Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac8dcf
Sònia Sabaté-Soler, M. Bernini, J. Schwamborn
Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are a focus of studies in neurodegenerative diseases. Similarly, research about induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived whole brain and region-specific organoids is increasing. In organoids, the complexity of the culture systems increases, mimicking better the actual scenario in the human brain. Furthermore, animal models do not always recapitulate human neurodegeneration, and they imply more ethical concerns compared to organoid systems. Recently the integration of iPSC-derived microglia into brain organoids has been achieved, and on-chip technologies have been focusing on microglia interaction with neural cells. In this review, we discuss the achievements on integrating microglia into brain organoids. We study the cell organization, ultrastructure and cell signalling of microglia with respect to other cell types in organoids as well as their functionality in the system. A particular focus here is on the interaction with the midbrain and dopaminergic systems. Finally, we discuss the achievements until now concerning neuroinflammation and disease modelling, and the possible therapeutic approaches targeting microglia and neuroinflammation in 3D systems.
{"title":"Immunocompetent brain organoids—microglia enter the stage","authors":"Sònia Sabaté-Soler, M. Bernini, J. Schwamborn","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac8dcf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac8dcf","url":null,"abstract":"Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are a focus of studies in neurodegenerative diseases. Similarly, research about induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived whole brain and region-specific organoids is increasing. In organoids, the complexity of the culture systems increases, mimicking better the actual scenario in the human brain. Furthermore, animal models do not always recapitulate human neurodegeneration, and they imply more ethical concerns compared to organoid systems. Recently the integration of iPSC-derived microglia into brain organoids has been achieved, and on-chip technologies have been focusing on microglia interaction with neural cells. In this review, we discuss the achievements on integrating microglia into brain organoids. We study the cell organization, ultrastructure and cell signalling of microglia with respect to other cell types in organoids as well as their functionality in the system. A particular focus here is on the interaction with the midbrain and dopaminergic systems. Finally, we discuss the achievements until now concerning neuroinflammation and disease modelling, and the possible therapeutic approaches targeting microglia and neuroinflammation in 3D systems.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41609811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac8a2f
S. Maharjan, Diana Priscilla Bonilla-Ruelas, G. Orive, Y. S. Zhang
As the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine progresses, the possibility for artificial organs to restore normal tissue functions seems to become more feasible. However, a major challenge in the long-term culture of the engineered tissues is the lack of adequate oxygenation. The photosynthetic supply of oxygen (O2) for tissues and organs using photoautotrophic microorganisms has been explored recently in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The biofabrication of photosymbiotic scaffolds using biomaterials, photosynthetic microorganisms, and human cells has shown constant generation of O2 in response to light illumination while avoiding hypoxic conditions. This emerging strategy of photosymbiotic oxygenation is potentially an attractive approach to overcome the need of adequate oxygenation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This Perspective aims to present an overview on the applications of photoautotrophic microorganism-enabled oxygenation strategies for overcoming hypoxia-related challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
{"title":"Photosymbiotic tissue engineering and regeneration","authors":"S. Maharjan, Diana Priscilla Bonilla-Ruelas, G. Orive, Y. S. Zhang","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac8a2f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac8a2f","url":null,"abstract":"As the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine progresses, the possibility for artificial organs to restore normal tissue functions seems to become more feasible. However, a major challenge in the long-term culture of the engineered tissues is the lack of adequate oxygenation. The photosynthetic supply of oxygen (O2) for tissues and organs using photoautotrophic microorganisms has been explored recently in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The biofabrication of photosymbiotic scaffolds using biomaterials, photosynthetic microorganisms, and human cells has shown constant generation of O2 in response to light illumination while avoiding hypoxic conditions. This emerging strategy of photosymbiotic oxygenation is potentially an attractive approach to overcome the need of adequate oxygenation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This Perspective aims to present an overview on the applications of photoautotrophic microorganism-enabled oxygenation strategies for overcoming hypoxia-related challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42055266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac8259
Z. Baka, Marie Stiefel, Agathe Figarol, Claire Godier, Abhik Mallick, O. Joubert, N. Ashammakhi, E. Gaffet, H. Alem
Conventional 2D cell cultures are widely used for the development of new anticancer drugs. However, their relevance as in vitro models is increasingly questioned as they are considered too simplistic compared to complex, three-dimensional in vivo tumors. Moreover, animal experiments are not only costly and time-consuming, but also raise ethical issues and their use for some applications has been restricted. Therefore, it becomes crucial to develop new experimental models that better capture the complexity and dynamic aspects of in vivo tumors. New approaches based on microfluidic technology are promising. This technology has indeed been used to create microphysiological systems called ‘organ-on-chip’ which simulate key structural and functional features of human tissues and organs. These devices have further been adapted to create cancer models giving rise to the ‘cancer-on-chip’ (COC) concept. In this review, we will discuss the main COC models described so far for major cancer types including lung, prostate, breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. Then, we will highlight the challenges that this technology is facing and the possible research perspectives that can arise from them.
{"title":"Cancer-on-chip technology: current applications in major cancer types, challenges and future prospects","authors":"Z. Baka, Marie Stiefel, Agathe Figarol, Claire Godier, Abhik Mallick, O. Joubert, N. Ashammakhi, E. Gaffet, H. Alem","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac8259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac8259","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional 2D cell cultures are widely used for the development of new anticancer drugs. However, their relevance as in vitro models is increasingly questioned as they are considered too simplistic compared to complex, three-dimensional in vivo tumors. Moreover, animal experiments are not only costly and time-consuming, but also raise ethical issues and their use for some applications has been restricted. Therefore, it becomes crucial to develop new experimental models that better capture the complexity and dynamic aspects of in vivo tumors. New approaches based on microfluidic technology are promising. This technology has indeed been used to create microphysiological systems called ‘organ-on-chip’ which simulate key structural and functional features of human tissues and organs. These devices have further been adapted to create cancer models giving rise to the ‘cancer-on-chip’ (COC) concept. In this review, we will discuss the main COC models described so far for major cancer types including lung, prostate, breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. Then, we will highlight the challenges that this technology is facing and the possible research perspectives that can arise from them.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44745800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac8193
Yanan Li, Aran Sena, Ziwei Wang, Xueyan Xing, J. Babič, E. V. van Asseldonk, E. Burdet
Interaction control presents opportunities for contact robots physically interacting with their human user, such as assistance targeted to each human user, communication of goals to enable effective teamwork, and task-directed motion resistance in physical training and rehabilitation contexts. Here we review the burgeoning field of interaction control in the control theory and machine learning communities, by analysing the exchange of haptic information between the robot and its human user, and how they share the task effort. We first review the estimation and learning methods to predict the human user intent with the large uncertainty, variability and noise and limited observation of human motion. Based on this motion intent core, typical interaction control strategies are described using a homotopy of shared control parameters. Recent methods of haptic communication and game theory are then presented to consider the co-adaptation of human and robot control and yield versatile interactive control as observed between humans. Finally, the limitations of the presented state of the art are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.
{"title":"A review on interaction control for contact robots through intent detection","authors":"Yanan Li, Aran Sena, Ziwei Wang, Xueyan Xing, J. Babič, E. V. van Asseldonk, E. Burdet","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac8193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac8193","url":null,"abstract":"Interaction control presents opportunities for contact robots physically interacting with their human user, such as assistance targeted to each human user, communication of goals to enable effective teamwork, and task-directed motion resistance in physical training and rehabilitation contexts. Here we review the burgeoning field of interaction control in the control theory and machine learning communities, by analysing the exchange of haptic information between the robot and its human user, and how they share the task effort. We first review the estimation and learning methods to predict the human user intent with the large uncertainty, variability and noise and limited observation of human motion. Based on this motion intent core, typical interaction control strategies are described using a homotopy of shared control parameters. Recent methods of haptic communication and game theory are then presented to consider the co-adaptation of human and robot control and yield versatile interactive control as observed between humans. Finally, the limitations of the presented state of the art are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48572779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac812c
Eleonora Borda, D. Ghezzi
Vision is an extraordinary sense through which we can appreciate the beauty of the world we live in, gain invaluable knowledge and communicate with others using visual expression and arts. On the contrary, blindness is a threatening medical condition disrupting the life of affected people and their families. Therefore, restoring sight is one of the open challenges of our society. Today, the synergistic convergence of science and technology holds the potential to provide blind patients with artificial vision using visual prostheses: a type of implantable medical device able to reactivate visual neurons using electrical stimulation. Although clinical trials showed that vision restoration is still far away, significant technological advances make visual prostheses a valuable solution for blind patients. This review is not only a description of the state-of-the-art. Instead, it provides the reader with an update on recent developments, a critical discussion of the open challenges, and an overview of promising future directions.
{"title":"Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges","authors":"Eleonora Borda, D. Ghezzi","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac812c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac812c","url":null,"abstract":"Vision is an extraordinary sense through which we can appreciate the beauty of the world we live in, gain invaluable knowledge and communicate with others using visual expression and arts. On the contrary, blindness is a threatening medical condition disrupting the life of affected people and their families. Therefore, restoring sight is one of the open challenges of our society. Today, the synergistic convergence of science and technology holds the potential to provide blind patients with artificial vision using visual prostheses: a type of implantable medical device able to reactivate visual neurons using electrical stimulation. Although clinical trials showed that vision restoration is still far away, significant technological advances make visual prostheses a valuable solution for blind patients. This review is not only a description of the state-of-the-art. Instead, it provides the reader with an update on recent developments, a critical discussion of the open challenges, and an overview of promising future directions.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47052480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac7833
Defne Yigci, M. R. Sarabi, M. Ustun, Nazente Atçeken, Emel Sokullu, T. Bagci-Onder, S. Tasoglu
Glioma is one of the most malignant types of cancer and most gliomas remain incurable. One of the hallmarks of glioma is its invasiveness. Furthermore, glioma cells tend to readily detach from the primary tumor and travel through the brain tissue, making complete tumor resection impossible in many cases. To expand the knowledge regarding the invasive behavior of glioma, evaluate drug resistance, and recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, various modeling strategies were proposed in the last decade, including three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffold-free cultures, organ-on-chip microfluidics chips, and 3D bioprinting platforms, which allow for the investigation on patient-specific treatments. The emerging method of 3D bioprinting technology has introduced a time- and cost-efficient approach to create in vitro models that possess the structural and functional characteristics of human organs and tissues by spatially positioning cells and bioink. Here, we review emerging 3D bioprinted models developed for recapitulating the brain environment and glioma tumors, with the purpose of probing glioma cell invasion and gliomagenesis and discuss the potential use of 4D printing and machine learning applications in glioma modelling.
{"title":"3D bioprinted glioma models","authors":"Defne Yigci, M. R. Sarabi, M. Ustun, Nazente Atçeken, Emel Sokullu, T. Bagci-Onder, S. Tasoglu","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac7833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac7833","url":null,"abstract":"Glioma is one of the most malignant types of cancer and most gliomas remain incurable. One of the hallmarks of glioma is its invasiveness. Furthermore, glioma cells tend to readily detach from the primary tumor and travel through the brain tissue, making complete tumor resection impossible in many cases. To expand the knowledge regarding the invasive behavior of glioma, evaluate drug resistance, and recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, various modeling strategies were proposed in the last decade, including three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffold-free cultures, organ-on-chip microfluidics chips, and 3D bioprinting platforms, which allow for the investigation on patient-specific treatments. The emerging method of 3D bioprinting technology has introduced a time- and cost-efficient approach to create in vitro models that possess the structural and functional characteristics of human organs and tissues by spatially positioning cells and bioink. Here, we review emerging 3D bioprinted models developed for recapitulating the brain environment and glioma tumors, with the purpose of probing glioma cell invasion and gliomagenesis and discuss the potential use of 4D printing and machine learning applications in glioma modelling.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44184333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-26DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac73c9
Tanziela Tanziela, Xiawei Dong, Jing Ye, Zengchao Guo, Hui Jiang, Zuhong Lu, Xiaohui Liu, Xuemei Wang
Exosomes have emerged as natural nanocarriers and are advantageous in the field of nanomedicine due to their lipid bilayer membrane comprising many proteins, nucleic acids and cell debris. Exosomes are secreted from all types of living cells and play a role in cancer diagnosis and therapy because of their biological properties, such as intercellular communication, modulation of immune responses, biocompatibility and target specificity. Many studies have shown that exosomes can be engineered or modified with different therapeutic substances, including nucleic acids, proteins, drugs and other nanomaterials, to improve their specificity, efficiency and safety in nanomedicine. In this review, we summarize the methodologies of exosome biogenesis, purification, the possible mechanisms of cellular uptake and the important role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis, followed by the role of engineered exosomes in cancer therapy. Also, future trends and challenges are discussed. We strongly suggest that a clear articulation of the fundamental principles for the creation of exosome-based theranostic platforms will help reveal the unique powers of exosomes in early cancer diagnosis and therapeutics, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and phototherapy.
{"title":"Advances in engineered exosomes towards cancer diagnosis and therapeutics","authors":"Tanziela Tanziela, Xiawei Dong, Jing Ye, Zengchao Guo, Hui Jiang, Zuhong Lu, Xiaohui Liu, Xuemei Wang","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac73c9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac73c9","url":null,"abstract":"Exosomes have emerged as natural nanocarriers and are advantageous in the field of nanomedicine due to their lipid bilayer membrane comprising many proteins, nucleic acids and cell debris. Exosomes are secreted from all types of living cells and play a role in cancer diagnosis and therapy because of their biological properties, such as intercellular communication, modulation of immune responses, biocompatibility and target specificity. Many studies have shown that exosomes can be engineered or modified with different therapeutic substances, including nucleic acids, proteins, drugs and other nanomaterials, to improve their specificity, efficiency and safety in nanomedicine. In this review, we summarize the methodologies of exosome biogenesis, purification, the possible mechanisms of cellular uptake and the important role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis, followed by the role of engineered exosomes in cancer therapy. Also, future trends and challenges are discussed. We strongly suggest that a clear articulation of the fundamental principles for the creation of exosome-based theranostic platforms will help reveal the unique powers of exosomes in early cancer diagnosis and therapeutics, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and phototherapy.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43818913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-09DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac6e18
Xurui Gu, Zhen Liu, Yi-fan Tai, Ling-yun Zhou, Kun Liu, D. Kong, Adam C. Midgley, Xiao-cong Zuo
Achieving local therapeutic agent concentration in the kidneys through traditional systemic administration routes have associated concerns with off-target drug effects and toxicity. Additionally, kidney diseases are often accompanied by co-morbidities in other major organs, which negatively impacts drug metabolism and clearance. To circumvent these issues, kidney-specific targeting of therapeutics aims to achieve the delivery of controlled doses of therapeutic agents, such as drugs, nucleic acids, peptides, or proteins, to kidney tissues in a safe and efficient manner. Current carrier material approaches implement macromolecular and polyplex hydrogel constructs, prodrug strategies, and nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery technologies. In the context of multidisciplinary and cross-discipline innovations, the medical and bioengineering research fields have facilitated the rapid development of kidney-targeted therapies and carrier materials. In this review, we summarize the current trends and recent advancements made in the development of carrier materials for kidney disease targeted therapies, specifically hydrogel and NP-based strategies for acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Additionally, we discuss the current limitations in carrier materials and their delivery mechanisms.
{"title":"Hydrogel and nanoparticle carriers for kidney disease therapy: trends and recent advancements","authors":"Xurui Gu, Zhen Liu, Yi-fan Tai, Ling-yun Zhou, Kun Liu, D. Kong, Adam C. Midgley, Xiao-cong Zuo","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac6e18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac6e18","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving local therapeutic agent concentration in the kidneys through traditional systemic administration routes have associated concerns with off-target drug effects and toxicity. Additionally, kidney diseases are often accompanied by co-morbidities in other major organs, which negatively impacts drug metabolism and clearance. To circumvent these issues, kidney-specific targeting of therapeutics aims to achieve the delivery of controlled doses of therapeutic agents, such as drugs, nucleic acids, peptides, or proteins, to kidney tissues in a safe and efficient manner. Current carrier material approaches implement macromolecular and polyplex hydrogel constructs, prodrug strategies, and nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery technologies. In the context of multidisciplinary and cross-discipline innovations, the medical and bioengineering research fields have facilitated the rapid development of kidney-targeted therapies and carrier materials. In this review, we summarize the current trends and recent advancements made in the development of carrier materials for kidney disease targeted therapies, specifically hydrogel and NP-based strategies for acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Additionally, we discuss the current limitations in carrier materials and their delivery mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41536559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac6d36
J. Hahn, O. Inan
Physiological closed-loop control (PCLC) systems are a key enabler for automation and clinician support in medicine, including, but not limited to, patient monitoring, diagnosis, clinical decision making, and therapy delivery. Existing body of work has demonstrated that PCLC systems hold the promise to advance critical care as well as a wide range of other domains in medicine bearing profound implications in quality of life, quality of care, and human wellbeing. However, the state-of-the-art PCLC technology in critical care is associated with long-standing limitations related to its development and assessment, including (a) isolated and loop-by-loop PCLC design without sufficient account for multi-faceted patient physiology, (b) suboptimal choice of therapeutic endpoints, (c) concerns related to collective safety originating from multi-PCLC interferences, and (d) premature PCLC assessment methodology. Such limitations naturally motivate research to generate new knowledge and create innovative methods. In this perspective, we propose several high-reward opportunities that can accelerate the advances in PCLC systems, which may be explored by deep fusion and collaboration among multiple disciplines including physiological systems and signals analysis, control and estimation, machine learning and artificial intelligence, and wearable sensing and embedded computing technologies.
{"title":"Physiological closed-loop control in critical care: opportunities for innovations","authors":"J. Hahn, O. Inan","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac6d36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac6d36","url":null,"abstract":"Physiological closed-loop control (PCLC) systems are a key enabler for automation and clinician support in medicine, including, but not limited to, patient monitoring, diagnosis, clinical decision making, and therapy delivery. Existing body of work has demonstrated that PCLC systems hold the promise to advance critical care as well as a wide range of other domains in medicine bearing profound implications in quality of life, quality of care, and human wellbeing. However, the state-of-the-art PCLC technology in critical care is associated with long-standing limitations related to its development and assessment, including (a) isolated and loop-by-loop PCLC design without sufficient account for multi-faceted patient physiology, (b) suboptimal choice of therapeutic endpoints, (c) concerns related to collective safety originating from multi-PCLC interferences, and (d) premature PCLC assessment methodology. Such limitations naturally motivate research to generate new knowledge and create innovative methods. In this perspective, we propose several high-reward opportunities that can accelerate the advances in PCLC systems, which may be explored by deep fusion and collaboration among multiple disciplines including physiological systems and signals analysis, control and estimation, machine learning and artificial intelligence, and wearable sensing and embedded computing technologies.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44952674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac6641
Jasmin Omar, C. A. Dreiss, X. Loh
Ocular diseases have serious implications on patients’ lives, with the majority causing blindness if left untreated. In 2020 it was estimated that 43 million people were blind worldwide which is expected to increase to 61 million by 2050. Due to the eye’s complex structure and defence mechanisms, there has been an ongoing challenge to deliver drugs which can penetrate the eyes’ barrier and reside at the site of action. Recent advances focus on the use of hydrogels, in particular temperature-responsive hydrogels, ‘thermogels’, to improve the properties of current therapies. Formulating a hydrogel-based system has shown to increase the bioavailability and biodegradability, provide a sustained release profile, enhance the drug permeation and residence time, as well as reduce the frequency of applications. This article provides a review of progress made over the past 5 years (2017–2021) using ‘thermogels’ for the treatment of some common or life-threatening ophthalmic conditions.
{"title":"Recent progress in the use of thermogelling polymers for treatment of ophthalmic conditions","authors":"Jasmin Omar, C. A. Dreiss, X. Loh","doi":"10.1088/2516-1091/ac6641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1091/ac6641","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular diseases have serious implications on patients’ lives, with the majority causing blindness if left untreated. In 2020 it was estimated that 43 million people were blind worldwide which is expected to increase to 61 million by 2050. Due to the eye’s complex structure and defence mechanisms, there has been an ongoing challenge to deliver drugs which can penetrate the eyes’ barrier and reside at the site of action. Recent advances focus on the use of hydrogels, in particular temperature-responsive hydrogels, ‘thermogels’, to improve the properties of current therapies. Formulating a hydrogel-based system has shown to increase the bioavailability and biodegradability, provide a sustained release profile, enhance the drug permeation and residence time, as well as reduce the frequency of applications. This article provides a review of progress made over the past 5 years (2017–2021) using ‘thermogels’ for the treatment of some common or life-threatening ophthalmic conditions.","PeriodicalId":74582,"journal":{"name":"Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47484610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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