Pub Date : 2021-11-05DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210906.13
Venance Kouakou, H. Kadjo, N. Oulo, Fidèle Diobo N'guessan, A. N’douba
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are, after malaria, the second most common cause of consultation of children in health facilities in Cote d'Ivoire. Viral etiology points to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) as the primary cause of these acute respiratory infections. In order to better assist health workers in diagnosing the virus, a study on the epidemiology, seasonality and clinical signs associated with RSV acute respiratory infections was conducted over four consecutive years. During these years, nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 5648 children aged 0-5 years, in different geographical areas of the country, following a survey form for analysis by real-time PCR, to detect the virus and describe its epidemiological characteristics. Our results revealed 564 (9.98%) RSV positive children. A number of 181 (32.09%) were positive in inpatients, and 383 (67.91%) in outpatients. The 0-12 month age group was the most affected with 51.95% of positive cases. Cumulative monthly RSV activity for the 4 years of the study was relatively lower during the months of January to March and higher during the months of May to September. This distribution of RSV was superimposed on rainfall during these study years. Our work has also linked RSV positivity to the presence of clinical signs, including fever, cough, diarrhoea and vomiting. These results give scientific tools to health personnel to better orient their diagnosis and also a better rational use in the prescription of medication, notably the stopping of unjustified antibiotic therapy.
{"title":"Surveillance of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children Aged 0-5 years in Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"Venance Kouakou, H. Kadjo, N. Oulo, Fidèle Diobo N'guessan, A. N’douba","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210906.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210906.13","url":null,"abstract":"Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are, after malaria, the second most common cause of consultation of children in health facilities in Cote d'Ivoire. Viral etiology points to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) as the primary cause of these acute respiratory infections. In order to better assist health workers in diagnosing the virus, a study on the epidemiology, seasonality and clinical signs associated with RSV acute respiratory infections was conducted over four consecutive years. During these years, nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 5648 children aged 0-5 years, in different geographical areas of the country, following a survey form for analysis by real-time PCR, to detect the virus and describe its epidemiological characteristics. Our results revealed 564 (9.98%) RSV positive children. A number of 181 (32.09%) were positive in inpatients, and 383 (67.91%) in outpatients. The 0-12 month age group was the most affected with 51.95% of positive cases. Cumulative monthly RSV activity for the 4 years of the study was relatively lower during the months of January to March and higher during the months of May to September. This distribution of RSV was superimposed on rainfall during these study years. Our work has also linked RSV positivity to the presence of clinical signs, including fever, cough, diarrhoea and vomiting. These results give scientific tools to health personnel to better orient their diagnosis and also a better rational use in the prescription of medication, notably the stopping of unjustified antibiotic therapy.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85649030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-30DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.14
Mulisa Faji, A. Abebe, K. Ahmed, Workeneh Tezera, D. Mijena, Gezahagn Mengistu, Gmerium Terefe
A study was carried out to evaluate four Vicia accessions from 3 species for forage biomass yield performance under two environmental conditions of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Western Ethiopia. The evaluated Vicia species and accessions were one V. benghanlensis (6798), two V. villosa (6213 and 6792) and one V. sativa, (5172) accessions. The experiment was conducted at Tongo and Assosa forage research station of Assosa Agricultural Research Center and the locations were purposively selected to represent highland and mid-altitude agro-ecologies, respectively. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main effects differences among genotypes and environments significantly influenced forage dry matter yield (P 0.05). V. benghanlensis 6798 gave a relatively higher total dry matter yield followed by V. villosa 6792 and V. villosa 6213 at Tongo. Therefore, based on forage dry matter yield data V. benghanlensis 6798, V. villosa 6792 and V. villosa 6213 recommend as alternative legume forage crops from evaluated Vicia accessions for study areas and comparable agro-ecologies.
{"title":"Evaluation of Vicia Species and Their Accessions for Forage Biomass Yield in Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Western Ethiopia","authors":"Mulisa Faji, A. Abebe, K. Ahmed, Workeneh Tezera, D. Mijena, Gezahagn Mengistu, Gmerium Terefe","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.14","url":null,"abstract":"A study was carried out to evaluate four Vicia accessions from 3 species for forage biomass yield performance under two environmental conditions of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Western Ethiopia. The evaluated Vicia species and accessions were one V. benghanlensis (6798), two V. villosa (6213 and 6792) and one V. sativa, (5172) accessions. The experiment was conducted at Tongo and Assosa forage research station of Assosa Agricultural Research Center and the locations were purposively selected to represent highland and mid-altitude agro-ecologies, respectively. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main effects differences among genotypes and environments significantly influenced forage dry matter yield (P 0.05). V. benghanlensis 6798 gave a relatively higher total dry matter yield followed by V. villosa 6792 and V. villosa 6213 at Tongo. Therefore, based on forage dry matter yield data V. benghanlensis 6798, V. villosa 6792 and V. villosa 6213 recommend as alternative legume forage crops from evaluated Vicia accessions for study areas and comparable agro-ecologies.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83207659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.13
Getahun Bekana, Endashaw Girma, Abenezer Abebe, A. Sisay, Desalegn Alemayehu, Kidanemaryam Wagaw, Awol Beshir, D. Chalchisa, Fassil Hailu, D. Tesfaye
Haricot bean, often known as Boleqe in Ethiopia. It is a major legume crop produced widely all over the world. Depending on the variety, it may adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions, from sea level to almost 3000 meters above sea level. It thrives commonly in warm climates with temperatures ranging from 18 to 24°C. Despite its importance for nutrition and export, haricot bean production in Ethiopia is limited to small regions and small-scale growers, with little or no fertilizer or soil amendments being employed. The responses of the haricot bean varieties to each limitation varied, although they are mostly determined by the environmental conditions. The main bottle neck of haricot bean production is the lack of improved high producing cultivars that suit to each agroecology. The current experiment was carried out on six released haricot bean varieties with half diallel without reciprocal crosses on the field to make F1 hybrids in all possible combinations and with the objective of evaluation of agronomic traits of haricot bean varieties and performing their half diallel cross by using complete block design. An analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference in yield contributing components among these released varieties at 5% probability level for most of the traits. This suggests that the released haricot bean varieties have a high genetic variation.
{"title":"Evaluating the Genetic Variations Among Improved Haricot Bean Varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Based on Their Agronomic Traits and Performing Their Half Diallel Cross","authors":"Getahun Bekana, Endashaw Girma, Abenezer Abebe, A. Sisay, Desalegn Alemayehu, Kidanemaryam Wagaw, Awol Beshir, D. Chalchisa, Fassil Hailu, D. Tesfaye","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.13","url":null,"abstract":"Haricot bean, often known as Boleqe in Ethiopia. It is a major legume crop produced widely all over the world. Depending on the variety, it may adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions, from sea level to almost 3000 meters above sea level. It thrives commonly in warm climates with temperatures ranging from 18 to 24°C. Despite its importance for nutrition and export, haricot bean production in Ethiopia is limited to small regions and small-scale growers, with little or no fertilizer or soil amendments being employed. The responses of the haricot bean varieties to each limitation varied, although they are mostly determined by the environmental conditions. The main bottle neck of haricot bean production is the lack of improved high producing cultivars that suit to each agroecology. The current experiment was carried out on six released haricot bean varieties with half diallel without reciprocal crosses on the field to make F1 hybrids in all possible combinations and with the objective of evaluation of agronomic traits of haricot bean varieties and performing their half diallel cross by using complete block design. An analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference in yield contributing components among these released varieties at 5% probability level for most of the traits. This suggests that the released haricot bean varieties have a high genetic variation.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"229 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77558542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.12
Bilisuma Kabeto, Hika Tasfa, Demaksa Umer
Chick pea (Cicer Arietinum L.) is an important crop in Ethiopia and it’s cropping calendar does not compete with other crops. Though it is important crop, its production is limited in certain region of the country. To hasten and expand its production, demonstration of improved varieties of kabuli type chickpea varieties was conducted in 2018/2019 under farmer management condition. Different participatory technology evaluation like pair wise ranking and direct matrix ranking were employed for participatory evaluation of varieties and the mean separation for yield was done by one-way Inova using SPSS software. The result obtained indicated significant difference of improved varieties (Arerti and Shasho) P<0.05 compared to the local variety, and no significant difference was obtained between Arerti and Shasho. The direct matrix ranking of varieties by farmers revealed the preference of Arerti variety with 44% followed by Shasho with 41% and lastly local with 16%. Besides, the evidence from pair wise ranking indicated that farmers gave more weight for grain yield, seed color, disease tolerance, early maturity, seed size, pod per plant and seed per pod respectively. More importantly, extension gap of 0.558 ton ha-1 for Shasho and 0.624 ton ha-1 for Arerti were recorded, this indicated that there is a tremendous scope of extension activities in this zone to be conducted on chickpea production and management. Generally, based on yield performance and farmers’ preference, Arerti and Shasho varieties should be produced for crop diversification and double cropping in Sayo district and similar agri ecologies of Kellam Wollega zone.
鹰嘴豆(Cicer Arietinum L.)是埃塞俄比亚的一种重要作物，它的种植日历不与其他作物竞争。虽然它是一种重要的作物，但它的生产仅限于该国的某些地区。为加快和扩大其生产规模，2018/2019年在农民经营条件下进行了卡布力型鹰嘴豆良种示范。品种参与评价采用对排序和直接矩阵排序等不同的参与技术评价，产量均值分离采用SPSS软件进行单向方差分析。结果表明，改良品种(Arerti和Shasho)与当地品种相比差异显著P<0.05, areerti和Shasho之间差异不显著。农民对品种的直接矩阵排序显示，阿雷蒂品种的偏好为44%，其次是沙索品种(41%)，最后是当地品种(16%)。此外，从配对排序的证据来看，农民对籽粒产量、种子颜色、抗病性、早熟性、种子大小、单株荚果数和单荚数的权重分别较高。更重要的是，沙头和阿勒蒂的推广差距分别为0.558 t ha-1和0.624 t ha-1，表明该区鹰嘴豆生产经营推广活动空间巨大。在Sayo地区和Kellam Wollega地区类似的农业生态环境中，根据产量表现和农民的偏好，一般应种植Arerti和Shasho品种，以实现作物多样化和复种。
{"title":"The Ultimate Option for Double Cropping: Evidence from Demonstration of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Varieties at Sayo District of Western Oromia","authors":"Bilisuma Kabeto, Hika Tasfa, Demaksa Umer","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.12","url":null,"abstract":"Chick pea (Cicer Arietinum L.) is an important crop in Ethiopia and it’s cropping calendar does not compete with other crops. Though it is important crop, its production is limited in certain region of the country. To hasten and expand its production, demonstration of improved varieties of kabuli type chickpea varieties was conducted in 2018/2019 under farmer management condition. Different participatory technology evaluation like pair wise ranking and direct matrix ranking were employed for participatory evaluation of varieties and the mean separation for yield was done by one-way Inova using SPSS software. The result obtained indicated significant difference of improved varieties (Arerti and Shasho) P<0.05 compared to the local variety, and no significant difference was obtained between Arerti and Shasho. The direct matrix ranking of varieties by farmers revealed the preference of Arerti variety with 44% followed by Shasho with 41% and lastly local with 16%. Besides, the evidence from pair wise ranking indicated that farmers gave more weight for grain yield, seed color, disease tolerance, early maturity, seed size, pod per plant and seed per pod respectively. More importantly, extension gap of 0.558 ton ha-1 for Shasho and 0.624 ton ha-1 for Arerti were recorded, this indicated that there is a tremendous scope of extension activities in this zone to be conducted on chickpea production and management. Generally, based on yield performance and farmers’ preference, Arerti and Shasho varieties should be produced for crop diversification and double cropping in Sayo district and similar agri ecologies of Kellam Wollega zone.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76834131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-05DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.11
A. Sufiyan, Tahir Abdala
Protected areas plays important role in conservation of biological diversity. Assessment of threatened plant species and factor associated with this threat is of immense importance in managing protected area. This study was conducted on around Babile Elephant Sanctuary buffer zone located. This study aimed at documenting threatened plant species, factors of threat and challenges around BES. The data were collected from total number of informants 96 using semi-structured questionnaire, observation and guided field walks. The result of the assessment revealed a total of 61 threatened plant species among these 30 were shrub, 28 Tree, 2 climber and 1 herb and were represented by 25 families and 47 genera. Fabaceae, Tiliaceae, and Capparidaceae were the three dominant plant species respectively and each comprise 12, 4, and 3 species respectively. Regarding level of threatened plant species, 38 (45.7%) species were categorized under highly threatened, 23 (38%) species were categorized under medium threatened and 10 (16%) species were categorized under low/least threatened. The response of informants from six kebele suggested that the presence of ten factors which were exposing highler threat level on BES. Top three factors that threaten plant species includes agricultural expansion, illegal settlement, and Charcoal which accounts for 97.9%, 81.25%, and 62.5% respectively. Eight major challenges were identified for current conservation BES. Lack of alternative job as the major challenge as responded by communities 90 (93.75%) followed by Lack of community Incentive when elephant browsing and damage local crop 87 (90.62%) and Lack of strong regulation and relation of park administration with community was the third factor as responded by 85 (88.54%). The current study suggest that important intervention is necessary to conserve threatened plant species in BES.
{"title":"Threatened Woody Plant Species and Factor of Threat in Adjacent Area of Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia","authors":"A. Sufiyan, Tahir Abdala","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210905.11","url":null,"abstract":"Protected areas plays important role in conservation of biological diversity. Assessment of threatened plant species and factor associated with this threat is of immense importance in managing protected area. This study was conducted on around Babile Elephant Sanctuary buffer zone located. This study aimed at documenting threatened plant species, factors of threat and challenges around BES. The data were collected from total number of informants 96 using semi-structured questionnaire, observation and guided field walks. The result of the assessment revealed a total of 61 threatened plant species among these 30 were shrub, 28 Tree, 2 climber and 1 herb and were represented by 25 families and 47 genera. Fabaceae, Tiliaceae, and Capparidaceae were the three dominant plant species respectively and each comprise 12, 4, and 3 species respectively. Regarding level of threatened plant species, 38 (45.7%) species were categorized under highly threatened, 23 (38%) species were categorized under medium threatened and 10 (16%) species were categorized under low/least threatened. The response of informants from six kebele suggested that the presence of ten factors which were exposing highler threat level on BES. Top three factors that threaten plant species includes agricultural expansion, illegal settlement, and Charcoal which accounts for 97.9%, 81.25%, and 62.5% respectively. Eight major challenges were identified for current conservation BES. Lack of alternative job as the major challenge as responded by communities 90 (93.75%) followed by Lack of community Incentive when elephant browsing and damage local crop 87 (90.62%) and Lack of strong regulation and relation of park administration with community was the third factor as responded by 85 (88.54%). The current study suggest that important intervention is necessary to conserve threatened plant species in BES.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74429004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.16
Yasuto Nakanishi, Yoshiaki Sato, H. Nakata, H. Nakahara, Yosimitsu Inoue, H. Kinoshita
The limbic system, supporting emotions, behavioral motivation, and memory, in the brain receives coming odor before the sensory cortex. Therefore, certain odor can affect autonomic nerve system and physiological parameters due to smell-induced activity in the limbic system. The purpose of this study focused was to investigate the influence of odor, taking the level of arousal and valence into account, on autonomic nerve activities and physiological parameters. Eight healthy young males (20.6 ± 0.5 yr), who gave a response of high arousal (6.8 ± 0.5) and negative valence (1.5 ± 0.8) to the odor of vinegar (VNG), and an opposite response (arousal 2.3 ± 0.8, valence 6.6 ± 0.4) to the odor of orange (ORG), were selected as subjects. Heart rate and its variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated for the subjects who were quietly seated, wore a plastic mask with a vapored odor-injection pipe, and breathed naturally the two aromas (VNG, and ORG). A no aroma condition was also included in the test as a control. Repeated measures ANOVA with a Turkey post-hoc test revealed a significant odor effect in the variables of HRV, and BP. VNG led to a higher ratio of low frequency /high frequency (LF/HF), and lower HF compared to the control (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). VNG also had significantly higher diastolic and mean BP than ORG (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). ORG, on the other hand, failed to show any significant odor effect on HRV and BP variables. LF/HF can be a sympathetic nerve activity indicator while HF is known as a para-sympathetic nerve activity indicator. Our results of breathing VNG thus suggests that odors causing negative valence and high arousal can facilitate sympathetic nerve activity, and/or withdraw para-sympathetic nerve activity. A higher BP with VNG compared to ORG can also be attributed to the effect of these autonomic nerve activities. Consider all the various factors together, it can be concluded that some emotionally linked odors were strong enough to modulate autonomic nerve activities as well as the level of BP in resting individuals.
大脑的边缘系统支持情绪、行为动机和记忆，它在感觉皮层之前接收到气味。因此，某些气味可以影响自主神经系统和生理参数，由于气味在边缘系统引起的活动。本研究的目的是研究气味对自主神经活动和生理参数的影响，同时考虑到唤醒和效价水平。选择对醋味(VNG)产生高唤醒(6.8±0.5)、负效价(1.5±0.8)反应，对橙味(ORG)产生高唤醒(2.3±0.8)、负效价(6.6±0.4)反应的健康青年男性8名(20.6±0.5岁)作为研究对象。研究人员对安静坐着、戴着带有蒸汽气味注射管的塑料口罩、自然呼吸两种气味(VNG和ORG)的受试者进行心率及其变异性(HRV)和血压(BP)评估。无香气条件也包括在试验中作为对照。土耳其事后检验的重复测量方差分析显示，HRV和BP变量中存在显著的气味效应。与对照组相比，VNG组低高频比(LF/HF)升高，HF降低(p < 0.05, p < 0.05)。VNG组舒张压和平均血压均显著高于ORG组(p < 0.05, p < 0.05)。另一方面，ORG对HRV和BP变量没有明显的气味影响。LF/HF可作为交感神经活动指标，HF可作为副交感神经活动指标。因此，我们呼吸VNG的结果表明，引起负效价和高唤醒的气味可以促进交感神经活动，和/或减少副交感神经活动。与ORG相比，VNG患者的血压升高也可归因于这些自主神经活动的影响。综合考虑各种因素，可以得出结论，一些与情绪有关的气味足以调节自主神经活动以及休息个体的血压水平。
{"title":"The Influence of Emotionally Linked Odors on Autonomic Nerve Activities","authors":"Yasuto Nakanishi, Yoshiaki Sato, H. Nakata, H. Nakahara, Yosimitsu Inoue, H. Kinoshita","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.16","url":null,"abstract":"The limbic system, supporting emotions, behavioral motivation, and memory, in the brain receives coming odor before the sensory cortex. Therefore, certain odor can affect autonomic nerve system and physiological parameters due to smell-induced activity in the limbic system. The purpose of this study focused was to investigate the influence of odor, taking the level of arousal and valence into account, on autonomic nerve activities and physiological parameters. Eight healthy young males (20.6 ± 0.5 yr), who gave a response of high arousal (6.8 ± 0.5) and negative valence (1.5 ± 0.8) to the odor of vinegar (VNG), and an opposite response (arousal 2.3 ± 0.8, valence 6.6 ± 0.4) to the odor of orange (ORG), were selected as subjects. Heart rate and its variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated for the subjects who were quietly seated, wore a plastic mask with a vapored odor-injection pipe, and breathed naturally the two aromas (VNG, and ORG). A no aroma condition was also included in the test as a control. Repeated measures ANOVA with a Turkey post-hoc test revealed a significant odor effect in the variables of HRV, and BP. VNG led to a higher ratio of low frequency /high frequency (LF/HF), and lower HF compared to the control (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). VNG also had significantly higher diastolic and mean BP than ORG (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). ORG, on the other hand, failed to show any significant odor effect on HRV and BP variables. LF/HF can be a sympathetic nerve activity indicator while HF is known as a para-sympathetic nerve activity indicator. Our results of breathing VNG thus suggests that odors causing negative valence and high arousal can facilitate sympathetic nerve activity, and/or withdraw para-sympathetic nerve activity. A higher BP with VNG compared to ORG can also be attributed to the effect of these autonomic nerve activities. Consider all the various factors together, it can be concluded that some emotionally linked odors were strong enough to modulate autonomic nerve activities as well as the level of BP in resting individuals.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84335918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.15
L. O. Gogbe, T. Toni, Jean-Jacques Renaud Dechi, Jean-Louis Philippe N’Din, E. Brou, Flore Fieni, Roland Aby, K. Kouakou, H. Chenal, J. N’guessan
Liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH). Diagnosis of these co-infections should be a priority in HIV-infected pregnant women so that they can receive appropriate and effective treatment. However, the prevalence of these infections in this vulnerable population remains poorly documented in Cote d'Ivoire. The objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infections in HIV-infected pregnant women undergoing ARV treatment in Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire). A cross-sectional study among HIV-infected pregnant women was conducted from September 2017 to May 2018 in Abidjan. HBV and HCV serological tests were performed with the electrochemiluminescence method "ECLIA" on Cobas E 411. A total of one hundred (n = 100) HIV-infected pregnant women were included. The results showed that 6% (n=6/100) of the HIV-infected pregnant women had positive HBV serology and no HIV-HCV co-infection was detected. Of the 100 HIV-infected pregnant women included in this study, 23% had undergone surgery. In this population, HBsAg was positive in 9% of patients and HCV antibodies were negative in all patients. The data from this study support the implementation of large-scale sentinel surveillance in Cote d'Ivoire in order to refine data on the prevalence and circulation of viral hepatitis B and C in high-risk populations such as pregnant women.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C Infection in HIV-infected Pregnant Women on Antiretroviral Therapy (ARV) in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)","authors":"L. O. Gogbe, T. Toni, Jean-Jacques Renaud Dechi, Jean-Louis Philippe N’Din, E. Brou, Flore Fieni, Roland Aby, K. Kouakou, H. Chenal, J. N’guessan","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.15","url":null,"abstract":"Liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH). Diagnosis of these co-infections should be a priority in HIV-infected pregnant women so that they can receive appropriate and effective treatment. However, the prevalence of these infections in this vulnerable population remains poorly documented in Cote d'Ivoire. The objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infections in HIV-infected pregnant women undergoing ARV treatment in Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire). A cross-sectional study among HIV-infected pregnant women was conducted from September 2017 to May 2018 in Abidjan. HBV and HCV serological tests were performed with the electrochemiluminescence method \"ECLIA\" on Cobas E 411. A total of one hundred (n = 100) HIV-infected pregnant women were included. The results showed that 6% (n=6/100) of the HIV-infected pregnant women had positive HBV serology and no HIV-HCV co-infection was detected. Of the 100 HIV-infected pregnant women included in this study, 23% had undergone surgery. In this population, HBsAg was positive in 9% of patients and HCV antibodies were negative in all patients. The data from this study support the implementation of large-scale sentinel surveillance in Cote d'Ivoire in order to refine data on the prevalence and circulation of viral hepatitis B and C in high-risk populations such as pregnant women.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80065580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.14
Haya Almufrij, Khalil Almajed, Fawziah Almutairi, Asma Altoub, Tahani Alsufian, Saadi A. Alobaidi, Hamza Alsamanodi, Mohammed Alotaibi, Hind Albadali, Abdullah Al Romi, Fars Alrowili, S. Alanazi
Background: Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced in Wuhan City (China) on 31st December 2019, pharmacists worldwide have been playing a vital role in minimizing the adverse effects of the pandemic on healthcare systems. Objective: The guideline aims to provide clear, relevant, and comprehensive instructions for pharmacy staff on how to manage different medication processes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This editorial discusses the development of a guideline named “CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for Pharmacy Personnel in the Hospital Setting” by Pharmaceutical Care Services in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Result: Pharmaceutical Care Services established the guideline in March 2020, which was then updated in June 2020 by Pharmaceutical Care Services in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to respond rapidly to the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to manage medication processes during the COVID-19 pandemic and monitor the implementation overall the hospital. Conclusion: This guideline is a reliable and comprehensive source of information and can be implemented by any pharmacy department within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and internationally. To the best of our knowledge, this work might be the first in the field of management of medication processes.
{"title":"COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for Pharmacy Personnel in King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Haya Almufrij, Khalil Almajed, Fawziah Almutairi, Asma Altoub, Tahani Alsufian, Saadi A. Alobaidi, Hamza Alsamanodi, Mohammed Alotaibi, Hind Albadali, Abdullah Al Romi, Fars Alrowili, S. Alanazi","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced in Wuhan City (China) on 31st December 2019, pharmacists worldwide have been playing a vital role in minimizing the adverse effects of the pandemic on healthcare systems. Objective: The guideline aims to provide clear, relevant, and comprehensive instructions for pharmacy staff on how to manage different medication processes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This editorial discusses the development of a guideline named “CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for Pharmacy Personnel in the Hospital Setting” by Pharmaceutical Care Services in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Result: Pharmaceutical Care Services established the guideline in March 2020, which was then updated in June 2020 by Pharmaceutical Care Services in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to respond rapidly to the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to manage medication processes during the COVID-19 pandemic and monitor the implementation overall the hospital. Conclusion: This guideline is a reliable and comprehensive source of information and can be implemented by any pharmacy department within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and internationally. To the best of our knowledge, this work might be the first in the field of management of medication processes.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"89 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84075183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.12
S. Mengistu
In Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute Gene bank, large collections of maize germplasm are not yet characterized for the magnitude of genetic variability from each other. Although, knowing the contribution of individual a character is essential to focus on particular characters in cultivar development. Hence, this experiment was conducted on 92 maize accessions which were not yet characterized and 2 local checks to estimate the magnitude of genetic diversity among the genotypes and to identify the major agro-morphological characters contributing for the observed variations. The experiment was arranged in an Augmented Design in seven blocks at Arsi Negele in the 2016 main cropping season. The characters used for analysis were days to flowering, plant height, ear height, ear per plant, days to maturity, ear length, kernel rows per ear, a thousand grain weight and yield per plot. The 94 genotypes were grouped into four clusters where cluster I, II, III, and IV comprised 30, 21, 23, and 20 genotypes, respectively. Early matured and short genotypes were grouped in cluster IV, late matured in cluster II, and high yielding and tall genotypes in cluster I. The principal component analysis indicated that the first principal component (PC1) had an eigenvalue of 4.4 and reflects 48.85% of the total variation, this represents the equivalent of two individual variables and the two variables that weighted higher than the other variables are plant height and ear length. The second principal component (PC2) was a recorded eigenvalue of 1.63 and maintained 18.11% of the total variation and related to diversity among genotypes due to ear per plant (EPP). Moreover, principal components 3 to 9 were shown to have more than one eigenvalue, thus they represent equivalent of one individual variable each accounted for 0.98%, 0.78%, 0.68%, 0.35%, 0.15%, 0.03% and 0% respectively toward the variation observed among genotypes. The result ensures the existence of high genetic divergence among the studied maize genotypes.
{"title":"Maize Germplasm Characterization Using Principal Component and Cluster Analysis","authors":"S. Mengistu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.12","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute Gene bank, large collections of maize germplasm are not yet characterized for the magnitude of genetic variability from each other. Although, knowing the contribution of individual a character is essential to focus on particular characters in cultivar development. Hence, this experiment was conducted on 92 maize accessions which were not yet characterized and 2 local checks to estimate the magnitude of genetic diversity among the genotypes and to identify the major agro-morphological characters contributing for the observed variations. The experiment was arranged in an Augmented Design in seven blocks at Arsi Negele in the 2016 main cropping season. The characters used for analysis were days to flowering, plant height, ear height, ear per plant, days to maturity, ear length, kernel rows per ear, a thousand grain weight and yield per plot. The 94 genotypes were grouped into four clusters where cluster I, II, III, and IV comprised 30, 21, 23, and 20 genotypes, respectively. Early matured and short genotypes were grouped in cluster IV, late matured in cluster II, and high yielding and tall genotypes in cluster I. The principal component analysis indicated that the first principal component (PC1) had an eigenvalue of 4.4 and reflects 48.85% of the total variation, this represents the equivalent of two individual variables and the two variables that weighted higher than the other variables are plant height and ear length. The second principal component (PC2) was a recorded eigenvalue of 1.63 and maintained 18.11% of the total variation and related to diversity among genotypes due to ear per plant (EPP). Moreover, principal components 3 to 9 were shown to have more than one eigenvalue, thus they represent equivalent of one individual variable each accounted for 0.98%, 0.78%, 0.68%, 0.35%, 0.15%, 0.03% and 0% respectively toward the variation observed among genotypes. The result ensures the existence of high genetic divergence among the studied maize genotypes.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"319 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76284867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.11
Leta Ajema, Ashenafi Nigussie
Intercropping has a number of advantages over mono-cropping production system, which has significant problems and that there are sufficient justification for studying intercropping approaches. Consequently, researchers have proposed a systematic intercropping approach to evaluate the benefits of strip intercropping in terms of yield advantage, economic return, yield stability, pest control, nutrient use efficiency, etc. However, because of these advantages, intercropping is practiced in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted at Awada Agriculture Research Sub-center during 2012 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of strip intercropping ratios of coffee with pineapple on the yield and yield components of both crops and to determine economically optimum coffee to pineapple strip intercropping ratio for the study area. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Coffee variety (Fayate) and Smooth Cayenne Pineapple variety were used. The experiment was comprised five treatments: sole coffee, sole Pineapple, 1C:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratio of coffee with pineapple. The pooled mean analysis revealed that the sole planted coffee and pineapple were produced statically highest yields in contrast with other intercropped treatments. Regarding strip intercropping treatments, the highest and lowest clean coffee yield were recorded at 1C:1P (1289 kg ha-1) and 1C:2P (1128 kg ha-1) treatments. The highest total land equivalent ratio was recorded at 1C:3P (1.50), closely followed by 4C:1P (1.36), 1C:1P (1.32), and 1C:2P (1.23) or a relative yield advantage of 23 to 50% was obtained from the coffee-Pineapple strip intercropping treatments. Therefore, this finding recommend that strip intercropping of coffee with pineapple at 1C:3P ratio is a viable option for sustainable productivity in yield and yield profit to farmers as revealed by the highest total LER.
间作与单作相比有许多优点，但单作也存在显著的问题，研究间作有充分的理由。因此，研究者从产量优势、经济效益、产量稳定性、病虫害防治、养分利用效率等方面提出了系统的间作评价方法。然而，由于这些优势，间作在世界许多地方，特别是在埃塞俄比亚等发展中国家实行。2012年和2019年在阿瓦达农业研究分中心进行了田间试验，以评估咖啡与菠萝带状间作比例对两种作物产量和产量构成的影响，并确定研究区咖啡与菠萝带状间作比例的经济最佳选择。试验采用完全随机区组设计，设3个重复。使用咖啡品种(Fayate)和滑辣椒菠萝品种。实验包括5个处理:咖啡底、菠萝底、1:1、1:2、1:3咖啡与菠萝的比例。混合平均分析表明，与其他间作处理相比，单作咖啡和菠萝的产量静态最高。在带状间作处理中，净咖啡产量最高和最低的是1C∶1P (1289 kg ha-1)和1C∶2P (1128 kg ha-1)处理。总土地当量比最高的是1C:3P(1.50)，其次是4C:1P(1.36)、1C:1P(1.32)和1C:2P(1.23)，咖啡-菠萝带状间作的相对产量优势为23% ~ 50%。因此，这一发现表明，咖啡与菠萝以1C:3P的比例带状间作是一种可行的选择，对农民来说，产量和产量利润的可持续生产力是最高的总LER。
{"title":"Yield and Yield Advantage of the Component Crops as Affected by Strip Intercropping of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) with Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.)","authors":"Leta Ajema, Ashenafi Nigussie","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20210904.11","url":null,"abstract":"Intercropping has a number of advantages over mono-cropping production system, which has significant problems and that there are sufficient justification for studying intercropping approaches. Consequently, researchers have proposed a systematic intercropping approach to evaluate the benefits of strip intercropping in terms of yield advantage, economic return, yield stability, pest control, nutrient use efficiency, etc. However, because of these advantages, intercropping is practiced in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted at Awada Agriculture Research Sub-center during 2012 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of strip intercropping ratios of coffee with pineapple on the yield and yield components of both crops and to determine economically optimum coffee to pineapple strip intercropping ratio for the study area. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Coffee variety (Fayate) and Smooth Cayenne Pineapple variety were used. The experiment was comprised five treatments: sole coffee, sole Pineapple, 1C:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratio of coffee with pineapple. The pooled mean analysis revealed that the sole planted coffee and pineapple were produced statically highest yields in contrast with other intercropped treatments. Regarding strip intercropping treatments, the highest and lowest clean coffee yield were recorded at 1C:1P (1289 kg ha-1) and 1C:2P (1128 kg ha-1) treatments. The highest total land equivalent ratio was recorded at 1C:3P (1.50), closely followed by 4C:1P (1.36), 1C:1P (1.32), and 1C:2P (1.23) or a relative yield advantage of 23 to 50% was obtained from the coffee-Pineapple strip intercropping treatments. Therefore, this finding recommend that strip intercropping of coffee with pineapple at 1C:3P ratio is a viable option for sustainable productivity in yield and yield profit to farmers as revealed by the highest total LER.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79017459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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