Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984600
C. Cortés-Vizcaíno, T. Bernard
A common belief is that a flame-retardant clothing ensemble will increase the level of heat stress over ordinary cotton work clothes. This is supported by bench tests on fabrics that indicate higher insulation and vapor resistance values for flame-retardant clothing. This research compared a flame-retardant clothing ensemble for an aluminum smelter (Zirpo wool shirt and FR8 denim pants) with typical cotton work clothing. Four young men walked on a treadmill at two work levels inside a climatic chamber under controlled conditions of heat stress. During each test, heart rate, core temperature, and skin temperatures were continuously monitored and recorded every 5 min. After a physiological steady state was achieved, temperature and humidity were slowly increased to maintain a relative humidity of 50%. The critical condition was the time when thermal regulatory control was lost (called the inflection point, marked by a steady increase in core temperature). The climatic conditions at the inflection point were used to assign a critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT). A three-way analysis of variance examined the effects on critical WBGT of clothing, work level, subjects, and the interaction between clothing and work level. There were no significant findings. Therefore, there should be no difference in the level of heat stress between the two clothing ensembles under the same environmental and work conditions.
{"title":"Effects on heat stress of a flame-retardant ensemble for aluminum smelters.","authors":"C. Cortés-Vizcaíno, T. Bernard","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984600","url":null,"abstract":"A common belief is that a flame-retardant clothing ensemble will increase the level of heat stress over ordinary cotton work clothes. This is supported by bench tests on fabrics that indicate higher insulation and vapor resistance values for flame-retardant clothing. This research compared a flame-retardant clothing ensemble for an aluminum smelter (Zirpo wool shirt and FR8 denim pants) with typical cotton work clothing. Four young men walked on a treadmill at two work levels inside a climatic chamber under controlled conditions of heat stress. During each test, heart rate, core temperature, and skin temperatures were continuously monitored and recorded every 5 min. After a physiological steady state was achieved, temperature and humidity were slowly increased to maintain a relative humidity of 50%. The critical condition was the time when thermal regulatory control was lost (called the inflection point, marked by a steady increase in core temperature). The climatic conditions at the inflection point were used to assign a critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT). A three-way analysis of variance examined the effects on critical WBGT of clothing, work level, subjects, and the interaction between clothing and work level. There were no significant findings. Therefore, there should be no difference in the level of heat stress between the two clothing ensembles under the same environmental and work conditions.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78993587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984590
S. Tsai, S. S. Hee
A new solid sorbent passive air sampler for ketones has a silicone membrane atop a diffusion cylindrical path length of 1.1 cm and diameter 1.3 cm above a pellet of Tenax TA coated with 10% (w/w) O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Vapors of known concentrations approximating their workplace permissible exposure limits of Occupational Safety and Health Administration-regulated ketones at a relative humidity (RH) of 3 +/- 1% were generated by a syringe pump connected to a dynamic air dilution system connected to an exposure chamber that allowed measurement of face velocities, temperatures, exposing vapor concentrations, and RHs. The O-oxime derivative was desorbed with hexane, and an aliquot injected for gas chromatographic analysis on a nonpolar capillary column by mass spectrometric or electron capture detection. The experimental passive sampler sampling rates in milliliters per minute at 25 degrees C were 4.07 +/- 0.49, cyclohexanone; 6.30 +/- 0.59, diethyl ketone; 6.31 +/- 0.31, ethyl n-butyl ketone; 3.78 +/- 0.25, methyl n-amyl ketone; 3.43 +/- 0.19, methyl n-butyl ketone; 6.48 +/- 0.64, methyl ethyl ketone; 4.37 +/- 0.43, methyl isopropyl ketone; and 4.57 +/- 0.17, methyl n-propyl ketone. These preliminary data show that sterically unhindered ketones can be sampled by the passive sampler as well as aldehydes.
{"title":"A new passive sampler for regulated workplace ketones.","authors":"S. Tsai, S. S. Hee","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984590","url":null,"abstract":"A new solid sorbent passive air sampler for ketones has a silicone membrane atop a diffusion cylindrical path length of 1.1 cm and diameter 1.3 cm above a pellet of Tenax TA coated with 10% (w/w) O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Vapors of known concentrations approximating their workplace permissible exposure limits of Occupational Safety and Health Administration-regulated ketones at a relative humidity (RH) of 3 +/- 1% were generated by a syringe pump connected to a dynamic air dilution system connected to an exposure chamber that allowed measurement of face velocities, temperatures, exposing vapor concentrations, and RHs. The O-oxime derivative was desorbed with hexane, and an aliquot injected for gas chromatographic analysis on a nonpolar capillary column by mass spectrometric or electron capture detection. The experimental passive sampler sampling rates in milliliters per minute at 25 degrees C were 4.07 +/- 0.49, cyclohexanone; 6.30 +/- 0.59, diethyl ketone; 6.31 +/- 0.31, ethyl n-butyl ketone; 3.78 +/- 0.25, methyl n-amyl ketone; 3.43 +/- 0.19, methyl n-butyl ketone; 6.48 +/- 0.64, methyl ethyl ketone; 4.37 +/- 0.43, methyl isopropyl ketone; and 4.57 +/- 0.17, methyl n-propyl ketone. These preliminary data show that sterically unhindered ketones can be sampled by the passive sampler as well as aldehydes.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73694409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984593
Y. Hwang, K. Chao, C. W. Chang, F. Hsiao, H. Chang, H. Han
This study investigated lead exposures of lead battery assembly workers in Taiwan. A special attempt was made to evaluate the use of lip lead as an alternative index for occupational lead exposure. Ninety-six of 113 workers from a lead battery plant were recruited as study subjects. Air lead; lead loadings on workers' sleeves, gloves, hands, cheeks, and lips; and blood lead were determined for exposure assessment. A questionnaire also was administered to collect information on work history, suspected exogenous lead sources, and personal behavior and activities. Geometric means of total air lead at different subareas ranged from 0.070 (2.5 geometric standard deviation [GSD]) to 0.159 (1.8 GSD) mg/m3. Geometric means of respirable air lead level for different subgroups of workers varied from 0.009 (2.0 GSD) to 0.032 (1.9 GSD) mg/m3, whereas those of the blood lead level ranged from 22.4 (1.3 GSD) to 44.5 (1.3 GSD) microg/dL. The heaviest lead loadings were found for plate-processing workers (e.g., 66.4 [1.5 GSD] on gloves, 0.80 [3.7 GSD] on cheeks, and 0.79 [3.2 GSD] microg/cm2) on bare-hands after washing. Blood lead level was significantly correlated with lead levels in air, lead loadings on lips, and bare hands after washing (r=0.24-0.30). Results of multiple regression analysis showed that only lip lead had a significant effect on the blood lead, whereas respirable air lead and personal behavior had only mild effects in this model. It was concluded that lip lead level may be used as an alternative index of lead exposure to facilitate the estimation of lead uptake through ingestion.
{"title":"Lip lead as an alternative measure for lead exposure assessment of lead battery assembly workers.","authors":"Y. Hwang, K. Chao, C. W. Chang, F. Hsiao, H. Chang, H. Han","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984593","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated lead exposures of lead battery assembly workers in Taiwan. A special attempt was made to evaluate the use of lip lead as an alternative index for occupational lead exposure. Ninety-six of 113 workers from a lead battery plant were recruited as study subjects. Air lead; lead loadings on workers' sleeves, gloves, hands, cheeks, and lips; and blood lead were determined for exposure assessment. A questionnaire also was administered to collect information on work history, suspected exogenous lead sources, and personal behavior and activities. Geometric means of total air lead at different subareas ranged from 0.070 (2.5 geometric standard deviation [GSD]) to 0.159 (1.8 GSD) mg/m3. Geometric means of respirable air lead level for different subgroups of workers varied from 0.009 (2.0 GSD) to 0.032 (1.9 GSD) mg/m3, whereas those of the blood lead level ranged from 22.4 (1.3 GSD) to 44.5 (1.3 GSD) microg/dL. The heaviest lead loadings were found for plate-processing workers (e.g., 66.4 [1.5 GSD] on gloves, 0.80 [3.7 GSD] on cheeks, and 0.79 [3.2 GSD] microg/cm2) on bare-hands after washing. Blood lead level was significantly correlated with lead levels in air, lead loadings on lips, and bare hands after washing (r=0.24-0.30). Results of multiple regression analysis showed that only lip lead had a significant effect on the blood lead, whereas respirable air lead and personal behavior had only mild effects in this model. It was concluded that lip lead level may be used as an alternative index of lead exposure to facilitate the estimation of lead uptake through ingestion.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86200309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984595
E. Vo, S. Berardinelli, R. Hall, N. El Ayouby
A quantitative study of aromatic amine permeation through a glove material using Permea-Tec aromatic amine pads, used for the detection of chemical breakthrough of protective clothing, was performed for aniline following the microwave extraction process and gas chromatographic analysis. Aniline exhibited >99% adsorption on the pads at a spiking level of 1.94 mg (1.9 microL). Aniline showed recoveries from 65 to 89% (RSD < or =5.6%) over the range 1.1-1.9 microL (1.12-1.94 mg) of aniline applied to pads. The modified ASTM F739 and direct permeability testing procedures were used to determine breakthrough times for five protective glove materials using aniline as a challenge chemical. Breakthrough times for six protective gloves were determined, ranging from 182 sec to 82 min. The quantitative concentration of aniline on the pads following permeation through the gloves also was determined, ranging from 0.53 to 0.55 mg/cm2 (1.79-1.88 mg/pad).
{"title":"A quantitative study of aromatic amine permeation through protective gloves using amine adsorptive pads.","authors":"E. Vo, S. Berardinelli, R. Hall, N. El Ayouby","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984595","url":null,"abstract":"A quantitative study of aromatic amine permeation through a glove material using Permea-Tec aromatic amine pads, used for the detection of chemical breakthrough of protective clothing, was performed for aniline following the microwave extraction process and gas chromatographic analysis. Aniline exhibited >99% adsorption on the pads at a spiking level of 1.94 mg (1.9 microL). Aniline showed recoveries from 65 to 89% (RSD < or =5.6%) over the range 1.1-1.9 microL (1.12-1.94 mg) of aniline applied to pads. The modified ASTM F739 and direct permeability testing procedures were used to determine breakthrough times for five protective glove materials using aniline as a challenge chemical. Breakthrough times for six protective gloves were determined, ranging from 182 sec to 82 min. The quantitative concentration of aniline on the pads following permeation through the gloves also was determined, ranging from 0.53 to 0.55 mg/cm2 (1.79-1.88 mg/pad).","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89426547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984598
V. Aĭzenberg, T. Reponen, S. Grinshpun, K. Willeke
Performance of three devices used for the total enumeration of airborne spores-the Air-O-Cell sampling cassette, the Burkard personal volumetric air sampler, and the Button Aerosol Sampler--was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. The first two are glass-slide impactors; the third collects spores on a filter. The samplers were challenged with 0.44-5.10 microm polystyrene latex particles and five microorganisms of 0.84-3.07 microm mean aerodynamic diameter: Streptomyces albus, Bacillus subtilis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Penicillium melinii. An optical particle counter measured the particle concentrations upstream and downstream of each sampler, and thus determined the physical collection efficiency of the three samplers. Collection efficiency of the Button Aerosol Sampler was close to 100% for the entire particle size range studied. The cut-off size of each impactor was 2.3-2.4 microm. Acridine orange (with epifluorescent microscopy) and lactophenol cotton blue (with bright light microscopy) staining techniques were used for the microscopic enumeration of spores. No significant difference in microscopic counts was found (at the 95% significance level) when using these two techniques with the Button Aerosol Sampler filters. When the lactophenol cotton blue staining was used to compare total microbial counts yielded by all three samplers, the Button Sampler showed significantly higher counts for the smaller size microorganisms (B. subtilis and C. cladosporioides). For the larger microorganisms (P. brevicompactum and P. melinii) all three samplers yielded similar results. Uniformity of particle deposition on the collection surface was highest for the Button Aerosol Sampler due to the design of its inlet. Thus, the filter collection method used with the Button Aerosol Sampler is suitable and can be advantageous for the enumeration of total airborne spores.
在受控的实验室条件下，对用于空气孢子总计数的三种设备(air - o - cell采样盒、Burkard个人体积空气采样器和Button气溶胶采样器)的性能进行了评估。前两种是玻璃玻片冲击器;第三个用过滤器收集孢子。样品中含有0.44 ~ 5.10微米的聚苯乙烯乳胶颗粒和5种平均空气动力学直径0.84 ~ 3.07微米的微生物:白色链霉菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、枝孢子枝孢杆菌、短压缩青霉和melinii青霉。光学粒子计数器测量每个采样器上下游的粒子浓度，从而确定三个采样器的物理收集效率。在所研究的整个粒径范围内，Button气溶胶采样器的收集效率接近100%。每个冲击器的截止尺寸为2.3-2.4微米。采用吖啶橙(epi荧光显微镜)和乳酚棉蓝(强光显微镜)染色技术对孢子进行显微计数。当将这两种技术与Button气溶胶采样器过滤器一起使用时，显微镜计数没有发现显著差异(95%显著性水平)。当使用乳酚棉蓝染色来比较所有三种采样器产生的总微生物计数时，Button采样器显示较小尺寸的微生物(枯草芽孢杆菌和枝孢杆菌)的计数明显较高。对于较大的微生物(短孔假单胞菌和melinii假单胞菌)，所有三种样品都产生了相似的结果。由于其入口的设计，纽扣气溶胶采样器在收集表面的颗粒沉积均匀性最高。因此，与按钮气溶胶取样器一起使用的过滤收集方法是合适的，并且有利于枚举空气传播的孢子总数。
{"title":"Performance of Air-O-Cell, Burkard, and Button Samplers for total enumeration of airborne spores.","authors":"V. Aĭzenberg, T. Reponen, S. Grinshpun, K. Willeke","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984598","url":null,"abstract":"Performance of three devices used for the total enumeration of airborne spores-the Air-O-Cell sampling cassette, the Burkard personal volumetric air sampler, and the Button Aerosol Sampler--was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. The first two are glass-slide impactors; the third collects spores on a filter. The samplers were challenged with 0.44-5.10 microm polystyrene latex particles and five microorganisms of 0.84-3.07 microm mean aerodynamic diameter: Streptomyces albus, Bacillus subtilis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Penicillium melinii. An optical particle counter measured the particle concentrations upstream and downstream of each sampler, and thus determined the physical collection efficiency of the three samplers. Collection efficiency of the Button Aerosol Sampler was close to 100% for the entire particle size range studied. The cut-off size of each impactor was 2.3-2.4 microm. Acridine orange (with epifluorescent microscopy) and lactophenol cotton blue (with bright light microscopy) staining techniques were used for the microscopic enumeration of spores. No significant difference in microscopic counts was found (at the 95% significance level) when using these two techniques with the Button Aerosol Sampler filters. When the lactophenol cotton blue staining was used to compare total microbial counts yielded by all three samplers, the Button Sampler showed significantly higher counts for the smaller size microorganisms (B. subtilis and C. cladosporioides). For the larger microorganisms (P. brevicompactum and P. melinii) all three samplers yielded similar results. Uniformity of particle deposition on the collection surface was highest for the Button Aerosol Sampler due to the design of its inlet. Thus, the filter collection method used with the Button Aerosol Sampler is suitable and can be advantageous for the enumeration of total airborne spores.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81302722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984596
S. Zhi, W. Sheng, S. Levine
Over the 14 years since economic reform began, and the restructuring of the economy to encourage international trade, a large number of township enterprises have been developed and put into operation in the Peoples Republic of China. From 1978 to 1991, the number of enterprises has increased 11.5 times; the number of employees has increased 2.4 times; the fixed assets have increased 13.7 times; and the value of the total output has increased 22.5 times. In this article, a report is given on a sample survey in 30 counties in 1990, which showed that 82.69% of rural industrial enterprises had at least one type of occupational hazard in their work environments. Workers engaged in at least one type of hazardous working environment accounted for 33.91% of the blue-collar workers. Physical examinations were performed for seven types of occupational diseases: silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, chronic lead poisoning, benzene analogs poisoning, chronic chromium poisoning, and noise-induced hearing loss. The total detectable rate of the seven types of occupational diseases was 4.4% among those workers. In addition, 11% had illnesses suspected of being (though not proven to be) caused by occupational exposures. Most township enterprises do not provide basic occupational health services. The coverage of five routine occupational health service activities provided for township enterprises were very limited, from 1.4 to 36%.
{"title":"National Occupational Health Service policies and programs for workers in small-scale industries in China.","authors":"S. Zhi, W. Sheng, S. Levine","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984596","url":null,"abstract":"Over the 14 years since economic reform began, and the restructuring of the economy to encourage international trade, a large number of township enterprises have been developed and put into operation in the Peoples Republic of China. From 1978 to 1991, the number of enterprises has increased 11.5 times; the number of employees has increased 2.4 times; the fixed assets have increased 13.7 times; and the value of the total output has increased 22.5 times. In this article, a report is given on a sample survey in 30 counties in 1990, which showed that 82.69% of rural industrial enterprises had at least one type of occupational hazard in their work environments. Workers engaged in at least one type of hazardous working environment accounted for 33.91% of the blue-collar workers. Physical examinations were performed for seven types of occupational diseases: silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, chronic lead poisoning, benzene analogs poisoning, chronic chromium poisoning, and noise-induced hearing loss. The total detectable rate of the seven types of occupational diseases was 4.4% among those workers. In addition, 11% had illnesses suspected of being (though not proven to be) caused by occupational exposures. Most township enterprises do not provide basic occupational health services. The coverage of five routine occupational health service activities provided for township enterprises were very limited, from 1.4 to 36%.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73556591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984592
L. M. Allan, D. Verma, F. Yang, Y. Chau, R. Maguire
An initial screening test compared the use of tropolone (2-hydroxy-2,4-6-cycloheptatrienone) in acetic acid with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDC) as chelating agents for the extraction of butyltin chlorides from glass fiber filters and XAD-2 resin tube. NaDDC was chosen for subsequent analyses. Mono-, di-, and tributyltin chloride were spiked onto glass fiber filters and XAD-2 resin, extracted in toluene with NaDDC and derivatized with pentylmagnesium bromide. Derivatized butyltin species were determined by gas chromatography with plasma atomic emission detection. Glass fiber filters and XAD-2 resin were found to provide high retention of butyltin compounds during sampling and efficient recovery of butyltin compounds by extraction with NaDDC.
{"title":"A method for the analysis of butyltin chlorides in air by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection.","authors":"L. M. Allan, D. Verma, F. Yang, Y. Chau, R. Maguire","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984592","url":null,"abstract":"An initial screening test compared the use of tropolone (2-hydroxy-2,4-6-cycloheptatrienone) in acetic acid with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDC) as chelating agents for the extraction of butyltin chlorides from glass fiber filters and XAD-2 resin tube. NaDDC was chosen for subsequent analyses. Mono-, di-, and tributyltin chloride were spiked onto glass fiber filters and XAD-2 resin, extracted in toluene with NaDDC and derivatized with pentylmagnesium bromide. Derivatized butyltin species were determined by gas chromatography with plasma atomic emission detection. Glass fiber filters and XAD-2 resin were found to provide high retention of butyltin compounds during sampling and efficient recovery of butyltin compounds by extraction with NaDDC.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86052460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984601
D. J. Strom, P. Stansbury
The lognormal distribution has a number of properties that do not lend themselves to simple "back-of-the-envelope" calculations. Mathematical relationships are presented for the basic parameters of the large population lognormal distribution as a function of characteristics available to, or needed by, the risk analyst. A freeware computer program called LOGNORM4 has been written to take the tedium out of determining various characteristics of lognormal distributions, given 1 of 15 sets of values that uniquely specify a lognormal distribution.
{"title":"Determining parameters of lognormal distributions from minimal information.","authors":"D. J. Strom, P. Stansbury","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984601","url":null,"abstract":"The lognormal distribution has a number of properties that do not lend themselves to simple \"back-of-the-envelope\" calculations. Mathematical relationships are presented for the basic parameters of the large population lognormal distribution as a function of characteristics available to, or needed by, the risk analyst. A freeware computer program called LOGNORM4 has been written to take the tedium out of determining various characteristics of lognormal distributions, given 1 of 15 sets of values that uniquely specify a lognormal distribution.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90172407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984594
J. Borak, H. Cohen, T. Hethmon
A systematic search was made of the world literature concerned with possible adverse health effects of inhalation exposure to copper fume and dust. Seven reports published over the past 88 years were identified that contain original human data and purport to document that exposure to copper dust or fume caused metal fume fever (MFF) or an MFF-like syndrome. Insufficient evidence was found to conclude that exposures to copper dust and copper fume cause MFF. Limitations included absence of exposure measurements, atypical symptoms and complaints, and lack of consistency among types of work associated with symptoms. Given the extensive use of copper in many industries and operations, it is evident that if copper-induced MFF does occur, it is a rare event.
{"title":"Copper exposure and metal fume fever: lack of evidence for a causal relationship.","authors":"J. Borak, H. Cohen, T. Hethmon","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984594","url":null,"abstract":"A systematic search was made of the world literature concerned with possible adverse health effects of inhalation exposure to copper fume and dust. Seven reports published over the past 88 years were identified that contain original human data and purport to document that exposure to copper dust or fume caused metal fume fever (MFF) or an MFF-like syndrome. Insufficient evidence was found to conclude that exposures to copper dust and copper fume cause MFF. Limitations included absence of exposure measurements, atypical symptoms and complaints, and lack of consistency among types of work associated with symptoms. Given the extensive use of copper in many industries and operations, it is evident that if copper-induced MFF does occur, it is a rare event.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88109119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-11-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984588
M. Virji, S. Woskie, S. Sama, D. Kriebel, D. Eberiel
Exposure assessment was conducted for an epidemiologic study of the respiratory effects of exposure to metalworking fluids (MWF). As part of the study, airborne microorganisms were collected with a two-stage microbial impactor, and a sample of the bulk soluble MWF was collected from each machine sump, as well as information about the work environment. These data were then used to develop multivariate statistical models of the determinants bulk MWF and airborne microbial levels. Microbial concentrations in the bulk MWF ranged from 5 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, with a geometric mean of 3.4 x 10(7) CFU/mL. The geometric mean airborne microbial level was 182 CFU/m3 (for particles size <8 microm) with a range of 1 to 8,308 CFU/m3. In modeling the determinants of bulk microorganisms, fluid-related factors were the most important characteristics associated with microbial levels, followed by process-related and environmental factors. The final full multivariate model predicted a significant reduction in bulk microbial levels by increasing pH of the fluid and reducing the amount of tramp oil leaking into the fluid. For the airborne microbial models, process-related factors were the major characteristics associated with microbial levels, followed by factors related to worker activities and environmental factors. The final full multivariate model predicted a significant control of airborne microorganisms by increasing worker distance from the machine, reducing the number of machines within 10 feet of the worker, decreasing the bulk microbial levels, and adding machine enclosures. These models can be used to prioritize nonbiocidal interventions to control microbial contamination of the bulk MWF and the air.
{"title":"Identifying the determinants of viable microorganisms in the air and bulk metalworking fluids.","authors":"M. Virji, S. Woskie, S. Sama, D. Kriebel, D. Eberiel","doi":"10.1080/15298660008984588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660008984588","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure assessment was conducted for an epidemiologic study of the respiratory effects of exposure to metalworking fluids (MWF). As part of the study, airborne microorganisms were collected with a two-stage microbial impactor, and a sample of the bulk soluble MWF was collected from each machine sump, as well as information about the work environment. These data were then used to develop multivariate statistical models of the determinants bulk MWF and airborne microbial levels. Microbial concentrations in the bulk MWF ranged from 5 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, with a geometric mean of 3.4 x 10(7) CFU/mL. The geometric mean airborne microbial level was 182 CFU/m3 (for particles size <8 microm) with a range of 1 to 8,308 CFU/m3. In modeling the determinants of bulk microorganisms, fluid-related factors were the most important characteristics associated with microbial levels, followed by process-related and environmental factors. The final full multivariate model predicted a significant reduction in bulk microbial levels by increasing pH of the fluid and reducing the amount of tramp oil leaking into the fluid. For the airborne microbial models, process-related factors were the major characteristics associated with microbial levels, followed by factors related to worker activities and environmental factors. The final full multivariate model predicted a significant control of airborne microorganisms by increasing worker distance from the machine, reducing the number of machines within 10 feet of the worker, decreasing the bulk microbial levels, and adding machine enclosures. These models can be used to prioritize nonbiocidal interventions to control microbial contamination of the bulk MWF and the air.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76060448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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