Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200905.12
A. Beyene, Muktar Reshad
Acacia tortilis and Balanites aegyptica trees are a multipurpose tree species that produces diverse socio- economic and ecological benefits. These trees are grown commonly on farm land in Mieso district but scientific information is not yet documented about their effect on fodder quality. Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the effect of these two tree species on leaf foliar macronutrients and proximate chemical concentrations for animal feed in Mieso District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Representative foliar samples from A. tortilis and B. aegyptica trees replicated four times were collected. From each sampled tree, fully matured and expanded green leaves in all compass directions from different crown positions were collected and evenly mixed to form 1 Kg of fresh leaves per sampled tree. The collected leaf samples were air dried. After air drying, the leaf samples were oven dried at 80°C till constant weight was achieved. Moreover, the leaf Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fibre (CF), Ether Extract (EE) and ash of the samples were determined. With the regard to leaf macronutrient, only leaf foliar nitrogen concentration was revealed significant variation between the two species whereas among the leaf proximate chemical composition %DM, %CP, %DCP and %CF were showed significant variation (<0.05) between the two species. Thus, A. tortilis and B. aegyptica trees have the potential to provide quality animal feed that contribute to the productivity of the livestock through the provision of their nutritive value of the fodder, and thus, retaining of this tree on farm land with proper management like pruning, pollarding, lopping and crown opening could able to contribute to the livelihood of the community through improving the productivity of livestock.
{"title":"The Effect of Acacia tortilis and Balanites aegyptica Trees on Fodder Quality: The Case of Mieso District, West Hararghe, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"A. Beyene, Muktar Reshad","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200905.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200905.12","url":null,"abstract":"Acacia tortilis and Balanites aegyptica trees are a multipurpose tree species that produces diverse socio- economic and ecological benefits. These trees are grown commonly on farm land in Mieso district but scientific information is not yet documented about their effect on fodder quality. Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the effect of these two tree species on leaf foliar macronutrients and proximate chemical concentrations for animal feed in Mieso District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Representative foliar samples from A. tortilis and B. aegyptica trees replicated four times were collected. From each sampled tree, fully matured and expanded green leaves in all compass directions from different crown positions were collected and evenly mixed to form 1 Kg of fresh leaves per sampled tree. The collected leaf samples were air dried. After air drying, the leaf samples were oven dried at 80°C till constant weight was achieved. Moreover, the leaf Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fibre (CF), Ether Extract (EE) and ash of the samples were determined. With the regard to leaf macronutrient, only leaf foliar nitrogen concentration was revealed significant variation between the two species whereas among the leaf proximate chemical composition %DM, %CP, %DCP and %CF were showed significant variation (<0.05) between the two species. Thus, A. tortilis and B. aegyptica trees have the potential to provide quality animal feed that contribute to the productivity of the livestock through the provision of their nutritive value of the fodder, and thus, retaining of this tree on farm land with proper management like pruning, pollarding, lopping and crown opening could able to contribute to the livelihood of the community through improving the productivity of livestock.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74085517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-03DOI: 10.11648/J.AFF.20200905.11
Moon Hyun Shik, Kim, Tae Woon, T. Solomon
Growth causes in trees to change in volume (size) and shape or form. These changes can be positive or negative and it is the result of different factors either biotic or a biotic. A stand or individual trees have characteristic growth patterns and understanding the sources of change or factors that are influencing the growth is crucial for the productivity of forests. In this study the growth performance of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) was studied to assess the growth condition of young stand in the Gyeongnam province since the time of plantation. Historical tree growth was measured using standard forest growth evaluation (height and root collar diameter measurement) techniques to analyze increment from individual trees at seventy two sites in eight cities and counties. The relationship between soil properties, climate, altitude and aspect with tree growth was evaluated. The results of the study showed variation of growth pattern for the same species of similar age categories at different sites and the combined effects of climate, soil properties, altitude, aspect and management are the strongest drivers of changes in the growth. It was recommended to consider the above factors for further expansion of plantation of the species and apply periodic silvicultural treatments to the stands in order to facilitate the growth and wood quality.
生长使树木的体积(大小)、形状或形态发生变化。这些变化可以是积极的，也可以是消极的，这是不同因素的结果，无论是生物因素还是生物因素。林分或单株树木都有其特有的生长模式，了解变化的来源或影响生长的因素对森林生产力至关重要。本研究通过对青杉(Chamaecyparis obtusa, C. obtusa)的生长性能进行研究，以评价青杉自人工造林以来的幼林生长状况。采用标准森林生长评价(高度和根颈直径测量)技术测量树木的历史生长，分析了8个市县72个站点的单株生长。评价了土壤性质、气候、海拔和坡向与树木生长的关系。研究结果表明，不同立地相似年龄类别的同一树种生长格局存在差异，气候、土壤性质、海拔、坡向和管理等因素的综合影响是影响生长格局变化的最主要因素。建议在进一步扩大人工林时考虑上述因素，并对林分进行定期造林处理，以促进其生长和木材质量。
{"title":"Growth Performance Assessment of Chamaecyparis obtusa Stand in Gyeongnam Province, S. Korea","authors":"Moon Hyun Shik, Kim, Tae Woon, T. Solomon","doi":"10.11648/J.AFF.20200905.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AFF.20200905.11","url":null,"abstract":"Growth causes in trees to change in volume (size) and shape or form. These changes can be positive or negative and it is the result of different factors either biotic or a biotic. A stand or individual trees have characteristic growth patterns and understanding the sources of change or factors that are influencing the growth is crucial for the productivity of forests. In this study the growth performance of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) was studied to assess the growth condition of young stand in the Gyeongnam province since the time of plantation. Historical tree growth was measured using standard forest growth evaluation (height and root collar diameter measurement) techniques to analyze increment from individual trees at seventy two sites in eight cities and counties. The relationship between soil properties, climate, altitude and aspect with tree growth was evaluated. The results of the study showed variation of growth pattern for the same species of similar age categories at different sites and the combined effects of climate, soil properties, altitude, aspect and management are the strongest drivers of changes in the growth. It was recommended to consider the above factors for further expansion of plantation of the species and apply periodic silvicultural treatments to the stands in order to facilitate the growth and wood quality.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81890329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-20DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200904.15
Tilahun Bayisa, H. Tefera, T. Letta
The knowledge of nature and magnitude of variation existing in available breeding materials is great importance for successful selection of varieties. This study was conducted to generate information on the extent of genetic variability in advanced bread wheat lines. Thirty bread wheat genotypes were tested at Sinana and Agarfa, Southeastern Ethiopia, in alpha lattice design with three replications. Combined over locations ANOVA was carried out for yield and yield related traits. There were highly significant differences among genotypes for all traits. Highly significant location effects at P < 0.01 were observed for yield and yield related except for harvest index which showed significant effect at P < 0.05 and grain yield non-significant location effect. This indicates the presence of variability for these characters among the tested genotypes. In combined analysis, grain yield had high PCV (27.1%) and moderate GCV was observed for biomass weight, grain yield and harvest index. Phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) moderate for biomass weight and harvest index. Heritability estimates in broad sense (H2) was very high for most of the characters except for grain yield (52.3%) and number of kernel per spike (73.2%). However, low GAM was observed for most of the characters except moderate GAM was observed for harvest index (15.9%). Finally, the presence of variability among the genotypes, performance of heritability and GAM in the tested traits of the genotypes confirmed possibility to increase wheat productivity. Hence, selection and hybridization on those genotypes can be recommended for farther yield improvement of bread wheat.
{"title":"Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Among Bread Wheat Genotypes at Southeastern Ethiopia","authors":"Tilahun Bayisa, H. Tefera, T. Letta","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200904.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200904.15","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of nature and magnitude of variation existing in available breeding materials is great importance for successful selection of varieties. This study was conducted to generate information on the extent of genetic variability in advanced bread wheat lines. Thirty bread wheat genotypes were tested at Sinana and Agarfa, Southeastern Ethiopia, in alpha lattice design with three replications. Combined over locations ANOVA was carried out for yield and yield related traits. There were highly significant differences among genotypes for all traits. Highly significant location effects at P < 0.01 were observed for yield and yield related except for harvest index which showed significant effect at P < 0.05 and grain yield non-significant location effect. This indicates the presence of variability for these characters among the tested genotypes. In combined analysis, grain yield had high PCV (27.1%) and moderate GCV was observed for biomass weight, grain yield and harvest index. Phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) moderate for biomass weight and harvest index. Heritability estimates in broad sense (H2) was very high for most of the characters except for grain yield (52.3%) and number of kernel per spike (73.2%). However, low GAM was observed for most of the characters except moderate GAM was observed for harvest index (15.9%). Finally, the presence of variability among the genotypes, performance of heritability and GAM in the tested traits of the genotypes confirmed possibility to increase wheat productivity. Hence, selection and hybridization on those genotypes can be recommended for farther yield improvement of bread wheat.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89383294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-17DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200904.14
Moon Hyun Shik, T. Solomon
This study was conducted at eight different cities and counties of Gyeongnam province with the objective of evaluating the suitability of lands for the growth of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) species. From each city and county seven to ten sites were systematically selected for the study based on the regional representation of the sample sites by considering south, east, west and north regions of the province. From the selected sites soil data was collected by removing the top fertile soil in order to avoid the influence of decomposed top organic materials on the top soil. Soil samples from each site were air dried and the necessary laboratory processes undertaken. Evaluation of physiochemical characteristics was conducted by analyzing the properties of soil with growth requirement of the species. Storie parametric and FAO land evaluation methods were adopted to evaluate the parameters which were identified as important for the growth of the species. Based on the total index resulted from the parametric evaluation, suitability class was defined by assigning classes of highly suitable, (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and non-suitable (S4). The results of the study revealed that two study city/county were moderately suitable and the rest were categorized under marginally suitable for the growth and productivity of the species but there was no site which was categorized as highly suitable and non-suitable. It was recommended to use more silvicultural management for the areas categorized under marginally suitable in order to enhance the productivity.
{"title":"Land Suitability Evaluation for the Growth of Chamaecyparis obtusa Forest in Gyeongnam Province, South Korea","authors":"Moon Hyun Shik, T. Solomon","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200904.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200904.14","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted at eight different cities and counties of Gyeongnam province with the objective of evaluating the suitability of lands for the growth of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa) species. From each city and county seven to ten sites were systematically selected for the study based on the regional representation of the sample sites by considering south, east, west and north regions of the province. From the selected sites soil data was collected by removing the top fertile soil in order to avoid the influence of decomposed top organic materials on the top soil. Soil samples from each site were air dried and the necessary laboratory processes undertaken. Evaluation of physiochemical characteristics was conducted by analyzing the properties of soil with growth requirement of the species. Storie parametric and FAO land evaluation methods were adopted to evaluate the parameters which were identified as important for the growth of the species. Based on the total index resulted from the parametric evaluation, suitability class was defined by assigning classes of highly suitable, (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and non-suitable (S4). The results of the study revealed that two study city/county were moderately suitable and the rest were categorized under marginally suitable for the growth and productivity of the species but there was no site which was categorized as highly suitable and non-suitable. It was recommended to use more silvicultural management for the areas categorized under marginally suitable in order to enhance the productivity.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88932776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200904.13
A. Kefyalew, B. Alemu, Alemu Tsegaye
The experiment was conducted to evaluating the effects of fertilizer and harvesting age on agronomic performance, chemical composition and economic feasibility of Desho (Pennisetum Pedicellatum) grass under irrigation, in Ethiopia. A factorial arrangement with four fertilizer types (control, urea, compost and urea + compost), and three harvesting ages (90, 120 and 150) with three replications were used. Data on morphological characteristics of the grass were recorded. Based on the data collected, harvesting age was significantly affected the agronomic parameters of the grass. Plant height (PH), number of tillers per plant (NTPP), number of leaves per plant (NLPP), number of leaves per tiller (NLPT), dry matter yield (DMY), leaf length (LL) and leaf area (LA) were increased with increasing harvesting age, while leaf to stem ratio (LSR) showed a decreasing trend. NDF, ADF and ADL content were also increased with increasing age, while ash declined with age. Fertilizer was also significantly affected the agronomic parameter of Desho grass. A mixture of 50 kg urea (U)/ha and 6,000 kg compost/ha was provided the highest NTPP, NLPP, NLPT, and DMY, while NF (control) was the lowest in all parameters. Highest NDF, ADF, ADL and ash content were recorded at the control group. In general, using a mixture of 50 kg urea (U)/ha and 6,000 kg compost/ha fertilizer is the most important for long-term Desho grass production which provides a high benefit-cost ratio. Further research is needed in different organic and inorganic fertilizer combinations.
本试验旨在评价施肥和采收年龄对埃塞俄比亚灌溉条件下Desho (Pennisetum Pedicellatum)草农艺性能、化学成分和经济可行性的影响。采用4种肥料类型(对照、尿素、堆肥和尿素+堆肥)和3个收获年龄(90、120和150)，3个重复的因子处理。记录了草的形态特征数据。根据收集的数据，收获年龄对草的农艺参数有显著影响。株高(PH)、单株分蘖数(NTPP)、单株叶数(NLPP)、单株叶数(NLPT)、干物质产量(DMY)、叶长(LL)和叶面积(LA)随采收年龄的增加而增加，叶茎比(LSR)呈下降趋势。NDF、ADF和ADL含量随龄期的增加而增加，灰分随龄期的增加而降低。施肥对大朔草的农艺参数也有显著影响。尿素50 kg /ha和堆肥6000 kg /ha混合处理的NTPP、NLPP、NLPT和DMY最高，而NF(对照)最低。对照组NDF、ADF、ADL和灰分含量最高。总体而言，施用尿素50 kg / hm2 +堆肥6000 kg / hm2的混合肥料是长期生产大朔草最重要的，具有较高的效益-成本比。不同有机肥和无机肥的组合还需进一步研究。
{"title":"Effects of Fertilization and Harvesting Age on Yield and Quality of Desho (Pennisetum pedicellatum) Grass Under Irrigation, in Dehana District, Wag Hemra Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"A. Kefyalew, B. Alemu, Alemu Tsegaye","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200904.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200904.13","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted to evaluating the effects of fertilizer and harvesting age on agronomic performance, chemical composition and economic feasibility of Desho (Pennisetum Pedicellatum) grass under irrigation, in Ethiopia. A factorial arrangement with four fertilizer types (control, urea, compost and urea + compost), and three harvesting ages (90, 120 and 150) with three replications were used. Data on morphological characteristics of the grass were recorded. Based on the data collected, harvesting age was significantly affected the agronomic parameters of the grass. Plant height (PH), number of tillers per plant (NTPP), number of leaves per plant (NLPP), number of leaves per tiller (NLPT), dry matter yield (DMY), leaf length (LL) and leaf area (LA) were increased with increasing harvesting age, while leaf to stem ratio (LSR) showed a decreasing trend. NDF, ADF and ADL content were also increased with increasing age, while ash declined with age. Fertilizer was also significantly affected the agronomic parameter of Desho grass. A mixture of 50 kg urea (U)/ha and 6,000 kg compost/ha was provided the highest NTPP, NLPP, NLPT, and DMY, while NF (control) was the lowest in all parameters. Highest NDF, ADF, ADL and ash content were recorded at the control group. In general, using a mixture of 50 kg urea (U)/ha and 6,000 kg compost/ha fertilizer is the most important for long-term Desho grass production which provides a high benefit-cost ratio. Further research is needed in different organic and inorganic fertilizer combinations.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76555617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-04DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200904.12
Zhang Zhihui, Jiang Zichun, H. Ping, Liu Jian, Wang Xiao-yan
[Objective] It has been included into national strategy that we are going to exploit the Yangtze river basin, promote the industrial gradient transfer, and realize sustainable development, to form the new economic supporting belt of China. Industrial undertaking zone is the key area to the sustainable development of the Yangtze River economic belt. Studying quantitatively the regional ecological environment pressure, calculating the threshold value of sustainable development can provide decision-making reference for transforming the development mode of the Yangtze River economic belt and realizing sustainable development. [Method] Dynamically analyze the sustainable development situation from 2006 to 2014 in the demonstration undertaking area of Jing-men city using the ecological footprint model, And comparatively study the current development situation of industrial undertaking areas under provincial scale. [Result] During the sample period, the ecological deficit and ecological pressure in demonstration area continue increasing at first, and the coordination becomes gradually poor, the peak appears in 2012, then the pressure release, coordination begins to recover gradually, resource utilization is becoming efficient. The relation of GDP and ecological footprint fits for typical Kuznets inverted U curve. Undertaking area and demonstration area both highlight the characteristics of “high pressure, low coordination, low development level”. [Conclusion] Put forward the suggestions of carrying out the main function area planning, improving the ecology efficiency of industry and resource allocation efficiency, etc. to cross the inflection point of Kuznets inverted U curve with a lower ecological footprint level, and realize sustainable development.
{"title":"The Empirical Research on Sustainable Development of the Industrial Undertaking Area in Yangtze River Economic Belt—Take Jinmen City of Hubei Province as an Example","authors":"Zhang Zhihui, Jiang Zichun, H. Ping, Liu Jian, Wang Xiao-yan","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200904.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200904.12","url":null,"abstract":"[Objective] It has been included into national strategy that we are going to exploit the Yangtze river basin, promote the industrial gradient transfer, and realize sustainable development, to form the new economic supporting belt of China. Industrial undertaking zone is the key area to the sustainable development of the Yangtze River economic belt. Studying quantitatively the regional ecological environment pressure, calculating the threshold value of sustainable development can provide decision-making reference for transforming the development mode of the Yangtze River economic belt and realizing sustainable development. [Method] Dynamically analyze the sustainable development situation from 2006 to 2014 in the demonstration undertaking area of Jing-men city using the ecological footprint model, And comparatively study the current development situation of industrial undertaking areas under provincial scale. [Result] During the sample period, the ecological deficit and ecological pressure in demonstration area continue increasing at first, and the coordination becomes gradually poor, the peak appears in 2012, then the pressure release, coordination begins to recover gradually, resource utilization is becoming efficient. The relation of GDP and ecological footprint fits for typical Kuznets inverted U curve. Undertaking area and demonstration area both highlight the characteristics of “high pressure, low coordination, low development level”. [Conclusion] Put forward the suggestions of carrying out the main function area planning, improving the ecology efficiency of industry and resource allocation efficiency, etc. to cross the inflection point of Kuznets inverted U curve with a lower ecological footprint level, and realize sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73875502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-20DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200904.11
N. D. Minh, Le Ngoc Hanh, Nguyen Thuy Linh
The study was carried out to determine the density of Vibrio sp. and Vibrio sp. in cultured clams and evaluate the correlation between pathogenic microorganisms and disease incidence of white clams (Meretrix Lyrata) in Mekong Delta from March to May 2019. Clam samples were collected in different four regions (Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, and Tien Giang provinces) and there was mass mortality of clam in Tra Vinh province in May. In this assay, determination of the Vibrio sp. density was performed using Vibrio sp. selective Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt agar plates. Also, the Vibrio sp. was cultured in Fluid thioglycollate medium to isolating the spore that effect to harmful for cultured clam. Then, T-test and one-way ANOVA analysis were used to access the impacts of those parameters on the clam health. Clams did not show specific clinical signs, and histological results showed minor injuries on their shells and gills. Correlation analysis revealed some biotic components related to clam health status; they were several Vibrio bacteria in clams were in the range of 0-2.23 x 105 (CFU/g). The presence of Vibrio sp. was detected in the clam tissue with a prevalence of 53% of the ratio of infection and the infection intensity of 4.08-57.43 (spores/g). However, the density of Vibrio sp. and the ratio of infection of Vibrio sp. on clam was no significant difference on outbreak disease and non-outbreak disease factor on clam samples (P>0.05) in the clam samples. Thus, dead clams can be caused by several other factors.
{"title":"Evaluation the Correlation Between Pathogenic Microorganisms on Cultured Clam Meretrix SP. and Disease Incidence","authors":"N. D. Minh, Le Ngoc Hanh, Nguyen Thuy Linh","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200904.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200904.11","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to determine the density of Vibrio sp. and Vibrio sp. in cultured clams and evaluate the correlation between pathogenic microorganisms and disease incidence of white clams (Meretrix Lyrata) in Mekong Delta from March to May 2019. Clam samples were collected in different four regions (Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, and Tien Giang provinces) and there was mass mortality of clam in Tra Vinh province in May. In this assay, determination of the Vibrio sp. density was performed using Vibrio sp. selective Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt agar plates. Also, the Vibrio sp. was cultured in Fluid thioglycollate medium to isolating the spore that effect to harmful for cultured clam. Then, T-test and one-way ANOVA analysis were used to access the impacts of those parameters on the clam health. Clams did not show specific clinical signs, and histological results showed minor injuries on their shells and gills. Correlation analysis revealed some biotic components related to clam health status; they were several Vibrio bacteria in clams were in the range of 0-2.23 x 105 (CFU/g). The presence of Vibrio sp. was detected in the clam tissue with a prevalence of 53% of the ratio of infection and the infection intensity of 4.08-57.43 (spores/g). However, the density of Vibrio sp. and the ratio of infection of Vibrio sp. on clam was no significant difference on outbreak disease and non-outbreak disease factor on clam samples (P>0.05) in the clam samples. Thus, dead clams can be caused by several other factors.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90715957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-18DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200903.16
Sawadogo Kouyate Zounabo, Brou Yao Casimir, Soro Gneneyougo Emile, G. Albert, T. Farid
Irrigation is a major challenge of food self-sufficiency because of the demographic conditions of Ivorian cities, combined with climate variability. The aim of this study is to analyze and optimize practices management of rice irrigation in Nanan, at the central Cote d’Ivoire under rainfall variability. Methodological approach adopted was multidisciplinary and participatory. Climatic, agro-pedological, hydrometric and sociological data was used in this study. Results showed that rainfall variability is a reality and is characterized by alternating dry and wet periods. Agricultural practices analysis showed low value of crop intensity with 108% and 88% in 2016 and 2017 respectively. Irrigation efficiency is estimated at 37%. The results also showed a mismatch between water withdrawals and water needs, which vary between 4% and 80%. A poor annual distribution of rice transplanting with almost no transplanting during the first cycle was observed. Facing to these malfunctions, a reorganization of farming practice was recommended. This starts with harmonization of transplanting date and implementation of optimized water management methods. The periods from March to April, and September to October was identified as the optimal transplanting periods for the first and second cycles respectively. In addition, Height-Flow -Turn of Valve curve was carried out to help valve manager estimate water needed quantities. Finally, telephone fleet was proposed as communication way, to improve water distribution method by rotation between rice farmers.
{"title":"Optimization in Water Management for Sustainable Irrigated Rice Production in Central Côte d’Ivoire Under Rainfall Variability","authors":"Sawadogo Kouyate Zounabo, Brou Yao Casimir, Soro Gneneyougo Emile, G. Albert, T. Farid","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200903.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.16","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation is a major challenge of food self-sufficiency because of the demographic conditions of Ivorian cities, combined with climate variability. The aim of this study is to analyze and optimize practices management of rice irrigation in Nanan, at the central Cote d’Ivoire under rainfall variability. Methodological approach adopted was multidisciplinary and participatory. Climatic, agro-pedological, hydrometric and sociological data was used in this study. Results showed that rainfall variability is a reality and is characterized by alternating dry and wet periods. Agricultural practices analysis showed low value of crop intensity with 108% and 88% in 2016 and 2017 respectively. Irrigation efficiency is estimated at 37%. The results also showed a mismatch between water withdrawals and water needs, which vary between 4% and 80%. A poor annual distribution of rice transplanting with almost no transplanting during the first cycle was observed. Facing to these malfunctions, a reorganization of farming practice was recommended. This starts with harmonization of transplanting date and implementation of optimized water management methods. The periods from March to April, and September to October was identified as the optimal transplanting periods for the first and second cycles respectively. In addition, Height-Flow -Turn of Valve curve was carried out to help valve manager estimate water needed quantities. Finally, telephone fleet was proposed as communication way, to improve water distribution method by rotation between rice farmers.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84350899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-09DOI: 10.11648/j.aff.20200903.15
Simachew Dubale, H. Beshir
Farm credit has been described as one of the pre-requisites for farmers to increase the agricultural production. However, the majority of Ethiopian population comprises small farmers, who cannot implement a technology without credit. Even though, there are attempts to solve these rural financial difficulties by government being collateral and extending microfinance institution, associated to different factors, a number of farmers are becoming defaulters and the lending institution faces a problem. This study focused on the analysis of factors affecting loan repayment performance of farmers in Simada District, South Gondor Zone and Amhara Regional State. In this study primary data collected from 150 randomly selected borrowers using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum and percentages were used to describe socio-economic and institutional characteristics of the respondents. The t-test and Chi-square test statistics were employed to compare defaulter and non-defaulter groups with respect to some explanatory variables. Finally, a Tobit regression model was employed to identify factors affecting loan repayment and intensity of loan recovery among smallholder farmer. Variance inflation factor and coefficient of contingency were calculated to detect multicollinearity and association among the continuous and discrete variables, respectively. A total of 14 explanatory variables were included in the empirical model and out of these, 8 were found to be statistically significant. Education level, Land holding size, total livestock holding, non farm income, expenditure on social festivals, number of years of experience in agricultural extension services, saving habit and source of credits were highly important in influencing loan repayment performance as evidenced by the model statistic. Therefore, the study suggests that improving the livestock sector, educating households, giving attention in promoting non-farm activities and saving habit, minimize traditional ceremonies are some of the important priority areas for the success of future intervention strategies aimed at the promotion technological transformation, increasing production and to minimize loan defaults..
{"title":"Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia","authors":"Simachew Dubale, H. Beshir","doi":"10.11648/j.aff.20200903.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200903.15","url":null,"abstract":"Farm credit has been described as one of the pre-requisites for farmers to increase the agricultural production. However, the majority of Ethiopian population comprises small farmers, who cannot implement a technology without credit. Even though, there are attempts to solve these rural financial difficulties by government being collateral and extending microfinance institution, associated to different factors, a number of farmers are becoming defaulters and the lending institution faces a problem. This study focused on the analysis of factors affecting loan repayment performance of farmers in Simada District, South Gondor Zone and Amhara Regional State. In this study primary data collected from 150 randomly selected borrowers using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum and percentages were used to describe socio-economic and institutional characteristics of the respondents. The t-test and Chi-square test statistics were employed to compare defaulter and non-defaulter groups with respect to some explanatory variables. Finally, a Tobit regression model was employed to identify factors affecting loan repayment and intensity of loan recovery among smallholder farmer. Variance inflation factor and coefficient of contingency were calculated to detect multicollinearity and association among the continuous and discrete variables, respectively. A total of 14 explanatory variables were included in the empirical model and out of these, 8 were found to be statistically significant. Education level, Land holding size, total livestock holding, non farm income, expenditure on social festivals, number of years of experience in agricultural extension services, saving habit and source of credits were highly important in influencing loan repayment performance as evidenced by the model statistic. Therefore, the study suggests that improving the livestock sector, educating households, giving attention in promoting non-farm activities and saving habit, minimize traditional ceremonies are some of the important priority areas for the success of future intervention strategies aimed at the promotion technological transformation, increasing production and to minimize loan defaults..","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86349844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-05DOI: 10.11648/J.AFF.20200903.13
M. Abdella, L. Nigatu, A. Akuma
The study was conducted to investigate the impact of Parkland trees in farmland on selected soil physicochemical properties and sorghum grain yields in Fedis District, Oromia, Ethiopia. For the experiment of soil physicochemical properties, three factors: distance from tree trunk with three levels (at 2.5m of crown, edge of crown radius and open field), soil depth with two levels (0-20cm and 20–40cm depth) and tree species with two levels with factorial arrangement in RCBD replicated six times were employed. For sorghum grain yield only two factors; distance from tree trunk with three levels (at at 2.5m of crown, edge of crown radius and open field) and tree species (F. albida and C. africana) with two levels in RCBD replicated six times were used. The result revealed soil texture was not influenced significantly (P>0.05) by tree species. Soil bulk density was significantly (p 0.05) influenced by both tree species. The grain yield of sorghum (sorghum bicolor) were significantly (P<0.05) higher under canopy of both trees species as compared to the open field. In general, the nutrients contents increased by 84.3% and 71.5% for OC, 84.2% and 70.8% for OM, 66% and 59% for SOC Stocks, 82% and 84% for TN, 96% and 79% for AP, 15.6% and 34.2% for CEC, 30% and 10% for EC, 82% and 27.2% for Na, 41% and 30.4% for K, 33.8% and 28.2% for Ca and 58% and 87% for Mg and 13.22% and 13.15% for MC and by 43% and 41% for Sorghum yield were detected under the canopies of F. albida and C. africana tree species respectively. It can be concluded that these tree species have the potential to improve soil fertility and moisture beneath its canopy. Thus, retaining these tree species and in particular F. albida on crop field in the study area is of paramount importance for soil fertility enhancement so as to improve food security of small farming households.
{"title":"Impact of Parkland Trees (Faidherbia albida Delile and Cordia Africana Lam) on Selected Soil Properties and Sorghum Yield in Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"M. Abdella, L. Nigatu, A. Akuma","doi":"10.11648/J.AFF.20200903.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AFF.20200903.13","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to investigate the impact of Parkland trees in farmland on selected soil physicochemical properties and sorghum grain yields in Fedis District, Oromia, Ethiopia. For the experiment of soil physicochemical properties, three factors: distance from tree trunk with three levels (at 2.5m of crown, edge of crown radius and open field), soil depth with two levels (0-20cm and 20–40cm depth) and tree species with two levels with factorial arrangement in RCBD replicated six times were employed. For sorghum grain yield only two factors; distance from tree trunk with three levels (at at 2.5m of crown, edge of crown radius and open field) and tree species (F. albida and C. africana) with two levels in RCBD replicated six times were used. The result revealed soil texture was not influenced significantly (P>0.05) by tree species. Soil bulk density was significantly (p 0.05) influenced by both tree species. The grain yield of sorghum (sorghum bicolor) were significantly (P<0.05) higher under canopy of both trees species as compared to the open field. In general, the nutrients contents increased by 84.3% and 71.5% for OC, 84.2% and 70.8% for OM, 66% and 59% for SOC Stocks, 82% and 84% for TN, 96% and 79% for AP, 15.6% and 34.2% for CEC, 30% and 10% for EC, 82% and 27.2% for Na, 41% and 30.4% for K, 33.8% and 28.2% for Ca and 58% and 87% for Mg and 13.22% and 13.15% for MC and by 43% and 41% for Sorghum yield were detected under the canopies of F. albida and C. africana tree species respectively. It can be concluded that these tree species have the potential to improve soil fertility and moisture beneath its canopy. Thus, retaining these tree species and in particular F. albida on crop field in the study area is of paramount importance for soil fertility enhancement so as to improve food security of small farming households.","PeriodicalId":7466,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91478603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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