epigenetics is a branch of genetics that studies the heritable phenotype changes influencing gene expression, cellular functions and fate, which do not occur through altered DNA sequence of the genes. The investigation of the underlying mechanisms of epigenetics and the deep understanding of its functions in the biological process are milestones for biology research.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47653114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2018.12.02
A. Borghini
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) represents the 15th leading cause of death in patients greater than 65 years (1). The incidence of TAA is estimated to be around 10 per 100,000 person-years and is approximately equal in men and women (2).
{"title":"Function and clinical potential of miRNA-29 family in thoracic aortic aneurysm","authors":"A. Borghini","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2018.12.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2018.12.02","url":null,"abstract":"Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) represents the 15th leading cause of death in patients greater than 65 years (1). The incidence of TAA is estimated to be around 10 per 100,000 person-years and is approximately equal in men and women (2).","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2018.12.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42308562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.01
R. Munk, Kyoung Mi Kim, M. Gorospe, K. Abdelmohsen
With advancing age, senescent cells accumulate in tissues and organs, accelerating aging and age-related disease (e.g., diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancers) (1). Cellular senescence is triggered by sublethal stresses including telomere shortening (replicative senescence), damage to DNA or other molecules (premature senescence), and oncogenic activation (oncogene-induced senescence, OIS) (2-5).
{"title":"Senescence lncRNAs govern cell surface components: lncRNA-OIS1 transcriptionally elevates DPP4","authors":"R. Munk, Kyoung Mi Kim, M. Gorospe, K. Abdelmohsen","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"With advancing age, senescent cells accumulate in tissues and organs, accelerating aging and age-related disease (e.g., diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancers) (1). Cellular senescence is triggered by sublethal stresses including telomere shortening (replicative senescence), damage to DNA or other molecules (premature senescence), and oncogenic activation (oncogene-induced senescence, OIS) (2-5).","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45414367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21037/ncri.2019.01.03
F. Nicassio
When talking about regulatory RNAs, and microRNAs in particular, attention should be paid to what types of molecules are present in the cell and in what numbers, rather than to their sizes. The distinction between small and long RNAs is based on RNA isolation protocols and is not a reflection of specific biogenesis pathways, regulatory mechanisms or biological roles. Conversely, sequence and quantity of expressed miRNAs are of paramount importance.
{"title":"Killing miR-softly: new clues to miRNA degradation by RNA targets","authors":"F. Nicassio","doi":"10.21037/ncri.2019.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/ncri.2019.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"When talking about regulatory RNAs, and microRNAs in particular, attention should be paid to what types of molecules are present in the cell and in what numbers, rather than to their sizes. The distinction between small and long RNAs is based on RNA isolation protocols and is not a reflection of specific biogenesis pathways, regulatory mechanisms or biological roles. Conversely, sequence and quantity of expressed miRNAs are of paramount importance.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/ncri.2019.01.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43435362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.04
D. Franco, J. Domínguez
Adequate cardiac function results from proper synchronous activation of the cardiac chambers, leading to alternating systolic and diastolic phases. Electrical activation of the cardiac chambers is mainly controlled by cardiac conduction system. The main pacemaker of the heart is the slow-conducting sinoatrial node, which triggers and progressively spreads the electrical impulse towards the atrioventricular node through the atrial chambers.
{"title":"Novel regulatory pathways modulating cardiac contractile function: fibroblast to myocardial crosstalk via extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs","authors":"D. Franco, J. Domínguez","doi":"10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"Adequate cardiac function results from proper synchronous activation of the cardiac chambers, leading to alternating systolic and diastolic phases. Electrical activation of the cardiac chambers is mainly controlled by cardiac conduction system. The main pacemaker of the heart is the slow-conducting sinoatrial node, which triggers and progressively spreads the electrical impulse towards the atrioventricular node through the atrial chambers.","PeriodicalId":74314,"journal":{"name":"Non-coding RNA investigation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21037/NCRI.2019.01.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42575174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：