Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.16
Lemi Beksisa
Coffee is the main Ethiopia’s most important agricultural export crop, which is providing about 25-30% of foreign exchange earnings. The estimation of stability performance of the cultivars becomes most important to detect consistently performing and high yielding genotypes. Eleven Arabica coffee genotypes were evaluated in southwestern part of the Ethiopia across four locations for two consecutive years (2014/15 - 2015/16). The objective of the study was to estimate the presence of the interaction between genotypes and environments; and the stability performance of the coffee cultivars for its bean yield. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated twice in each testing location. Genotypes were evaluated by Genotype main effect and genotype x environment interaction (GGE) biplot. The combined analysis of variance indicated that genotypes, environments and GEI showed highly significant (p<0.01). Total variation explained was 41.63% for environments, 9.31% for genotypes and 32.32% for genotype by environment interaction (GEI). This obviously shows that the effect of the genotypes to the total variance was minimal when compare to the environment and the GEI. GGE biplot grouped the environments into four clusters with five genotypes being the winners in different group of environments. Top yielding cultivars namely; L52/2001 and L55/2001; and E6 (Jimma 2015/16) were identified as an ideal genotype and environment, respectively. In this study, stable genotypes, suitable environment for each of the coffee genotype and environment similarity based on bean yield were identified.
{"title":"GGE Biplot Analysis of Genotype x Environment Interaction and Bean Yield Stability of Arabica Coffee (Coffee arabica L.) Genotypes in Southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Lemi Beksisa","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.16","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is the main Ethiopia’s most important agricultural export crop, which is providing about 25-30% of foreign exchange earnings. The estimation of stability performance of the cultivars becomes most important to detect consistently performing and high yielding genotypes. Eleven Arabica coffee genotypes were evaluated in southwestern part of the Ethiopia across four locations for two consecutive years (2014/15 - 2015/16). The objective of the study was to estimate the presence of the interaction between genotypes and environments; and the stability performance of the coffee cultivars for its bean yield. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated twice in each testing location. Genotypes were evaluated by Genotype main effect and genotype x environment interaction (GGE) biplot. The combined analysis of variance indicated that genotypes, environments and GEI showed highly significant (p<0.01). Total variation explained was 41.63% for environments, 9.31% for genotypes and 32.32% for genotype by environment interaction (GEI). This obviously shows that the effect of the genotypes to the total variance was minimal when compare to the environment and the GEI. GGE biplot grouped the environments into four clusters with five genotypes being the winners in different group of environments. Top yielding cultivars namely; L52/2001 and L55/2001; and E6 (Jimma 2015/16) were identified as an ideal genotype and environment, respectively. In this study, stable genotypes, suitable environment for each of the coffee genotype and environment similarity based on bean yield were identified.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82682803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.15
Awoke Ali Zeleke, Demis Fikre Limeneh, Dasta Tsagaye Galalcha, Gizaw Wegayehu Tilahun, N. Hunde, F. Mengistu
Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world including Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted in Arsi zone at Kulumsa Agriculture Research Center and Ziway Dugda districts under irrigation condition. A total of five improved onion varieties were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications with the objectives of studying the performance and adaptability of improved onion varieties for bulb yield and yield related traits in 2017 during off season. The combined Analysis of variance (variety by location) revealed that significant difference between improved onion varieties for maturity date, marketable and unmarketable bulb yield tons per hectare, bulb length in centimeter, and bulb weight in gram was observed. But non-significant difference for plant height in centimeter, total bulb yield tons per hectare and average bulb diameter in centimeter were observed between improved onion varieties. Except variety Adama Red all the tested improved onion varieties (Melkam, Nafis, Nasik Red and Bombay Red) was well performed and adapted. These varieties were gave more than 40 marketable bulb yield t ha-1. So those improved onion varieties were recommended for the study area and areas of similar agro- ecological zones under off season growing condition.
{"title":"Performance and Adaptability Evaluation of Improved Onion Varieties (Allium cepa L.) for Bulb Yield and Some Agronomic Traits","authors":"Awoke Ali Zeleke, Demis Fikre Limeneh, Dasta Tsagaye Galalcha, Gizaw Wegayehu Tilahun, N. Hunde, F. Mengistu","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.15","url":null,"abstract":"Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world including Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted in Arsi zone at Kulumsa Agriculture Research Center and Ziway Dugda districts under irrigation condition. A total of five improved onion varieties were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications with the objectives of studying the performance and adaptability of improved onion varieties for bulb yield and yield related traits in 2017 during off season. The combined Analysis of variance (variety by location) revealed that significant difference between improved onion varieties for maturity date, marketable and unmarketable bulb yield tons per hectare, bulb length in centimeter, and bulb weight in gram was observed. But non-significant difference for plant height in centimeter, total bulb yield tons per hectare and average bulb diameter in centimeter were observed between improved onion varieties. Except variety Adama Red all the tested improved onion varieties (Melkam, Nafis, Nasik Red and Bombay Red) was well performed and adapted. These varieties were gave more than 40 marketable bulb yield t ha-1. So those improved onion varieties were recommended for the study area and areas of similar agro- ecological zones under off season growing condition.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74591313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.14
E. Jaheed
Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) parasite causes various functional derangements in the host body. This experimental study was established to appraise the remedial effect of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit’s ethanolic extract (BAF-EE) on experimentally induced haemonchosis in goats. Blood serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes were perused. Twelve male goats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups, G1 (infected-untreated), G2 (infected- BAF-EE treated), G3 (infected-albendazole treated) and G4 (uninfected-BAF-EE treated). Experimental infection was conducted with a single oral dose of 10x3 infective third larval stage (L3) of H. contortus at 0-time, whereas treatment with BAF-EE and albendazole was given at a single oral dose of 9g and 5mg/kg body wieght respectively in the 5th week post infection (PI). Blood samples were drawn on zero time, 3rd week PI and then biweekly till the 9th week for serum biochemical analyses. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered to estimate histopathological alterations in the abomasal and hepatic tissues. Serum biochemistry of infected animals showed significant depression of total serum protein (TP), albumin, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and calcium (Ca) levels compared to uninfected goats. Significant elevation was observed in values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), cholesterol, urea and creatinine of infected animals, while no significant differences were recorded in levels of inorganic phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Histopathological studies conducted on abomasa of infected-untreated animals revealed inflammation, necrosis, petechial hemorrhages and intense cellular infiltration. Liver showed bile duct hyperplasia, degeneration of hepatocytes and cell infiltration. Histopathological alterations in tissues of infected – treated animals were lower in intensity than those of infected-untreated goats. Results of the present experiment demonstrated that BAF-EE has an anti-parasitic and hepatoprotective effects as well as it improves serum biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in goats infected with H. contortus parasite. The present findings nominate the use of this plant as a novel safe natural anthelmintic agent.
{"title":"Study of Blood Serum Biochemical Profile and Pathological Changes in Haemonchosis Experimentally Induced in Goats","authors":"E. Jaheed","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.14","url":null,"abstract":"Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) parasite causes various functional derangements in the host body. This experimental study was established to appraise the remedial effect of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit’s ethanolic extract (BAF-EE) on experimentally induced haemonchosis in goats. Blood serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes were perused. Twelve male goats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups, G1 (infected-untreated), G2 (infected- BAF-EE treated), G3 (infected-albendazole treated) and G4 (uninfected-BAF-EE treated). Experimental infection was conducted with a single oral dose of 10x3 infective third larval stage (L3) of H. contortus at 0-time, whereas treatment with BAF-EE and albendazole was given at a single oral dose of 9g and 5mg/kg body wieght respectively in the 5th week post infection (PI). Blood samples were drawn on zero time, 3rd week PI and then biweekly till the 9th week for serum biochemical analyses. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered to estimate histopathological alterations in the abomasal and hepatic tissues. Serum biochemistry of infected animals showed significant depression of total serum protein (TP), albumin, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and calcium (Ca) levels compared to uninfected goats. Significant elevation was observed in values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), cholesterol, urea and creatinine of infected animals, while no significant differences were recorded in levels of inorganic phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Histopathological studies conducted on abomasa of infected-untreated animals revealed inflammation, necrosis, petechial hemorrhages and intense cellular infiltration. Liver showed bile duct hyperplasia, degeneration of hepatocytes and cell infiltration. Histopathological alterations in tissues of infected – treated animals were lower in intensity than those of infected-untreated goats. Results of the present experiment demonstrated that BAF-EE has an anti-parasitic and hepatoprotective effects as well as it improves serum biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in goats infected with H. contortus parasite. The present findings nominate the use of this plant as a novel safe natural anthelmintic agent.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75555145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.13
Awoke Tadesse, M. Sultan
Maize is a significant cereal crop in Ethiopia. However, the yield of this crop is limited due to lack of varieties and blended fertilizer for varieties and site specifications. The use of exact amount of fertilizer based on crop requirement has significant importance for sustainable crop production. A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NPSB blended fertilizer rate for maize yield production in Dasenech and Nyangatom districts in the lowland area of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia during the 2019/2020 cropping season. The experiment was factorial with three maize varieties (Melkassa-6Q Melkassa-4 and Melkassa-2) and four NPSB blended fertilizer rates including kg ha-1 (none fertilizer, 50NPSB, 100NPSB and 150 NPSB). Factorial combinations were used as twelve treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth, yield and yield components parameters were recorded and carried out statistical analysis The result of analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of varieties and blended fertilizer rate highly significant difference in grain yield. The result showed that the highest grain yield (3913.3 kg ha-1) and net benefit (49,229.6 Eth-birr ha-1) with MRR of 2525.83% were obtained from Melkassa-2 variety treated with 100 kg ha-1of NPSB fertilizer rates at Dasenech location. Whereas, at Nyangatom location, the highest grain yield (4906.7 kg ha-1) and net benefit (62640.45Eth-birr ha-1) with MRR of 2926.2% were obtained from similar Melkassa-2 variety treated with 100 kg ha-1 of NPSB fertilizer levels s. Therefore, based on the result recorded from this study Melkassa-2 varieties treated with 100 kg ha-1 of NPSB blended fertilizer can be suggested as profitable for the production of maize at both districts of the study areas and their similar soil conditions and agro-ecology.
玉米是埃塞俄比亚重要的谷类作物。然而，由于缺乏品种和混合肥料的品种和场地规格，这种作物的产量受到限制。根据作物的需要量合理施用化肥，对作物的可持续生产具有重要意义。在埃塞俄比亚南部南奥莫区低地地区的Dasenech和Nyangatom地区，开展了一项研究，调查了2019/2020种植季NPSB混合肥料对玉米产量的影响。试验采用3个玉米品种(Melkassa-6Q、Melkassa-4和Melkassa-2)和4种NPSB混合肥料(kg hm -1)(无肥、50NPSB、100NPSB和150 NPSB)进行因子试验。阶乘组合作为12个处理，采用随机完全区设计，有3个重复。记录生长、产量和产量组成参数并进行统计分析。方差分析结果表明，品种间互作效应和混交量对籽粒产量的影响极显著。结果表明，在Dasenech地点，施用100 kg ha-1 NPSB肥的Melkassa-2品种籽粒产量最高(3913.3 kg ha-1)，净效益最高(49229.6 eh -birr ha-1)， MRR为2525.83%。而在Nyangatom位置，相同品种的Melkassa-2在100 kg ha-1的NPSB水平下获得最高的产量(4906.7 kg ha-1)和净效益(62640.45 h-birr ha-1)， MRR为2926.2%。根据本研究记录的结果，在研究区土壤条件和农业生态相似的两个地区，施用100 kg ha-1 NPSB混肥处理的Melkassa-2品种对玉米生产有利。
{"title":"Evaluation of NPSB Fertilizer Levels on Yield and Yield Components of Open Pollinated Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties Under Irrigated Condition in South Omo Zone","authors":"Awoke Tadesse, M. Sultan","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20210903.13","url":null,"abstract":"Maize is a significant cereal crop in Ethiopia. However, the yield of this crop is limited due to lack of varieties and blended fertilizer for varieties and site specifications. The use of exact amount of fertilizer based on crop requirement has significant importance for sustainable crop production. A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of NPSB blended fertilizer rate for maize yield production in Dasenech and Nyangatom districts in the lowland area of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia during the 2019/2020 cropping season. The experiment was factorial with three maize varieties (Melkassa-6Q Melkassa-4 and Melkassa-2) and four NPSB blended fertilizer rates including kg ha-1 (none fertilizer, 50NPSB, 100NPSB and 150 NPSB). Factorial combinations were used as twelve treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth, yield and yield components parameters were recorded and carried out statistical analysis The result of analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of varieties and blended fertilizer rate highly significant difference in grain yield. The result showed that the highest grain yield (3913.3 kg ha-1) and net benefit (49,229.6 Eth-birr ha-1) with MRR of 2525.83% were obtained from Melkassa-2 variety treated with 100 kg ha-1of NPSB fertilizer rates at Dasenech location. Whereas, at Nyangatom location, the highest grain yield (4906.7 kg ha-1) and net benefit (62640.45Eth-birr ha-1) with MRR of 2926.2% were obtained from similar Melkassa-2 variety treated with 100 kg ha-1 of NPSB fertilizer levels s. Therefore, based on the result recorded from this study Melkassa-2 varieties treated with 100 kg ha-1 of NPSB blended fertilizer can be suggested as profitable for the production of maize at both districts of the study areas and their similar soil conditions and agro-ecology.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85591296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210903.12
Lemi Beksisa, T. Benti, Getachew Weldemichael
Forty seven Coffea arabica L. germplasm accessions collected from Limmu district were field evaluated from 2004/5 to 2013/14 with two commercial check varieties at Agaro Agricultural Research sub center in single plot. The objective of the experiment was to assess the variability among the accessions using quantitative traits. Data for about eight quantitative traits were recorded only once in experimental period, while the yield data were recorded for six consecutive cropping seasons. Cluster, genetic divergence, and principal component analysis were used to assess the variability among the genotypes. The results revealed that average linkage cluster analysis for nine traits grouped the germplasm accessions in to three clusters. The number of accessions per cluster ranged from three in cluster III to 25 in cluster II. The clustering pattern of the coffee accessions revealed that the prevalence of moderate genetic diversity in Limmu coffee for the characters studied. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters II and III; whereas the minimum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II. The study highlighted the possibility of using accessions of the distant clusters as potential candidates for the genetic improvement of Limmu coffee through hybridization. Moreover, the principal component analysis showed that the first four PCs extracted about 82% of the total variance of the 49 coffee germplasm accessions and also confirmed moderate diversity among the germplasm accessions since the entire variation cannot be explained in terms of few PCs. This, in turn, indicates that the involvement of a number of traits in contributing towards the overall diversity.
{"title":"Phenotypic Diversity of Ethiopian Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Accessions Collected from Limmu Coffee Growing Areas Using Multivariate Analysis","authors":"Lemi Beksisa, T. Benti, Getachew Weldemichael","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210903.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210903.12","url":null,"abstract":"Forty seven Coffea arabica L. germplasm accessions collected from Limmu district were field evaluated from 2004/5 to 2013/14 with two commercial check varieties at Agaro Agricultural Research sub center in single plot. The objective of the experiment was to assess the variability among the accessions using quantitative traits. Data for about eight quantitative traits were recorded only once in experimental period, while the yield data were recorded for six consecutive cropping seasons. Cluster, genetic divergence, and principal component analysis were used to assess the variability among the genotypes. The results revealed that average linkage cluster analysis for nine traits grouped the germplasm accessions in to three clusters. The number of accessions per cluster ranged from three in cluster III to 25 in cluster II. The clustering pattern of the coffee accessions revealed that the prevalence of moderate genetic diversity in Limmu coffee for the characters studied. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters II and III; whereas the minimum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II. The study highlighted the possibility of using accessions of the distant clusters as potential candidates for the genetic improvement of Limmu coffee through hybridization. Moreover, the principal component analysis showed that the first four PCs extracted about 82% of the total variance of the 49 coffee germplasm accessions and also confirmed moderate diversity among the germplasm accessions since the entire variation cannot be explained in terms of few PCs. This, in turn, indicates that the involvement of a number of traits in contributing towards the overall diversity.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82960376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210903.11
Adelagun Ruth Olubukola Ajoke
Several materials have been developed and used to remove Chromate (VI) from industrial wastewater before discharge into the environment because of its toxicity and lethality. In this study, low-cost adsorbents (rice husk ash (RHA) and silica (RHS)) were prepared from rice husks purchased locally from a rice mill industry and characterised. While the crystallinity and mineralogy of the adsorbents were analysed using powdered XRD crystallography, analysis of the physico-chemical properties was performed using standard procedures. Elemental analysis (CHN) was done using Perkin Elmer CHN elemental analyser and FTIR Spectrometer was used to determine the functional groups on the surface of the adsorbents at room temperature. The prepared samples were used as adsorbents for the removal of chromate (VI) ion in a batch sorption process with reaction conditions vis–a-viz adsorbent dosage = 0.5 g, adsorbate volume = 500 ml, adsorbate solution concentrations: 10-200 mg/l, time = 4 h, temperature = ambient temperature. The residual Cr (VI) concentration in the solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically at λ = 540 nm following the 1,5–diphenylcarbazide procedure. Results obtained for the characterisation of the adsorbents were similar and comparable with what obtained in literatures. Physico - chemical analysis revealed a high ash content of 89% and silica content of 95.83%. XRD analysis for the rice husk ash samples reflected the presence of cristobalite (SiO2) in amorphous form and a characteristics broad peak at 2θ angle = 26.5°. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of silanol groups (Si-OH), silicic acid (Si-O-Si-OH) in the ash and Si-O-Si and Si-O) in the silica. The results of effect of time-concentration experiments of chromium ion sorption by the adsorbents revealed that Cr (VI) ion sorption was both time and initial solution concentration dependent with over 80% removal achieved within the first 30 min of contact for both adsorbents as the initial chromate concentration was increased. Kinetic modeling of the process showed up for pseudo second order, hinting on chemisorption as the mechanism of interaction.
{"title":"Low-cost Rice Husk Ash and Silica for Chromium Ion Sorption from Aqueous System: Characterisation and Kinetics","authors":"Adelagun Ruth Olubukola Ajoke","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210903.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210903.11","url":null,"abstract":"Several materials have been developed and used to remove Chromate (VI) from industrial wastewater before discharge into the environment because of its toxicity and lethality. In this study, low-cost adsorbents (rice husk ash (RHA) and silica (RHS)) were prepared from rice husks purchased locally from a rice mill industry and characterised. While the crystallinity and mineralogy of the adsorbents were analysed using powdered XRD crystallography, analysis of the physico-chemical properties was performed using standard procedures. Elemental analysis (CHN) was done using Perkin Elmer CHN elemental analyser and FTIR Spectrometer was used to determine the functional groups on the surface of the adsorbents at room temperature. The prepared samples were used as adsorbents for the removal of chromate (VI) ion in a batch sorption process with reaction conditions vis–a-viz adsorbent dosage = 0.5 g, adsorbate volume = 500 ml, adsorbate solution concentrations: 10-200 mg/l, time = 4 h, temperature = ambient temperature. The residual Cr (VI) concentration in the solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically at λ = 540 nm following the 1,5–diphenylcarbazide procedure. Results obtained for the characterisation of the adsorbents were similar and comparable with what obtained in literatures. Physico - chemical analysis revealed a high ash content of 89% and silica content of 95.83%. XRD analysis for the rice husk ash samples reflected the presence of cristobalite (SiO2) in amorphous form and a characteristics broad peak at 2θ angle = 26.5°. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of silanol groups (Si-OH), silicic acid (Si-O-Si-OH) in the ash and Si-O-Si and Si-O) in the silica. The results of effect of time-concentration experiments of chromium ion sorption by the adsorbents revealed that Cr (VI) ion sorption was both time and initial solution concentration dependent with over 80% removal achieved within the first 30 min of contact for both adsorbents as the initial chromate concentration was increased. Kinetic modeling of the process showed up for pseudo second order, hinting on chemisorption as the mechanism of interaction.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77305063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210902.15
Gadisa Alemu, Alemu Dabi, Nagesh Geleta, R. Duga, Tafesse Solomon, Habte Zegaye, Abebe Getamesay, Abebe Delesa, Dawit Asnake, Bayisa Asefa, Y. Shewaye, B. Abeyo, A. Badebo
Evaluation of wheat genotypes under different environments is essential for testing stability of their performance and range of adaptations. Where, enhanced grain yield has been achieved in bread wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) through the development of adaptable, high-yielding, and rust-resistant genotypes by evaluating advanced genotypes for yield in multi-environment trials. The adaptability of a genotype over diverse environments is usually tested by the degree of its interaction with different environments under which it is grown. This study examines fifteen bread wheat genotypes for two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) across eight locations in Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out using a Randomized Complete Block design and replicated three times intending to determine high-yielding advanced genotype and release best performing genotypes as a variety for the end-user. Highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) effects of genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction were observed for grain yield. The AMMI analysis of variance indicated that environments accounted for 52.34% of the total sum of squares for grain yield (genotype yields ranged from 5.76 t/ha at E-11 to 1.31 t/ha at E-7). followed by interaction (22.95%) and genotypes (11.31%).The genotype ETBW8260 (G4) exhibited high mean grain yield and well performed to the tested environments. The ETBW8260 (G4) was selected as early maturing, high yielding, resistant to yellow rust and fitting for low to midland wheat growing areas and has a yield advantage over the standard Ogolcho and the local Kakaba. Both locations and genotypes are dispersed widely in all quadrants in the AMMI-1 biplot. As per the YSI Ogolcho (#15) ETBW8303 (G2), ETBW8454 (G12), ETBW8261 (G5), ETBW8406 (G10), ETBW8310 (G3), and ETBW8260 (G4), the genotypes of bread wheat were stable. Besides, the genotype ETBW8260 (G4 has highest mean yield with good stability. Therefore, after a one-year variety verification trial, ETBW8260 is released as a commercial variety in 2019 and a designated local name called “Balcha” and recommended for low-medium part of wheat production agroecology of the country.
{"title":"Genotype × Environment Interaction and Selection of High Yielding Wheat Genotypes for Different Wheat-growing Areas of Ethiopia","authors":"Gadisa Alemu, Alemu Dabi, Nagesh Geleta, R. Duga, Tafesse Solomon, Habte Zegaye, Abebe Getamesay, Abebe Delesa, Dawit Asnake, Bayisa Asefa, Y. Shewaye, B. Abeyo, A. Badebo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210902.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210902.15","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of wheat genotypes under different environments is essential for testing stability of their performance and range of adaptations. Where, enhanced grain yield has been achieved in bread wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) through the development of adaptable, high-yielding, and rust-resistant genotypes by evaluating advanced genotypes for yield in multi-environment trials. The adaptability of a genotype over diverse environments is usually tested by the degree of its interaction with different environments under which it is grown. This study examines fifteen bread wheat genotypes for two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) across eight locations in Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out using a Randomized Complete Block design and replicated three times intending to determine high-yielding advanced genotype and release best performing genotypes as a variety for the end-user. Highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) effects of genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction were observed for grain yield. The AMMI analysis of variance indicated that environments accounted for 52.34% of the total sum of squares for grain yield (genotype yields ranged from 5.76 t/ha at E-11 to 1.31 t/ha at E-7). followed by interaction (22.95%) and genotypes (11.31%).The genotype ETBW8260 (G4) exhibited high mean grain yield and well performed to the tested environments. The ETBW8260 (G4) was selected as early maturing, high yielding, resistant to yellow rust and fitting for low to midland wheat growing areas and has a yield advantage over the standard Ogolcho and the local Kakaba. Both locations and genotypes are dispersed widely in all quadrants in the AMMI-1 biplot. As per the YSI Ogolcho (#15) ETBW8303 (G2), ETBW8454 (G12), ETBW8261 (G5), ETBW8406 (G10), ETBW8310 (G3), and ETBW8260 (G4), the genotypes of bread wheat were stable. Besides, the genotype ETBW8260 (G4 has highest mean yield with good stability. Therefore, after a one-year variety verification trial, ETBW8260 is released as a commercial variety in 2019 and a designated local name called “Balcha” and recommended for low-medium part of wheat production agroecology of the country.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89221794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.11648/J.BIO.20210902.11
B. Abera, Kasim Kediro, M. Jafer, Shihun Shimelis, A. Ismael, D. Alemu, Yehualashet Bayu
In order to meet its chicken meat and egg demand for its growing population and produces export surpluses, Ethiopian poultry sub-sector should move away from the traditional scavenging family poultry system (TFP) to the improved semi-scavenging family poultry system (IFP) and increase the scale of specialized poultry. The Bovans brown (BB) genetics are one of familiar exotic breed in Ethiopia. A prospective cohort study was conducted to estimate their livability and evaluate body weight and age as predictors of livability. There is direct proportional trend in body weight increment with slight difference with the standard. Both sex groups showed excellent growth with percent uniformity of 96.7% for males and 95.3% for females. Overall, 161 chickens died with the total weekly chicken death rate ranged from 0.00% to 1.79% varying from 0.00% to 3.14% in males and from 0.00% to 1.57% in females. On the other hand the percentage of cumulative mortality was 9.91% (46/510) for male chicken and 2.94 (115/4020)% for female and 3.69% (161/4530) for all. The mean mortality of chicken was 4.24 per week being 2.42 for males and 6.05 for females. The loss of female chickens exceeded that of male chickens, CV of 2.38 for the former and 1.82 for the latter. Using regression analysis, the identified significant predictors of mortality were age in weeks (Coef. = -0.78; p = 0.011) and body weight in gram (Coef. =-0.0086; p = 0.006). As both parameters get increased, mortality of chicken on the contrary got reduced. The overall livability of bovans brown breeder chicks at the end of rearing period was 96.45% (90.98% for males and 97.14 for females). Bovans brown parent stock layer chicks demonstrated excellent performance and livability.
{"title":"The Livability of Bovans Brown Parent Layers Raised in Commercial Breeder Farm, Ethiopia","authors":"B. Abera, Kasim Kediro, M. Jafer, Shihun Shimelis, A. Ismael, D. Alemu, Yehualashet Bayu","doi":"10.11648/J.BIO.20210902.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BIO.20210902.11","url":null,"abstract":"In order to meet its chicken meat and egg demand for its growing population and produces export surpluses, Ethiopian poultry sub-sector should move away from the traditional scavenging family poultry system (TFP) to the improved semi-scavenging family poultry system (IFP) and increase the scale of specialized poultry. The Bovans brown (BB) genetics are one of familiar exotic breed in Ethiopia. A prospective cohort study was conducted to estimate their livability and evaluate body weight and age as predictors of livability. There is direct proportional trend in body weight increment with slight difference with the standard. Both sex groups showed excellent growth with percent uniformity of 96.7% for males and 95.3% for females. Overall, 161 chickens died with the total weekly chicken death rate ranged from 0.00% to 1.79% varying from 0.00% to 3.14% in males and from 0.00% to 1.57% in females. On the other hand the percentage of cumulative mortality was 9.91% (46/510) for male chicken and 2.94 (115/4020)% for female and 3.69% (161/4530) for all. The mean mortality of chicken was 4.24 per week being 2.42 for males and 6.05 for females. The loss of female chickens exceeded that of male chickens, CV of 2.38 for the former and 1.82 for the latter. Using regression analysis, the identified significant predictors of mortality were age in weeks (Coef. = -0.78; p = 0.011) and body weight in gram (Coef. =-0.0086; p = 0.006). As both parameters get increased, mortality of chicken on the contrary got reduced. The overall livability of bovans brown breeder chicks at the end of rearing period was 96.45% (90.98% for males and 97.14 for females). Bovans brown parent stock layer chicks demonstrated excellent performance and livability.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"30 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73482201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-21DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-377125/V1
I. Lejri, A. Grimm, P. Trempat, N. Boujedaini, A. Eckert
Background: Gelsemium sempervirens (GS) is a traditional medicinal plant, described at ultra-low doses as a remedy for a variety of psychological and behavioral symptoms of anxiety and depression. Changes in neural plasticity have been shown to play a significant role in the onset and development of those mental illnesses. Mitochondria play an extremely important role in the central nervous system by being the main energy producer through the oxidative phosphorylation and being involved particularly in the regulation of cell survival or death, as well as synaptic plasticity. Neurite outgrowth is the differentiation process by which neurons establish synapses through the protrusion of neurons and their extension. Methods: Because the effects of GS dilutions on mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity remain elusive, we aimed to investigate whether a treatment with GS at low doses (centesimal dilutions, C) improved bioenergetics parameters such as ATP production, mitochondrial respiration as well as cellular glycolysis before to characterize its effects on neurite outgrowth. Nerve growth factor (NGF), which is known as a promotor of cell growth and survival, was used as a positive control. Results: Our results demonstrate that GS dilutions (3C and 5C) efficiently ameliorated the bioenergetics of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by increasing cellular ATP level and mitochondrial respiration as well as promoting the cell survival. In addition, GS dilutions significantly improved neurite extension in the 2D as well as 3D culture model after 3 days of treatment. 3C and 5C dilutions showed similar functional effects than those obtained with the positive control nerve growth factor (NGF). Conclusions: These findings indicate that GS dilutions modulate the mitochondrial bioenergetic phenotype and improve the neurite formation. The mitochondrial function improving properties of GS dilutions might represent one possible important pathway contributing to its neuroprotective effectiveness. Key words: Gelsemium dilutions, mitochondria, bioenergetics, neurite outgrowth.
{"title":"Gelsemium Low doses Increases Bioenergetics and Neurite Outgrowth","authors":"I. Lejri, A. Grimm, P. Trempat, N. Boujedaini, A. Eckert","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-377125/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-377125/V1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background: Gelsemium sempervirens (GS) is a traditional medicinal plant, described at ultra-low doses as a remedy for a variety of psychological and behavioral symptoms of anxiety and depression. Changes in neural plasticity have been shown to play a significant role in the onset and development of those mental illnesses. Mitochondria play an extremely important role in the central nervous system by being the main energy producer through the oxidative phosphorylation and being involved particularly in the regulation of cell survival or death, as well as synaptic plasticity. Neurite outgrowth is the differentiation process by which neurons establish synapses through the protrusion of neurons and their extension. Methods: Because the effects of GS dilutions on mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity remain elusive, we aimed to investigate whether a treatment with GS at low doses (centesimal dilutions, C) improved bioenergetics parameters such as ATP production, mitochondrial respiration as well as cellular glycolysis before to characterize its effects on neurite outgrowth. Nerve growth factor (NGF), which is known as a promotor of cell growth and survival, was used as a positive control. Results: Our results demonstrate that GS dilutions (3C and 5C) efficiently ameliorated the bioenergetics of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by increasing cellular ATP level and mitochondrial respiration as well as promoting the cell survival. In addition, GS dilutions significantly improved neurite extension in the 2D as well as 3D culture model after 3 days of treatment. 3C and 5C dilutions showed similar functional effects than those obtained with the positive control nerve growth factor (NGF). Conclusions: These findings indicate that GS dilutions modulate the mitochondrial bioenergetic phenotype and improve the neurite formation. The mitochondrial function improving properties of GS dilutions might represent one possible important pathway contributing to its neuroprotective effectiveness. Key words: Gelsemium dilutions, mitochondria, bioenergetics, neurite outgrowth.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"71 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87733587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210902.14
Ouattara-Soro Fatou Shcherazade, Kouadio Kouakou John, Yao Konan Bertin, Thanon Mariam, Abizi Georges
Distemonanthus benthamianus is a plant of the Caesalpiniaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory problems such as rheumatism, bronchitis, epilepsy, and boils. The objective of the present work is to develop the pharmacological properties of this plant by evaluating the antioxidant (in vitro) and anti-arthritic properties of the bark of the plant on wistar rat. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by determining the antiradical activity through the DPPH radical scavenging test and the reducing activity of the extract. The anti-arthritic activity of the extract was evaluated on Wistars rats. Arthritis was induced in rats by injection of Freud's complete adjuvant in the plantar fascia of the left leg of the rats. The reducing power and the IC50 of the extract were 426.0±17.31 µmol Eq/Trolox/g EXS and 26.67±1.12 µg/mL, respectively. The plant extract and reference molecules administered to arthritic rats significantly reduced edema and arthritic signs. The weight of the rats was quickly stabilized at the level of the treated rats. At the end of the experiment, the percentages of inhibition of the extract at the doses of 200, 400, 800 mg/kg/bw were respectively 38.2%, 44.33% and 48%. As for the molecules of diclofenac sodium and Prednisone (5 mg/kg/bw), the percentages of inhibition were 47.33% and 37.84% respectively. A part from the reduction of edema, the hematological (leukocytes, platelets) and biochemical (fibrinogen, total protein, albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin, AST, ALT) parameters evaluated in treated rats showed no significant difference compared to healthy rats. These results confirm the traditional use of Distemonanthus benthamianus bark in cases of chronic inflammatory diseases.
{"title":"In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-arthritic Activity of the Aqueous Extract of the Bark of Distemonanthus benthamianus (Caesalpiniaceae) on Wistars Rats","authors":"Ouattara-Soro Fatou Shcherazade, Kouadio Kouakou John, Yao Konan Bertin, Thanon Mariam, Abizi Georges","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210902.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210902.14","url":null,"abstract":"Distemonanthus benthamianus is a plant of the Caesalpiniaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory problems such as rheumatism, bronchitis, epilepsy, and boils. The objective of the present work is to develop the pharmacological properties of this plant by evaluating the antioxidant (in vitro) and anti-arthritic properties of the bark of the plant on wistar rat. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by determining the antiradical activity through the DPPH radical scavenging test and the reducing activity of the extract. The anti-arthritic activity of the extract was evaluated on Wistars rats. Arthritis was induced in rats by injection of Freud's complete adjuvant in the plantar fascia of the left leg of the rats. The reducing power and the IC50 of the extract were 426.0±17.31 µmol Eq/Trolox/g EXS and 26.67±1.12 µg/mL, respectively. The plant extract and reference molecules administered to arthritic rats significantly reduced edema and arthritic signs. The weight of the rats was quickly stabilized at the level of the treated rats. At the end of the experiment, the percentages of inhibition of the extract at the doses of 200, 400, 800 mg/kg/bw were respectively 38.2%, 44.33% and 48%. As for the molecules of diclofenac sodium and Prednisone (5 mg/kg/bw), the percentages of inhibition were 47.33% and 37.84% respectively. A part from the reduction of edema, the hematological (leukocytes, platelets) and biochemical (fibrinogen, total protein, albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin, AST, ALT) parameters evaluated in treated rats showed no significant difference compared to healthy rats. These results confirm the traditional use of Distemonanthus benthamianus bark in cases of chronic inflammatory diseases.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81712292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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