Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.16
Yitagesu Tadesse Demissie
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth major crop of the world after rice, wheat and maize. Potato is an important crop which holds promise for food to millions of people especially in developing countries. In Ethiopia, the yield per unit area of potato is very low compared to those of other countries. There are many factors that reduce the yield of the crop among which the diseases like late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and bacterial wilt (Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum) which play an important role. Diseases such as late blight, early blight, fusarium wilt and black leg primarily affect the crop/foliage whereas diseases such as black scurf, wart, powdery scab and common scab disfigure the tubers and reduce their market value. Major fungal and bacterial diseases affecting potato crop are reviewed here with respect to their identification, symptoms on potato plants or tubers, nature of the pathogen involved, epidemiology, control measures etc. Management of these diseases is therefore very essential. Late blight of potato can be managed using the following management (control) strategies: use of biological control agents, use of resistant varieties, intercropping, use of certified disease-free seed, use of selective fungicides and cultural practices such as destruction of cull piles by freezing or deep burying, destruction of volunteer potato plants in nearby fields throughout the season, destruction (desiccate, disc or flail and desiccate) of infected plants to avoid spread, reduction of periods of leaf wetness and high humidity within the crop canopy by appropriately timing irrigation, application of a recommended fungicide spray program (the program should start prior to the arrival of the pathogen) and desiccation of vines prior to harvest.
{"title":"Integrated Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Late Blight (Phytophthora Infestans) Disease Management in Ethiopia","authors":"Yitagesu Tadesse Demissie","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.16","url":null,"abstract":"Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth major crop of the world after rice, wheat and maize. Potato is an important crop which holds promise for food to millions of people especially in developing countries. In Ethiopia, the yield per unit area of potato is very low compared to those of other countries. There are many factors that reduce the yield of the crop among which the diseases like late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and bacterial wilt (Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum) which play an important role. Diseases such as late blight, early blight, fusarium wilt and black leg primarily affect the crop/foliage whereas diseases such as black scurf, wart, powdery scab and common scab disfigure the tubers and reduce their market value. Major fungal and bacterial diseases affecting potato crop are reviewed here with respect to their identification, symptoms on potato plants or tubers, nature of the pathogen involved, epidemiology, control measures etc. Management of these diseases is therefore very essential. Late blight of potato can be managed using the following management (control) strategies: use of biological control agents, use of resistant varieties, intercropping, use of certified disease-free seed, use of selective fungicides and cultural practices such as destruction of cull piles by freezing or deep burying, destruction of volunteer potato plants in nearby fields throughout the season, destruction (desiccate, disc or flail and desiccate) of infected plants to avoid spread, reduction of periods of leaf wetness and high humidity within the crop canopy by appropriately timing irrigation, application of a recommended fungicide spray program (the program should start prior to the arrival of the pathogen) and desiccation of vines prior to harvest.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77174139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-07DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.15
A. Ayele, A. Chala, E. Shikur
Wheat is one of Ethiopia’s foremost important cereal crops in terms of area coverage and volume produced. However, the production and productivity of wheat is constrained by various biotic and a biotic stresses, among which wheat yellow rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is the one. Field experiments were conducted to develop integrated wheat yellow rust management strategy based on optimal frequency of fungicide application and wheat varieties combination at hotspot environments of Meraro and Bekoji, Arsi zone, in 2017 main cropping season. Treatments included two different fungicides, Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl and Propiconazole applied in two frequencies; and four bread wheat cultivars (Kubsa, Danda'a, Lemu and Wane), known for their differential reaction to the disease. Unsprayed controls were also included for comparison purposes. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Terminal severity levels up to 13%, 37%, 53% and 90% at Bekoji, and 11.67%, 53.3%, 58.33%, 92% at Meraro were recorded on the unsprayed varieties of Wane, Lemu, Danda’a and Kubsa, respectively. Twice application frequency of Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl resulted in a significant (P<0.01) grain yield increment of up to 95.3%, 76.4%, and 1086.8% at Bekoji and 129.7%, 135.5%, 2883.2% at Meraro on unsprayed plots of Lemu, Danda’a, and Kubsa, respectively. But yield increments as a result of fungicide applications were relatively lower (29.8% and 65.9% at Bekoji and Meraro, respectively) on the resistant variety Wane. Twice application of Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl at 15 days interval starting from the appearance of disease has proved the most effective in terms of reducing the level of stripe rust, and increasing grain and crop biomass yield. The current findings demonstrate the role fungicides and host resistance may play in effectively managing stripe rust of wheat. However, further research is needed to come up with other management options to sustainable and cost effective manage the disease under different agro-ecological settings.
{"title":"Effect of Varieties, Fungicides and Application Frequencies to Wheat Yellow Rust Disease (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) Management in Arsi Highlands of Ethiopia","authors":"A. Ayele, A. Chala, E. Shikur","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.15","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat is one of Ethiopia’s foremost important cereal crops in terms of area coverage and volume produced. However, the production and productivity of wheat is constrained by various biotic and a biotic stresses, among which wheat yellow rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is the one. Field experiments were conducted to develop integrated wheat yellow rust management strategy based on optimal frequency of fungicide application and wheat varieties combination at hotspot environments of Meraro and Bekoji, Arsi zone, in 2017 main cropping season. Treatments included two different fungicides, Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl and Propiconazole applied in two frequencies; and four bread wheat cultivars (Kubsa, Danda'a, Lemu and Wane), known for their differential reaction to the disease. Unsprayed controls were also included for comparison purposes. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Terminal severity levels up to 13%, 37%, 53% and 90% at Bekoji, and 11.67%, 53.3%, 58.33%, 92% at Meraro were recorded on the unsprayed varieties of Wane, Lemu, Danda’a and Kubsa, respectively. Twice application frequency of Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl resulted in a significant (P<0.01) grain yield increment of up to 95.3%, 76.4%, and 1086.8% at Bekoji and 129.7%, 135.5%, 2883.2% at Meraro on unsprayed plots of Lemu, Danda’a, and Kubsa, respectively. But yield increments as a result of fungicide applications were relatively lower (29.8% and 65.9% at Bekoji and Meraro, respectively) on the resistant variety Wane. Twice application of Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl at 15 days interval starting from the appearance of disease has proved the most effective in terms of reducing the level of stripe rust, and increasing grain and crop biomass yield. The current findings demonstrate the role fungicides and host resistance may play in effectively managing stripe rust of wheat. However, further research is needed to come up with other management options to sustainable and cost effective manage the disease under different agro-ecological settings.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85767518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-07DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.14
A. Ayele, Getnet Muche
Wheat yellow rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most feared and wheat production bottlenecks in the highland areas of Ethiopia. Field experiment was conducted to assess wheat yield losses caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici based at optimal frequency of fungicide with wheat varieties for the control of stripe rust at hotspot environments of Meraro and Bekoji, experimental stations in Arsi zone in 2017 main cropping season. Results revealed that there was direct linkage between the disease level and the yield loss in the most common commercially adopted bread wheat varieties. There was varying resistance level among different wheat varieties. The extensively cultivated wheat variety, Wane was found to be most resistant with minimum yield loss of 22.9 to 39.7% followed by Lemu and Danda’a with yield loss of 48.7to 56.5% and43.3 to 57.5% at Bekoji and Meraro respectively. While Kubsa, proved to be the most susceptible wheat variety with maximum yield loss of 91.5 to 96.7% at Bekoji and Meraro respectively. Therefore, it is advisable to use resistant varieties with appropriate fungicides with optimal frequency in order to reduce yield loss and get comparable yield advantage by reducing the incurring of wheat stripe rust in wheat farms.
{"title":"Yield Loss Assessment in Bread Wheat Varieties Caused by Yellow Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in Arsi Highlands of South Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"A. Ayele, Getnet Muche","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.14","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat yellow rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most feared and wheat production bottlenecks in the highland areas of Ethiopia. Field experiment was conducted to assess wheat yield losses caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici based at optimal frequency of fungicide with wheat varieties for the control of stripe rust at hotspot environments of Meraro and Bekoji, experimental stations in Arsi zone in 2017 main cropping season. Results revealed that there was direct linkage between the disease level and the yield loss in the most common commercially adopted bread wheat varieties. There was varying resistance level among different wheat varieties. The extensively cultivated wheat variety, Wane was found to be most resistant with minimum yield loss of 22.9 to 39.7% followed by Lemu and Danda’a with yield loss of 48.7to 56.5% and43.3 to 57.5% at Bekoji and Meraro respectively. While Kubsa, proved to be the most susceptible wheat variety with maximum yield loss of 91.5 to 96.7% at Bekoji and Meraro respectively. Therefore, it is advisable to use resistant varieties with appropriate fungicides with optimal frequency in order to reduce yield loss and get comparable yield advantage by reducing the incurring of wheat stripe rust in wheat farms.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86299805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.13
S. Qureshi, M. K. Khalil
The knowledge of heritability helps the plant breeder to understand the performance of an attribute under consideration in next generation. Fourteen genotypes including one local check were assessed at the experimental farm of The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during spring 2016. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P≤0.01) for days to anthesis, days to silking, plant height, ear height, cob length, kernel rows cob-1 and 100-kernel weight, whereas grain yield revealed non-significant differences (P>0.05) among the genotypes evaluated. Genotypes, PSCV-9, PSCV-11, PSCV-13 and Azam as a check showed minimum days to anthesis (77.33), while minimum days to silking (79.33) were exhibited by Azam as a check. Genotype, PSCV-8 showed minimum plant height (107.13 cm) and ear height (41.73 cm), while maximum plant height (147.33 cm) and ear height (70.86 cm) was observed for PSCV-12. Genotype, PSCV-8 showed minimum ear length (17.28 cm), while maximum ear length (22.47 cm) was observed for PSCV-4. Minimum number of kernel rows cob-1 (12.33) were observed for PSCV-8, while maximum number of kernel rows cob-1 (15.33) were observed for PSCV-4. Minimum 100-kernel weight (28 g) was observed for PSCV-5 and Azam as a check, while maximum 100-kernel weight (38 g) was observed for PSCV-3. Low to moderate broad sense heritability estimates were observed for all the traits except for days to anthesis and days to silking which showed high to moderate heritability estimates. The present study revealed considerable amount of diversity among open pollinated maize varieties which could be utilized for further improvement in maize breeding.
遗传力的知识有助于植物育种者了解所考虑的性状在下一代中的表现。2016年春季，在白沙瓦农业大学的实验农场对14种基因型进行了评估，其中包括一种本地检查。试验采用随机完全区组设计，设3个重复。方差分析表明，各基因型在开花日、出丝日、株高、穗高、穗轴长、穗轴行数1和百粒重方面差异极显著(P≤0.01)，而籽粒产量差异不显著(P>0.05)。PSCV-9、PSCV-11、PSCV-13基因型和Azam基因型的开花最短天数为77.33天，Azam基因型的出丝最短天数为79.33天。基因型中，PSCV-8的株高最小为107.13 cm，穗高最小为41.73 cm, PSCV-12的株高最大为147.33 cm，穗高最大为70.86 cm。基因型PSCV-8的穗长最小(17.28 cm)，而PSCV-4的穗长最大(22.47 cm)。PSCV-8的cob-1内核行数最少(12.33)，PSCV-4的cob-1内核行数最多(15.33)。作为对照，PSCV-5和Azam的最小100粒重为28 g，而PSCV-3的最大100粒重为38 g。除开花期和吐丝期外，其余性状的广义遗传力均为中低遗传力。本研究表明，开放授粉玉米品种具有相当大的多样性，可用于进一步改进玉米育种。
{"title":"Assessment of Heritability and Genetic Variabilty for Morphological and Yield Contributing Traits in Open Pollinated Maize Varieties","authors":"S. Qureshi, M. K. Khalil","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.13","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of heritability helps the plant breeder to understand the performance of an attribute under consideration in next generation. Fourteen genotypes including one local check were assessed at the experimental farm of The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during spring 2016. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P≤0.01) for days to anthesis, days to silking, plant height, ear height, cob length, kernel rows cob-1 and 100-kernel weight, whereas grain yield revealed non-significant differences (P>0.05) among the genotypes evaluated. Genotypes, PSCV-9, PSCV-11, PSCV-13 and Azam as a check showed minimum days to anthesis (77.33), while minimum days to silking (79.33) were exhibited by Azam as a check. Genotype, PSCV-8 showed minimum plant height (107.13 cm) and ear height (41.73 cm), while maximum plant height (147.33 cm) and ear height (70.86 cm) was observed for PSCV-12. Genotype, PSCV-8 showed minimum ear length (17.28 cm), while maximum ear length (22.47 cm) was observed for PSCV-4. Minimum number of kernel rows cob-1 (12.33) were observed for PSCV-8, while maximum number of kernel rows cob-1 (15.33) were observed for PSCV-4. Minimum 100-kernel weight (28 g) was observed for PSCV-5 and Azam as a check, while maximum 100-kernel weight (38 g) was observed for PSCV-3. Low to moderate broad sense heritability estimates were observed for all the traits except for days to anthesis and days to silking which showed high to moderate heritability estimates. The present study revealed considerable amount of diversity among open pollinated maize varieties which could be utilized for further improvement in maize breeding.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89457455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-20DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.12
S. Mazumdar, P. Hebert, B. A. Bhuiya, M. I. Miah
In the natural ecosystems, parasitic Hymenoptera composes the most significant group of biocontrol agents. DNA barcode (658 bp sequence from the 5′-end of cytochromeoxidase I) analysis of hymenopterans collected in a Malaise trap in Chittagong university campus was performed to analyze the diversity of parasitic wasps. In the present study a total of 3,468 sequences were generated that represented 31 species, 83 genera and 22 families from seven superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Among them 25 species namely Aphanogmus fijiensis Ferriere, Telenomus remus Nixon, Ganaspis xanthopoda Ashmead, Encarsia sophia Girault & Dodd, Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead, C. thebe Walker, Ceranisus menes Walker, Hemiptarsenus varicornis Girault, Eupelmus martellii Masi, Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja, Binodoxys acalephae Marshall, B. communis Gahan, Aspidobracon noyesi van Achterberg, Bracon crassicornis Thomson, Cardiochiles fuscipennis Szepligeti, Apanteles boaris Walker, Glyptapanteles creatonoti Viereck, Phaedrotoma depressa Li & van Achterberg, Psyttalia fletcheri Silvestri, Aleiodes malichi Quicke & Butcher, A. prillae Quicke & Butcher, A. sutthisani Quicke & Butcher, Diplazon orientalis Cameron, Exochus pictus Holmgren, 58 genera, 12 subfamilies and 7 named families specifically Megaspilidae, Figitidae, Eupelmidae, Ormyridae, Perilampidae, Torymidae and Trigonalyidae are the first reports from Bangladesh. The results of this study will be resulted to determining of parasitic hymenopteran fauna in Bangladesh.
在自然生态系统中，寄生膜翅目昆虫是最重要的一类生物防治剂。对吉大港大学校园内捕获的膜翅目昆虫的5′端细胞色素氧化酶I的658 bp DNA条形码进行了分析，分析了寄生蜂的多样性。本研究共获得膜翅目7个超科22科83属31种3468条序列。其中25种分别为:斐济麻蝇(Aphanogmus fijiensis Ferriere)、雷蝇(Telenomus remus Nixon)、黄足麻蝇(Ganaspis xanthopoda Ashmead)、索非白蝇(Encarsia sophia Girault & Dodd)、floridosoma Ashmead、C. thebe Walker、Ceranisus menes Walker、半斑麻蝇(Hemiptarsenus varicornis Girault)、martellii Masi、赤眼蜂(Trichogrammatoidea Nagaraja)和Nagarkatti、赤眼蜂(trichomatoidea Nagaraja)、Binodoxys acalephae Marshall、B. communis Gahan、aspidobron noyesi van Achterberg、bracassicornis Thomson、fuscipenensis Szepligeti, apteres Walker, glyptapantes creatoti Viereck, Phaedrotoma depressa Li & van Achterberg, psytalia fletcheri Silvestri, Aleiodes malichi quike & Butcher, A. prillae quike & Butcher, A. sutthisani quike & Butcher, Diplazon orientalis Cameron, Exochus Holmgren, 58属，12亚科，7个已命名的科，具体为:巨毛虫科，无花果科，长叶蝉科，大叶蝉科，大叶蝉科，大叶蝉科，大叶蝉科，大叶蝉科，大叶蝉科，大叶蝉科，近叶蝉科，圆尾蝇科和三角蝇科是孟加拉国首次报告的。这项研究的结果将导致确定寄生膜翅目动物在孟加拉国。
{"title":"Parasitic Hymenoptera Recovered by DNA Barcoding of Malaise Trap Collection at the Chittagong University Campus, Bangladesh","authors":"S. Mazumdar, P. Hebert, B. A. Bhuiya, M. I. Miah","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190706.12","url":null,"abstract":"In the natural ecosystems, parasitic Hymenoptera composes the most significant group of biocontrol agents. DNA barcode (658 bp sequence from the 5′-end of cytochromeoxidase I) analysis of hymenopterans collected in a Malaise trap in Chittagong university campus was performed to analyze the diversity of parasitic wasps. In the present study a total of 3,468 sequences were generated that represented 31 species, 83 genera and 22 families from seven superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Among them 25 species namely Aphanogmus fijiensis Ferriere, Telenomus remus Nixon, Ganaspis xanthopoda Ashmead, Encarsia sophia Girault & Dodd, Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead, C. thebe Walker, Ceranisus menes Walker, Hemiptarsenus varicornis Girault, Eupelmus martellii Masi, Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja, Binodoxys acalephae Marshall, B. communis Gahan, Aspidobracon noyesi van Achterberg, Bracon crassicornis Thomson, Cardiochiles fuscipennis Szepligeti, Apanteles boaris Walker, Glyptapanteles creatonoti Viereck, Phaedrotoma depressa Li & van Achterberg, Psyttalia fletcheri Silvestri, Aleiodes malichi Quicke & Butcher, A. prillae Quicke & Butcher, A. sutthisani Quicke & Butcher, Diplazon orientalis Cameron, Exochus pictus Holmgren, 58 genera, 12 subfamilies and 7 named families specifically Megaspilidae, Figitidae, Eupelmidae, Ormyridae, Perilampidae, Torymidae and Trigonalyidae are the first reports from Bangladesh. The results of this study will be resulted to determining of parasitic hymenopteran fauna in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80938278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-08DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190705.12
Jinliang Hu, Qing Ye, Chanjuan Ji
To quantitatively analyse conditions of intensive care experiences and influencing factors of patients. A database was established, it can be seen from the overall experience index that in the SD dimensionality, 46.11% patients have highly bad experiences and 86.11% patients have moderate and highly bad experiences in total plus the patients with moderate scores; in ET dimensionality, 32.78% patients have highly bad experiences and 67.22% patients have moderate and highly bad experiences in total plus the patients with moderate scores; in TII dimensionality, 73.88% patients have moderate and highly bad experiences. LICU and LMV of patients and overall GEI and various factor scores exhibit a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) indicating that the longer the time of mechanical ventilation treatment and length of stay in ICU, the more bad experiences the patients will have; patients' APACHE scores and the overall GEI, dimensionality ET, ACF and TII exhibit a positive correlation (P<0.05) indicating the severer the disease is, the more bad experiences on intensive care the patient will have. Mechanical ventilation duration, disease severity degrees, marital status and age are the major factors influencing intensive care experiences of patients in mechanical ventilation.
{"title":"Research on Intensive Care Experiences of Patients in Mechanical Ventilation","authors":"Jinliang Hu, Qing Ye, Chanjuan Ji","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190705.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190705.12","url":null,"abstract":"To quantitatively analyse conditions of intensive care experiences and influencing factors of patients. A database was established, it can be seen from the overall experience index that in the SD dimensionality, 46.11% patients have highly bad experiences and 86.11% patients have moderate and highly bad experiences in total plus the patients with moderate scores; in ET dimensionality, 32.78% patients have highly bad experiences and 67.22% patients have moderate and highly bad experiences in total plus the patients with moderate scores; in TII dimensionality, 73.88% patients have moderate and highly bad experiences. LICU and LMV of patients and overall GEI and various factor scores exhibit a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) indicating that the longer the time of mechanical ventilation treatment and length of stay in ICU, the more bad experiences the patients will have; patients' APACHE scores and the overall GEI, dimensionality ET, ACF and TII exhibit a positive correlation (P<0.05) indicating the severer the disease is, the more bad experiences on intensive care the patient will have. Mechanical ventilation duration, disease severity degrees, marital status and age are the major factors influencing intensive care experiences of patients in mechanical ventilation.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84409697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20190704.11
Totiya Ishchi, G. Sibi
Cellulases have diversity of industrial applications and their cost effective production using agroindustrial wastes by solid state fermentation poses an efficient method. Actinomycetes are considered highly valuable due to their secondary metabolites production and in this study, an attempt was made to optimize the use of ragi husk and refine the process of cellulase production by temperature mediated solid state fermentation. Actinomycetes were isolated from paper mill industry soil and cellulase producing Streptomyces sp was selected for the experiments. Ragi husk was used as substrate for solid state fermentation of cellulase and varying incubation temperatures (20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C) was considered to determine its effect on enzyme activity after 6th, 9th and 12th day of fermentation. The carboxymethyl cellualse (CMC-ase) activity was measured and the observations obtained were compared with the standard glucose curve to determine the amount of reducing sugar (µg ml-1) released. Enzyme activity was highest at 35°C and was recorded as 35.14, 45.90 and 59.56 IU ml-1 at the end of 6th, 9th and 12th day of fermentation. Highest amount of reducing sugars at a concentration of 322 µg ml-1 was released at the end of 12th day at 35°C. The results indicated that the enzyme activity was temperature dependent while using ragi husk as growth substrate under solid state fermentation.
纤维素酶具有广泛的工业用途，利用农工废弃物进行固体发酵生产纤维素酶是一种经济有效的方法。放线菌因其次生代谢物的生产而被认为具有很高的价值，在本研究中，我们尝试优化ragi壳的利用，并改进温度介导的固态发酵生产纤维素酶的工艺。从造纸厂工业土壤中分离到放线菌，选取产纤维素酶链霉菌sp进行试验。以Ragi壳为底物进行纤维素酶固态发酵，在发酵第6天、第9天和第12天，研究不同培养温度(20°C、25°C、30°C、35°C和40°C)对酶活性的影响。测定羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC-ase)活性，并与标准葡萄糖曲线进行比较，确定还原糖(µg ml-1)的释放量。酶活性在35°C时最高，在发酵第6、9和12 d时分别为35.14、45.90和59.56 IU ml-1。在35°C下，第12天结束时，还原糖浓度为322µg ml-1，释放量最高。结果表明，以猪皮为底物进行固体发酵时，酶活性与温度有关。
{"title":"Ragi Husk as Substrate for Cellulase Production Under Temperature Mediated Solid State Fermentation by Streptomyces Sp","authors":"Totiya Ishchi, G. Sibi","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20190704.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20190704.11","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulases have diversity of industrial applications and their cost effective production using agroindustrial wastes by solid state fermentation poses an efficient method. Actinomycetes are considered highly valuable due to their secondary metabolites production and in this study, an attempt was made to optimize the use of ragi husk and refine the process of cellulase production by temperature mediated solid state fermentation. Actinomycetes were isolated from paper mill industry soil and cellulase producing Streptomyces sp was selected for the experiments. Ragi husk was used as substrate for solid state fermentation of cellulase and varying incubation temperatures (20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C) was considered to determine its effect on enzyme activity after 6th, 9th and 12th day of fermentation. The carboxymethyl cellualse (CMC-ase) activity was measured and the observations obtained were compared with the standard glucose curve to determine the amount of reducing sugar (µg ml-1) released. Enzyme activity was highest at 35°C and was recorded as 35.14, 45.90 and 59.56 IU ml-1 at the end of 6th, 9th and 12th day of fermentation. Highest amount of reducing sugars at a concentration of 322 µg ml-1 was released at the end of 12th day at 35°C. The results indicated that the enzyme activity was temperature dependent while using ragi husk as growth substrate under solid state fermentation.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81154837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190703.12
Ngagne Demba Sarr, Déthié Ngom, M. Sembéne
Millet and maize, because of the importance of their yields, constitute a reliable alternative to the question of sovereignty and food security. These cereals are exploited in all agroecological zones of Senegal. But their stocks, especially those of maize, are deteriorated by Sitophilus Zeamais, a beetle of the Curculionidae. It is therefore necessary to find natural solutions that are healthier than the use of pesticides which is harmful to living beings and the environment. This article makes a comparative study of the genetic diversity of the populations of this insect individually subservient to maize and to millet. The importance of this study is to find a genetic explanation for the differential vulnerability of these host plants to Sitophilus Zeamais, because the genetic diversity influences the adaptability of the individual and consequently its development. For this, insects Sitophilus Zeamais subservient on the one hand to maize and on the other hand to millet were collected in each agroecological zone. The exploitation of 125 sequences of the Cytochrome B gene corresponding to the individuals, by software of study in population genetics (Bioedit, DNAsp, Mega, Arlequin…) compared to parameters of genetic variability, revealed an approximately similar and high genetic diversity of the 2 populations of millet and maize. Thus, millet and maize genetically have the same effect on the adaptability of Sitophilus Zeamais.
{"title":"Comparative Study of the Genetic Variability of Sitophilus Zeamais Subservient to 2 Host Plants (Millet and Maize) in Senegal (West Africa)","authors":"Ngagne Demba Sarr, Déthié Ngom, M. Sembéne","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190703.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190703.12","url":null,"abstract":"Millet and maize, because of the importance of their yields, constitute a reliable alternative to the question of sovereignty and food security. These cereals are exploited in all agroecological zones of Senegal. But their stocks, especially those of maize, are deteriorated by Sitophilus Zeamais, a beetle of the Curculionidae. It is therefore necessary to find natural solutions that are healthier than the use of pesticides which is harmful to living beings and the environment. This article makes a comparative study of the genetic diversity of the populations of this insect individually subservient to maize and to millet. The importance of this study is to find a genetic explanation for the differential vulnerability of these host plants to Sitophilus Zeamais, because the genetic diversity influences the adaptability of the individual and consequently its development. For this, insects Sitophilus Zeamais subservient on the one hand to maize and on the other hand to millet were collected in each agroecological zone. The exploitation of 125 sequences of the Cytochrome B gene corresponding to the individuals, by software of study in population genetics (Bioedit, DNAsp, Mega, Arlequin…) compared to parameters of genetic variability, revealed an approximately similar and high genetic diversity of the 2 populations of millet and maize. Thus, millet and maize genetically have the same effect on the adaptability of Sitophilus Zeamais.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77219390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-29DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20190703.11
L. Chimbevo, S. Essuman
An evaluation of nutraceutical potential of fruit pulp, peel and seeds from Annona Squamosa (L.) and Annona Muricata (L.) was conducted. Ripe fresh fruits were collected from farms in Kilifi and Kwale Counties; Coast province of Kenya. They were air dried, powdered and then subjected to extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) for 48 hours, filtered and dried. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and Proximate and nutritional composition analysis was performed using methods of Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Experimental results were expressed as mean from parallel measurements analyzed using mean separation through Fischer least significance difference by GenStat program. Comparisons were done by means of unpaired Student’s t-test and significance difference established by ANOVA at 95% confidence level. Differences of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and saponins in hexane, ethyl acetate, Methanolic and aqueous extracts. High amount of dry matter (97.59±0.15mg/100g), WWB moisture content (82.38±1.61mg/100g), DWB moisture content (6.91±0.42mg/100g), crude fat (19.04±4.63mg/100g), crude proteins (44.01±6.93mg/100g), crude fibre (50.03±1.81mg/100g), total carbohydrates (38.24±2.18mg/100g) and oil content (48.57±2.07mg/100g) were detected. Appreciable values of reducing sugar (7.70±0.12mg/100g), TSS (19.67±1.47mg/100g), ascorbic acid (37.24±1.77mg/100g), tocopherol (29.66±1.07mg/100g), TBA (0.78±0.05mg/100g) and ash content (8.93±0.69mg/100g) were observed. Reasonable amounts of potassium (354.58±2.17mg/100g), sodium (843.38±16.25mg/100g), Calcium (857.16±6.39 mg/100g), Magnesium (395.54±4.58mg/100g) and Phosphorous (146.30±4.02 mg/100g) were detected whereas trace amounts of Copper (1.00±0.03mg/100g), Iron (3.58±0.12mg/100g), Zinc (0.46±0.04mg/100g) and Selenium (1.51±0.03mg/100g) were detected. Fatty acid profile showed presence of saturated fatty acids (SFA); Caprylic (C8:0), Capric (C10:0) (C12:0), Myristic (C14:0), Lauric Palmitic (C16:0) and Stearic (C18:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA); Oleic (C18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); Linoleic (C18:2) and Linolenic (C18:3). The study concludes that the fruit pulp, peel and seeds from A. Squamosa and A. Muricata has potential to be utilized in nutraceutical industries.
{"title":"Preliminary Screening of Nutraceutical Potential of Fruit Pulp, Peel and Seeds from Annona Squamosa (L.) and Annona Muricata (L.) Growing in Coast Region of Kenya","authors":"L. Chimbevo, S. Essuman","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20190703.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20190703.11","url":null,"abstract":"An evaluation of nutraceutical potential of fruit pulp, peel and seeds from Annona Squamosa (L.) and Annona Muricata (L.) was conducted. Ripe fresh fruits were collected from farms in Kilifi and Kwale Counties; Coast province of Kenya. They were air dried, powdered and then subjected to extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) for 48 hours, filtered and dried. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and Proximate and nutritional composition analysis was performed using methods of Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Experimental results were expressed as mean from parallel measurements analyzed using mean separation through Fischer least significance difference by GenStat program. Comparisons were done by means of unpaired Student’s t-test and significance difference established by ANOVA at 95% confidence level. Differences of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and saponins in hexane, ethyl acetate, Methanolic and aqueous extracts. High amount of dry matter (97.59±0.15mg/100g), WWB moisture content (82.38±1.61mg/100g), DWB moisture content (6.91±0.42mg/100g), crude fat (19.04±4.63mg/100g), crude proteins (44.01±6.93mg/100g), crude fibre (50.03±1.81mg/100g), total carbohydrates (38.24±2.18mg/100g) and oil content (48.57±2.07mg/100g) were detected. Appreciable values of reducing sugar (7.70±0.12mg/100g), TSS (19.67±1.47mg/100g), ascorbic acid (37.24±1.77mg/100g), tocopherol (29.66±1.07mg/100g), TBA (0.78±0.05mg/100g) and ash content (8.93±0.69mg/100g) were observed. Reasonable amounts of potassium (354.58±2.17mg/100g), sodium (843.38±16.25mg/100g), Calcium (857.16±6.39 mg/100g), Magnesium (395.54±4.58mg/100g) and Phosphorous (146.30±4.02 mg/100g) were detected whereas trace amounts of Copper (1.00±0.03mg/100g), Iron (3.58±0.12mg/100g), Zinc (0.46±0.04mg/100g) and Selenium (1.51±0.03mg/100g) were detected. Fatty acid profile showed presence of saturated fatty acids (SFA); Caprylic (C8:0), Capric (C10:0) (C12:0), Myristic (C14:0), Lauric Palmitic (C16:0) and Stearic (C18:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA); Oleic (C18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); Linoleic (C18:2) and Linolenic (C18:3). The study concludes that the fruit pulp, peel and seeds from A. Squamosa and A. Muricata has potential to be utilized in nutraceutical industries.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80509771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-27DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190702.14
Zhi Xiao, Binbin Wang, Shu-fa Li
Objective to discuss the possible role and mechanism of DCs in IgAN attack. Method Stimulating factors such as recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) etc. were used in vitro jointly to induce and culture DCs, a flow cytometry was used to detect expression of HLA-DR, CD83 and CDla of DCs membrane surface molecules, the MTT method was used to detect capacity of DCs of the IgAN patient group to stimulate proliferation of allogeneic T cells and the difference between the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) secreted by DCs and that of the normal control group. Result Combined application of cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-a is able to induce proliferation and differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell into a mature dendritic cell. The surface of mature dendritic cells highly expresses human leucocyte antigen HLA-DR and surface maturity markers of relative specificity of dendritic cells, CD83 and CD1a. The capacity of DCs of the IgAN patient group to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation is higher than that of the normal control group and the difference has statistical significance (P<0.05). The capacity of DCs of the patient group influenced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation significantly increases compared with that of DCs of the patient group not influenced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the difference has statistical significance (P<0.05). The IL-6 secreted by the DCs of the IgAN patient group is higher than that of the normal control group and the difference between the two groups has statistical significance (P<0.05). The IL-12 secreted by the DCs of the IgAN patient group is lower than that of the normal control group and the difference between the two groups has statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion DCs may regulate the balance between Thl/Th2 cells by secreting cytokines so as to play an imporat role in occurence and progression of IgAN and such factors as infection etc. may strengthen the functions of DCs thus easily triggering IgAN.
{"title":"Role of Dendrtic Cells in IgA Nephropathy Pathogenesis","authors":"Zhi Xiao, Binbin Wang, Shu-fa Li","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190702.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20190702.14","url":null,"abstract":"Objective to discuss the possible role and mechanism of DCs in IgAN attack. Method Stimulating factors such as recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) etc. were used in vitro jointly to induce and culture DCs, a flow cytometry was used to detect expression of HLA-DR, CD83 and CDla of DCs membrane surface molecules, the MTT method was used to detect capacity of DCs of the IgAN patient group to stimulate proliferation of allogeneic T cells and the difference between the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) secreted by DCs and that of the normal control group. Result Combined application of cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-a is able to induce proliferation and differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell into a mature dendritic cell. The surface of mature dendritic cells highly expresses human leucocyte antigen HLA-DR and surface maturity markers of relative specificity of dendritic cells, CD83 and CD1a. The capacity of DCs of the IgAN patient group to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation is higher than that of the normal control group and the difference has statistical significance (P<0.05). The capacity of DCs of the patient group influenced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation significantly increases compared with that of DCs of the patient group not influenced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the difference has statistical significance (P<0.05). The IL-6 secreted by the DCs of the IgAN patient group is higher than that of the normal control group and the difference between the two groups has statistical significance (P<0.05). The IL-12 secreted by the DCs of the IgAN patient group is lower than that of the normal control group and the difference between the two groups has statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion DCs may regulate the balance between Thl/Th2 cells by secreting cytokines so as to play an imporat role in occurence and progression of IgAN and such factors as infection etc. may strengthen the functions of DCs thus easily triggering IgAN.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77538366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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