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Mathematical models on bone cell homeostasis and kinetics in the presence of electric fields: a review. 电场作用下骨细胞稳态和动力学的数学模型综述。
IF 5 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad9530
Poh Soo Lee, Kiran K Sriperumbudur, Jonathan Dawson, Ursula van Rienen, Revathi Appali

The role of bioelectricity in regulating various physiological processes has attracted increasing scientific interest in implementing exogenous electrical stimulations as a therapeutic approach. In particular, electrical stimuli are used clinically in pre-/post-surgery patient care for the musculoskeletal tissues. The reported potential of electric fields (EF) to regulate bone cell homeostasis and kineticsin vitrohas further provoked more studies in this field of research. Various customised apparatuses have been developed, and a range of parameters for the applied EFs have been investigatedin vitrowith bone cells or mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, biomaterials with conductive or piezo-electric properties have been designed to complement the enhancing effects of the EF on bone regeneration. Despite much research, there remained a significant gap in knowledge due to the diverse range of EF parameters available. Mathematical models are built to facilitate further understanding and zero in on an effective range of EF parametersin silico. However, the diverse range of EF parameters, experimental conditions, and reported analytical output of different works of literature were reported to possess significant variance, making it challenging to accurately model the fieldin silico. This review categorises the existing experimental approaches and the parameters used to distinguish the potential variables that apply to mathematical modelling. Furthermore, we will discuss existing modelling approaches and models available in the literature. With this, we will concisely highlight the need to categorise EF parameters, osteogenic differentiation initiators and research output.

生物电在调节各种生理过程中的作用吸引了越来越多的科学兴趣,将外源性电刺激作为一种治疗方法。特别是,电刺激在临床上用于术前/术后患者对肌肉骨骼组织的护理。电场电位(EF)在体外调节骨细胞稳态和动力学的报道进一步引发了这一领域的研究。已经开发了各种定制的设备,并在骨细胞或间充质干细胞的体外研究了应用电场的一系列参数。此外,具有导电或压电特性的生物材料已被设计用于补充EF对骨再生的增强作用。尽管进行了大量的研究,但由于可获得的EF参数范围不同,知识上仍然存在很大的差距。数学模型的建立是为了促进进一步的理解和零的有效范围的EF参数在硅。然而,据报道,EF参数、实验条件和不同文献报告的分析输出的不同范围具有显着差异,这使得在计算机上准确建模该领域具有挑战性。本综述对现有的实验方法和用于区分适用于数学建模的潜在变量的参数进行了分类。此外,我们将讨论现有的建模方法和文献中可用的模型。因此,我们将简要地强调对EF参数、成骨分化启动因子和研究成果进行分类的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
A review of computational optimization of bone scaffold architecture: methods, challenges, and perspectives. 骨支架结构的计算优化综述:方法、挑战和观点。
IF 5 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad879a
Ali H Foroughi, Caleb Valeri, Mir Jalil Razavi

The design and optimization of bone scaffolds are critical for the success of bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of computational optimization methods for bone scaffold architecture, focusing on the balance between mechanical stability, biological compatibility, and manufacturability. Finite element method (FEM), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and various optimization algorithms are discussed for their roles in simulating and refining scaffold designs. The integration of multiobjective optimization and topology optimization has been highlighted for developing scaffolds that meet the multifaceted requirements of BTE. Challenges such as the need for consideration of manufacturing constraints and the incorporation of degradation and bone regeneration models into the optimization process have been identified. The review underscores the potential of advanced computational tools and additive manufacturing techniques in evolving the field of BTE, aiming to improve patient outcomes in bone tissue regeneration. The reliability of current optimization methods is examined, with suggestions for incorporating non-deterministic approaches andin vivovalidations to enhance the practical application of optimized scaffolds. The review concludes with a call for further research into artificial intelligence-based methods to advance scaffold design and optimization.

骨支架的设计与优化是骨组织工程成功应用的关键。本文综述了骨支架结构的计算优化方法,重点介绍了机械稳定性、生物相容性和可制造性之间的平衡。讨论了有限元法(FEM)、计算流体动力学(CFD)和各种优化算法在模拟和改进脚手架设计中的作用。多目标优化与拓扑优化的结合已成为开发满足BTE多方面要求的支架的重点。已经确定了诸如需要考虑制造限制以及将降解和骨再生模型纳入优化过程等挑战。该综述强调了先进的计算工具和增材制造技术在BTE领域的发展潜力,旨在改善患者骨组织再生的结果。研究了当前优化方法的可靠性,并建议采用非确定性方法和体内验证,以增强优化支架的实际应用。该综述最后呼吁进一步研究基于人工智能的方法来推进支架的设计和优化。
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引用次数: 0
The development of paliperidone nanocrystals for the treatment of schizophrenia. 开发用于治疗精神分裂症的帕利哌酮纳米晶体。
IF 5 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad8fe7
Phattalapol Lhaglham, Luksika Jiramonai, Xing-Jie Liang, Bingchuan Liu, Fangzhou Li

Schizophrenia is a complex and chronic psychiatric disorder that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Ranking 12th among 310 diseases and injuries that result in disability, the number of patients suffering from schizophrenia continues to rise, emphasizing the urgent need for developing effective treatments. Despite the availability of effective antipsychotic drugs, over 80% of patients taking oral antipsychotics experience relapses, primarily caused by non-adherence as the high dosing frequency is required. In this review, we discuss about schizophrenia, its incidence, pathological causes, influencing factors, and the challenges of the current medications. Specifically, we explore nanocrystal technology and its application to paliperidone, making it one of the most successful long-acting antipsychotic drugs introduced to the market. We highlight the clinical advantages of paliperidone nanocrystals, including improved adherence, efficacy, long-term outcomes, patient satisfaction, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, we address the physicochemical factors influencing the drug's half-life, which crucially contribute to long-acting medications. Further studies on nanocrystal-based long-acting medications are crucial for enhancing their effectiveness and reliability. The successful development of paliperidone nanocrystals holds great promise as a significant approach for drug development, with potential applications for other chronic disease management.

精神分裂症是一种复杂的慢性精神疾病,严重影响患者的生活质量。在导致残疾的310种疾病和伤害中,精神分裂症患者的人数继续增加,排在第12位,这强调了开发有效治疗方法的迫切需要。尽管有有效的抗精神病药物,但超过80%服用口服抗精神病药物的患者出现复发,主要是由于需要高剂量频率而不依从性所致。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了精神分裂症,其发病率,病理原因,影响因素,以及当前药物的挑战。具体来说,我们探索纳米晶体技术及其在帕利哌酮中的应用,使其成为市场上最成功的长效抗精神病药物之一。我们强调了帕利哌酮纳米晶体的临床优势,包括改善依从性、疗效、长期结局、患者满意度、安全性和成本效益。此外,我们解决了影响药物半衰期的物理化学因素,这对长效药物至关重要。进一步研究纳米晶体长效药物对于提高其有效性和可靠性至关重要。帕利哌酮纳米晶体的成功开发作为一种重要的药物开发方法具有很大的前景,并具有潜在的应用于其他慢性疾病的治疗。
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引用次数: 0
Harms associated with retinal implantation of a stimulating electrode array to treat outer-retinal degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety. 视网膜植入刺激电极阵列治疗视网膜外变性的危害:安全性的系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 5 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad811e
Luke E Hallum, Shaun L Cloherty

Retinal implantation of an electrode array is an emerging treatment for vision loss caused by outer-retinal degeneration. This article collects and analyses harms associated with the treatment reported in the peer-reviewed literature, thus enabling informed decision-making by patients, clinicians, researchers, engineers, and policymakers. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and clinical trials registries for peer-reviewed journal articles reporting harms outcomes. We extracted data from articles including study design, definitions of 'serious adverse event', and timing of adverse events. We applied the McMaster tool to these articles to assess the risk of bias in harms assessment and reporting. Our searches returned 585 abstracts. We reviewed the full text of 59 articles describing 11 different devices. McMaster scores ranged from 3 to 12 (maximum 15; higher scores indicate less risk). We compiled a comprehensive list of all serious and non-serious adverse events associated with retinal implantation. Several harms were common across devices. Our meta-analysis showed that serious adverse events are log-uniformly distributed throughout follow-up. Improved reporting and further clinical studies are needed to develop a reliable safety profile of retinal implantation. Our findings will help guide the design, conduct, and reporting of future clinical trials of retinal implantation and other emerging treatments for vision loss. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42022308123.).

视网膜植入电极阵列是一种新兴的治疗视网膜外变性引起的视力丧失的方法。本文收集并分析了同行评议文献中报道的与治疗相关的危害,从而使患者、临床医生、研究人员、工程师和政策制定者能够做出明智的决策。我们检索了MEDLINE、Embase和临床试验注册库,查找同行评议的报告危害结果的期刊文章。我们从文章中提取数据,包括研究设计、“严重不良事件”的定义和不良事件发生的时间。我们将麦克马斯特工具应用于这些文章,以评估危害评估和报告中的偏倚风险。我们检索了585篇摘要。我们回顾了59篇文章的全文,这些文章描述了11种不同的设备。麦克马斯特得分范围从3到12(最多15分;得分越高,风险越小)。我们编制了一份与视网膜植入术相关的所有严重和非严重不良事件的综合清单。有几种危害是跨设备常见的。我们的荟萃分析显示,严重不良事件在随访期间呈对数均匀分布。完善的报告和进一步的临床研究需要建立一个可靠的安全性的视网膜植入术。我们的研究结果将有助于指导未来视网膜植入和其他新兴视力丧失治疗的临床试验的设计、实施和报告。(普洛斯彼罗注册号:CRD42022308123)。
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引用次数: 0
6G networks for the operating room of the future. 未来手术室的 6G 网络。
IF 5 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad819c
Franziska Jurosch, Nicolai Kröger, Sven Kolb, Fidan Mehmeti, Eimo Martens, Stefanie Speidel, Wolfgang Kellerer, Dirk Wilhelm, Jonas Fuchtmann

Technical setups in today's operating rooms (ORs) are becoming increasingly complex, especially with the integration of applications which rely on the fusion of multiple information sources. While manufacturers have already started to make use of such approaches, the quest for fully integrated ORs becoming standard is still ongoing. We describe a variety of state-of-the-art projects that envision an OR of the future in order to identify missing building blocks. While these initial implementations of sensor fused ORs have shown to be promising, all current proposals lack a scalable networking backbone that serves the needs of future applications. We therefore discuss how the coming 6G standard's envisioned advancements can provide a flexible and intelligent platform to enable the fully integrated OR of the future.

当今手术室(or)的技术设置正变得越来越复杂,特别是依赖于多个信息源融合的应用集成。虽然制造商已经开始使用这些方法,但对完全集成的ORs成为标准的追求仍在进行中。我们描述了各种最先进的项目,这些项目设想了未来的OR,以确定缺失的构建模块。虽然这些传感器融合的ORs的初步实现已经显示出很有希望,但目前所有的建议都缺乏一个可扩展的网络骨干来满足未来应用的需求。因此,我们将讨论即将到来的6G标准的设想进展如何提供一个灵活和智能的平台,以实现未来的完全集成或。
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引用次数: 0
Systematic review of experimental paradigms and deep neural networks for electroencephalography-based cognitive workload detection. 基于脑电图的认知工作量检测的实验范例和深度神经网络的系统回顾。
IF 5 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad8530
Vishnu K N, Cota Navin Gupta

This article summarizes a systematic literature review of deep neural network-based cognitive workload (CWL) estimation from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. The focus of this article can be delineated into two main elements: first is the identification of experimental paradigms prevalently employed for CWL induction, and second, is an inquiry about the data structure and input formulations commonly utilized in deep neural networks (DNN)-based CWL detection. The survey revealed several experimental paradigms that can reliably induce either graded levels of CWL or a desired cognitive state due to sustained induction of CWL. This article has characterized them with respect to the number of distinct CWL levels, cognitive states, experimental environment, and agents in focus. Further, this literature analysis found that DNNs can successfully detect distinct levels of CWL despite the inter-subject and inter-session variability typically observed in EEG signals. Several methodologies were found using EEG signals in its native representation of a two-dimensional matrix as input to the classification algorithm, bypassing traditional feature selection steps. More often than not, researchers used DNNs as black-box type models, and only a few studies employed interpretable or explainable DNNs for CWL detection. However, these algorithms were mostly post hoc data analysis and classification schemes, and only a few studies adopted real-time CWL estimation methodologies. Further, it has been suggested that using interpretable deep learning methodologies may shed light on EEG correlates of CWL, but this remains mostly an unexplored area. This systematic review suggests using networks sensitive to temporal dependencies and appropriate input formulations for each type of DNN architecture to achieve robust classification performance. An additional suggestion is to utilize transfer learning methods to achieve high generalizability across tasks (task-independent classifiers), while simple cross-subject data pooling may achieve the same for subject-independent classifiers.

本文综述了基于深度神经网络的脑电信号认知负荷估计的相关文献。本文的重点可以概括为两个主要元素:首先是识别普遍用于CWL归纳的实验范式,其次是对基于深度神经网络(DNN)的CWL检测中常用的数据结构和输入公式的研究。该研究揭示了几种实验范式,它们可以可靠地诱导CWL的分级水平或由于持续诱导CWL而达到期望的认知状态。本文从不同CWL水平的数量、认知状态、实验环境和关注的主体等方面对它们进行了描述。此外,本文献分析发现,尽管在EEG信号中通常观察到主体间和会话间的变化,但dnn可以成功检测到不同水平的CWL。我们找到了几种方法,使用二维矩阵的原生表示的脑电图信号作为分类算法的输入,绕过传统的特征选择步骤。通常情况下,研究人员使用dnn作为黑盒型模型,只有少数研究使用可解释或可解释的dnn进行CWL检测。然而,这些算法大多是事后数据分析和分类方案,只有少数研究采用了实时CWL估计方法。此外,有人建议使用可解释的深度学习方法可以阐明脑电图与CWL的相关性,但这仍然是一个未开发的领域。该系统综述建议使用对时间依赖性敏感的网络和针对每种DNN架构的适当输入公式来实现稳健的分类性能。另一个建议是利用迁移学习方法来实现跨任务(任务独立分类器)的高泛化性,而简单的跨主题数据池可以实现相同的主题独立分类器。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing mammography: a comprehensive review of computer methods for improving image quality. 增强乳腺 X 射线摄影:全面回顾提高图像质量的计算机方法。
IF 5 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad776b
Joana Cristo Santos, Miriam Seoane Santos, Pedro Henriques Abreu

Mammography imaging remains the gold standard for breast cancer detection and diagnosis, but challenges in image quality can lead to misdiagnosis, increased radiation exposure, and higher healthcare costs. This comprehensive review evaluates traditional and machine learning-based techniques for improving mammography image quality, aiming to benefit clinicians and enhance diagnostic accuracy. Our literature search, spanning 2015 - 2024, identified 115 articles focusing on contrast enhancement and noise reduction methods, including histogram equalization, filtering, unsharp masking, fuzzy logic, transform-based techniques, and advanced machine learning approaches. Machine learning, particularly architectures integrating denoising autoencoders with convolutional neural networks, emerged as highly effective in enhancing image quality without compromising detail. The discussion highlights the success of these techniques in improving mammography images' visual quality. However, challenges such as high noise ratios, inconsistent evaluation metrics, and limited open-source datasets persist. Addressing these issues offers opportunities for future research to further advance mammography image enhancement methodologies.

乳房x线摄影成像仍然是乳腺癌检测和诊断的金标准,但图像质量的挑战可能导致误诊,增加辐射暴露和更高的医疗保健费用。这篇全面的综述评估了传统和基于机器学习的技术,以提高乳房x光检查图像质量,旨在使临床医生受益并提高诊断准确性。我们从2015年到2024年的文献检索中发现了115篇关于对比度增强和降噪方法的文章,包括直方图均衡化、滤波、非锐利掩蔽、模糊逻辑、基于变换的技术和先进的机器学习方法。机器学习,特别是集成去噪自动编码器和卷积神经网络的架构,在不影响细节的情况下提高图像质量方面非常有效。讨论强调了这些技术在提高乳房x线摄影图像视觉质量方面的成功。然而,诸如高噪声比、不一致的评估指标和有限的开源数据集等挑战仍然存在。解决这些问题为进一步推进乳房x光图像增强方法的未来研究提供了机会。
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引用次数: 0
Lifetime engineering of bioelectronic implants with mechanically reliable thin film encapsulations 具有机械可靠薄膜封装的生物电子植入物的寿命工程
Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad0b19
Martin Niemiec, Kyungjin Kim
Abstract While the importance of thin form factor and mechanical tissue biocompatibility has been made clear for next generation bioelectronic implants, material systems meeting these criteria still have not demonstrated sufficient long-term durability. This review provides an update on the materials used in modern bioelectronic implants as substrates and protective encapsulations, with a particular focus on flexible and conformable devices. We review how thin film encapsulations are known to fail due to mechanical stresses and environmental surroundings under processing and operating conditions. This information is then reflected in recommending state-of-the-art encapsulation strategies for designing mechanically reliable thin film bioelectronic interfaces. Finally, we assess the methods used to evaluate novel bioelectronic implant devices and the current state of their longevity based on encapsulation and substrate materials. We also provide insights for future testing to engineer long-lived bioelectronic implants more effectively and to make implantable bioelectronics a viable option for chronic diseases in accordance with each patient’s therapeutical timescale.
虽然薄的外形因素和机械组织生物相容性对于下一代生物电子植入物的重要性已经明确,但满足这些标准的材料系统仍然没有证明足够的长期耐用性。本综述提供了现代生物电子植入物中用作基板和保护封装的材料的最新情况,特别关注柔性和可适应的设备。我们回顾了在加工和操作条件下,薄膜封装是如何由于机械应力和环境环境而失效的。这些信息随后反映在推荐最先进的封装策略中,用于设计机械可靠的薄膜生物电子界面。最后,我们评估了用于评估新型生物电子植入装置的方法以及基于封装和衬底材料的寿命现状。我们还为未来的测试提供了见解,以更有效地设计长寿命的生物电子植入物,并根据每个患者的治疗时间表使植入式生物电子成为慢性病的可行选择。
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引用次数: 0
The stochastic digital human is now enrolling for in silico imaging trials – Methods and tools for generating digital cohorts 随机数字人现在正在参加计算机成像试验——生成数字队列的方法和工具
Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ad04c0
Aldo Badano, MIguel Lago, Elena Sizikova, Jana Delfino, Shuyue Guan, Mark A Anastasio, Berkman Sahiner
Abstract Randomized clinical trials, while often viewed as the highest evidentiary bar by which to judge the quality of a medical intervention, are far from perfect. In silico imaging trials are computational studies that seek to ascertain the performance of a medical device by collecting this information entirely via computer simulations. The benefits of in silico trials for evaluating new technology include significant resource and time savings, minimization of subject risk, the ability to study devices that are not achievable in the physical world, allow for the rapid and effective investigation of new technologies and ensure representation from all relevant subgroups. To conduct in silico trials, digital representations of humans are needed. We review the latest developments in methods and tools for obtaining digital humans for in silico imaging studies. First, we introduce terminology and a classification of digital human models. Second, we survey available methodologies for generating digital humans with healthy status and for generating diseased cases and discuss briefly the role of augmentation methods. Finally, we discuss approaches for sampling digital cohorts and understanding the trade-offs and potential for study bias associated with selecting specific patient distributions.
随机临床试验通常被视为判断医疗干预质量的最高证据标准,但它远非完美。计算机成像试验是一种计算机研究,旨在通过完全通过计算机模拟收集这些信息来确定医疗设备的性能。评估新技术的硅片试验的好处包括节省大量资源和时间,将受试者风险降至最低,能够研究在物理世界中无法实现的设备,允许对新技术进行快速有效的调查,并确保来自所有相关子群体的代表。为了进行计算机试验,需要人类的数字表示。我们回顾了获取数字人体用于计算机成像研究的方法和工具的最新发展。首先,我们介绍了数字人体模型的术语和分类。其次,我们调查了产生健康状态的数字人类和产生疾病病例的可用方法,并简要讨论了增强方法的作用。最后,我们讨论了采样数字队列的方法,并了解与选择特定患者分布相关的权衡和潜在的研究偏差。
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引用次数: 2
Updates on polyurethane and its multifunctional applications in biomedical engineering 聚氨酯及其在生物医学工程中的多功能应用进展
Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/acef84
Z. Miri, S. Faré, Qianli Ma, H. Haugen
Polyurethanes (PUs) have properties that make them promising in biomedical applications. PU is recognized as one of the main families of blood and biocompatible materials. PU plays a vital role in the design of medical devices in various medical fields. The structure of PU contains two segments: soft and hard. Its elastomeric feature is due to its soft segment, and its excellent and high mechanical property is because of its hard segment. It is possible to achieve specific desirable and targeted properties by changing the soft and hard chemical structures and the ratio between them. The many properties of PU each draw the attention of different medical fields. This work reviews PU highlighted properties, such as biodegradability, biostability, shape memory, and improved antibacterial activity. Also, because PU has a variety of applications, this review restricts its focus to PU’s prominent applications in tissue engineering, cardiovascular medicine, drug delivery, and wound healing. In addition, it contains a brief review of PU’s applications in biosensors and oral administration.
聚氨酯(pu)的特性使其在生物医学领域的应用前景广阔。聚氨酯是公认的血液和生物相容性材料的主要家族之一。聚氨酯在各个医疗领域的医疗器械设计中起着至关重要的作用。PU的结构分为软、硬两部分。其弹性体特性是由于其软段,其优异和高的机械性能是由于其硬段。通过改变软硬化学结构和它们之间的比例,可以实现特定的理想和目标性能。聚氨酯的许多特性都引起了不同医学领域的关注。本文综述了聚氨酯的主要特性,如生物降解性、生物稳定性、形状记忆和提高的抗菌活性。此外,由于聚氨酯具有多种用途,本文将重点介绍聚氨酯在组织工程、心血管医学、药物输送和伤口愈合等方面的突出应用。此外,还简要介绍了聚氨酯在生物传感器和口服给药方面的应用。
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引用次数: 2
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Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)
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