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An investigation into human vs AI English translations of Qur'anic euphemisms 《古兰经》委婉语的人工与人工智能英译研究

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102249

Abdulrahman Fahad Albalawi , Abdul-Qader Khaleel Abdul-Ghafour

This study examines the reliability of ChatGPT-5, an advanced AI language model, in translating Qur'anic euphemisms, expressions in the Holy Qur'an that convey sensitive meanings indirectly. It aims to evaluate whether AI can substitute or complement human translations of the Holy Qur'an. It compares ChatGPT-5 translation with that conducted by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, to highlight strengths and weaknesses of both translations. This study adopts the typology of euphemisms proposed by Samoškaitė, particularly those related to sex, to assess each translation using a combined framework drawn from Translation Quality Assessment, Multidimensional Quality Metrics and Scopos theory. This framework clearly defines the criteria of accuracy, fluency, contextual relevance, clarity, readability and cultural sensitivity, linking linguistic performance to the broader communicative goals of Qur'anic translation. The data of the study consist of eight Qur'anic verses containing euphemistic expressions, selected for their thematic and cultural sensitivity and are qualitatively analysed based on the adopted framework. The findings showed glaring disparities and inconsistencies in the accuracy of ChatGPT-5 translations, especially in the translations that involved subtlety of meaning inscribed in the Qur'anic euphemisms. It is noticed that while ChatGPT-5 demonstrated strengths in producing fast, grammatically correct and generally accessible translations, it struggled in rendering the deeper nuances of certain Qur'anic euphemisms. In particular, it tended to rely on literal, word-for-word translation without adequately capturing contextual subtleties. Although ChatGPT-5 outputs were sometimes clear and workable, they often lagged in clarity, readability and faithfulness to the original Arabic text. In contrast, Ali's translation is more accurate, faithful and effective, whereby it could provide clearer and more precise words without losing any meaning within the context. This study postulates that unlimited reliance on ChatGPT translations of Qur'anic texts is not warranted, as human involvement remains indispensable in building an understanding that is more accurate and sensitive to culture.

本研究考察了ChatGPT-5（一种先进的人工智能语言模型）在翻译《古兰经》委婉语（《古兰经》中间接传达敏感含义的表达）时的可靠性。它旨在评估人工智能是否可以替代或补充人类对《古兰经》的翻译。它将ChatGPT-5的翻译与Abdullah Yusuf Ali的翻译进行了比较，以突出两种翻译的优缺点。本研究采用Samoškaitė提出的委婉语类型学，特别是与性有关的委婉语，使用翻译质量评估、多维质量度量和Scopos理论的综合框架来评估每个翻译。该框架明确定义了准确、流畅、上下文关联、清晰、可读性和文化敏感性的标准，将语言表现与古兰经翻译的更广泛的交际目标联系起来。本研究选取了8节含有委婉表达的古兰经经文，根据其主题和文化敏感性进行选择，并根据所采用的框架进行定性分析。调查结果显示，ChatGPT-5翻译的准确性存在明显的差异和不一致，特别是在翻译中涉及古兰经委婉语中含义的微妙含义。值得注意的是，虽然ChatGPT-5在生成快速、语法正确和普遍可理解的翻译方面表现出优势，但它在呈现某些古兰经委婉语的深层细微差别方面却表现不佳。特别是，它往往依赖于逐字逐句的翻译，而没有充分捕捉上下文的微妙之处。虽然ChatGPT-5的输出有时是清晰和可行的，但它们在清晰度、可读性和对原始阿拉伯文本的忠实度方面往往落后。相比之下，阿里的翻译更加准确、忠实和有效，可以提供更清晰、更精确的词语，而不会失去上下文中的任何意义。本研究假定，对古兰经文本的无限依赖ChatGPT翻译是不合理的，因为人类的参与在建立对文化更准确和敏感的理解方面仍然是不可或缺的。

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引用次数: 0

Perceived suffering in humanitarian images: A photo-elicitation 人道主义图像中的感知苦难：摄影启发

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102404

Jill W. Åhs , Henrik Eriksson , Monir Mazaheri

Background

Photographs depicting suffering in humanitarian contexts are important to communicate the extent of crises and to document atrocities. Such images of “distant suffering” may also be exploitative and dehumanize those pictured. Despite these aspects, what is perceived as “suffering” in an image remains undefined. This study uses a humanitarian lens to explore how suffering is perceived in images.

Method

Through a photo-elicitation approach, 24 images of suffering were chosen by curators from a humanitarian archive. Seventeen professionals were purposively recruited from humanitarian organizations or refugee health research. Participants submitted up to four images of suffering from the curated images or other sources, with narratives describing why they chose the image and why it conveyed suffering. Twenty-seven photo-narratives were submitted. Descriptive visual analysis of images and thematic analysis of narratives were conducted.

Results

Fourteen photographs were from the curated images and two from other sources. Images varied in hues and settings. All featured one or more persons, and many with emotional expressions. Perceived suffering was described in themes of decoded emotions and their facial or bodily expressions, a nexus of uncertainty and vulnerability, and through relatability or resonance. Descriptions included emotions like sadness and grief, lack of safety or options, and how participants perceived they would experience a situation.

Conclusions

Perceived suffering was conveyed in situations of vulnerability or uncertainty, relatability or resonance, and expressions of perceived emotions. These findings may foster understanding of forms of distant suffering in people's lives and how this form of suffering takes expression.

描绘人道主义环境中苦难的照片对于传达危机的严重程度和记录暴行非常重要。这种“遥远的苦难”的图像也可能是剥削性的，并使被拍摄的人失去人性。尽管有这些方面，在图像中被视为“痛苦”的东西仍然没有定义。这项研究使用人道主义的视角来探索如何在图像中感知痛苦。方法通过图片启发的方法，从一个人道主义档案中挑选了24张痛苦的图片。有目的地从人道主义组织或难民健康研究部门招募了17名专业人员。参与者从精心挑选的图片或其他来源中提交最多四张痛苦的图片，并说明他们为什么选择这张照片，以及为什么它传达了痛苦。共提交了27张叙事照片。对图像进行描述性视觉分析，对叙事进行主题性分析。结果14张照片来自策展图片，2张照片来自其他来源。图像的色调和设置各不相同。所有作品都以一个或多个人物为主题，其中许多都带有情感表达。感知到的痛苦被描述为解码情感及其面部或身体表情的主题，不确定性和脆弱性的联系，以及通过相关性或共鸣。描述包括悲伤和悲伤等情绪，缺乏安全感或选择，以及参与者如何感知他们将经历的情况。结论感知痛苦是在脆弱性或不确定性、相关性或共鸣以及感知情绪表达的情况下传达的。这些发现可能有助于理解人们生活中遥远痛苦的形式，以及这种形式的痛苦如何表现出来。

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引用次数: 0

A bibliometric analysis of research on intangible cultural heritage in the field of tourism 旅游领域非物质文化遗产研究的文献计量分析

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102405

Ali Türker

This study was conducted to perform a bibliometric analysis of research on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in the field of tourism. A general survey design, one of the descriptive research methods, was employed. The raw data forming the basis of the study were obtained from the Web of Science database on February 15, 2025. In the WoS database, 5653 publications were initially retrieved using the keyword “Intangible Cultural Heritage,” of which 1210 were found to be related to tourism. The analysis revealed that the earliest study on ICH in tourism dates back to 2006. The University of Cordoba emerged as the leading institution, with 20 publications. The journals with the highest number of publications were Sustainability, Journal of Heritage Tourism, and International Journal of Intangible Heritage. The five most frequently used keywords were Intangible Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage, Tourism, Cultural Tourism, and Heritage. Less frequently used keywords included co-creation, competitiveness, ethnic tourism, rural development, community engagement, cultural routes, perceived authenticity, conservation, urban regeneration, and digital heritage. At the country level, China, Spain, and Italy were identified as the leading contributors, while Su, J., Lopez, G.T., and Zhang, M. were the most prolific authors.

本研究旨在对非物质文化遗产在旅游领域的研究进行文献计量分析。一般调查设计是描述性研究方法之一。形成研究基础的原始数据于2025年2月15日从Web of Science数据库中获得。在WoS数据库中，最初使用关键词“非物质文化遗产”检索到5653份出版物，其中发现1210份与旅游有关。分析表明，对旅游业中非物质文化遗产的最早研究可以追溯到2006年。科尔多瓦大学（University of Cordoba）成为领先机构，发表了20篇论文。发表数量最多的期刊是《可持续性》、《遗产旅游杂志》和《国际非物质遗产杂志》。使用频率最高的五个关键词是非物质文化遗产、文化遗产、旅游、文化旅游和遗产。使用频率较低的关键词包括共同创造、竞争力、民族旅游、农村发展、社区参与、文化路线、感知真实性、保护、城市再生和数字遗产。在国家层面上，中国、西班牙和意大利被确定为主要贡献者，而Su， J., Lopez, g.t.和Zhang， M.是最多产的作者。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the key research features and themes on the issue of translanguaging and EFL learners’ writing skills 探讨译语和英语学习者写作技巧问题的主要研究特点和主题

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102401

Prodhan Mahbub Ibna Seraj , Mashfia Afrin , Blanka Klimova

This study aims to investigate key features and themes of research on the impact of translanguaging on the development of EFL learners' writing skills, based on published studies in the Scopus and Google Scholar databases from January 2022 to December 2024. The findings showed that the key features were (i) the qualitative research design was mostly used (ii) Interview and writing script were employed as the top data collection tools (iii) the participants were mostly multilingual (iv) thematic analysis was in the top as data analysis technique (v) the central findings showed that there was a positive impact of translanguaging on student learning and identity development but the tension between students' translanguaging practices in informal/social contexts and their hesitation in formal academic environments exist and (vi) the insights for recommendation of the study are the curriculum reformation, teachers' training in multilingual pedagogy, recognition of students’ full linguistics repertoires and integration of AI and digital tools to support multilingual writing. On the other hand, the key themes in existing literature were teaching practices, pedagogical approaches, multilingual classroom experiences, multilingual writing practices, decoloniality, and educational technologies. The findings provided valuable insights for researchers, teachers, policymakers, and those involved in this field.

本研究旨在以Scopus和谷歌Scholar数据库中从2022年1月至2024年12月发表的研究为基础，探讨翻译对EFL学习者写作技能发展影响的研究的主要特征和主题。研究结果表明，主要特征是：(1)定性研究设计被大量使用；(2)访谈和写作脚本被作为主要的数据收集工具；(3)参与者多使用多种语言；(4)主题分析作为数据分析技术位居前列；(5)中心研究结果显示，跨语言对学生的学习和身份发展有积极影响，但学生在非正式/社交场合的跨语言实践之间存在紧张关系（vi）推荐研究的见解是课程改革、教师在多语言教学法方面的培训、承认学生的全部语言学技能以及整合人工智能和数字工具以支持多语言写作。另一方面，现有文献中的关键主题是教学实践、教学方法、多语言课堂体验、多语言写作实践、去殖民化和教育技术。研究结果为研究人员、教师、政策制定者和该领域相关人员提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The traditions of inverting objects, painting vermilion, and destroying vessels: Beliefs about life and death in prehistoric funerary vessels in China 倒立物件、涂朱砂、破坏器皿的传统：中国史前丧葬器皿中的生与死信仰

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102399

Yinghao Luo

The prehistoric Chinese burial customs of object inversion, vermilion application, and vessel destruction are reinterpreted as an interconnected ritual complex of “death-making.” Grounded in anthropological theories of death, these practices are identified as active material strategies for performing “rites of separation.” Through a systematic analysis of archaeological data from the pre-Yangshao to Longshan periods, inversion is shown to spatially negate, vermilion to symbolically mark, and destruction to physically terminate objects, collectively enforcing a cosmological boundary between the living and the dead. The dynamic evolution of this complex reveals a profound ideological shift. During the Longshan period, these practices were leveraged for elite power and began to simplify. Their subsequent decline and replacement by specialized funerary objects (mingqi) signal an essential transition in Chinese worldview: from an early focus on “distinguishing between life and death” to a later emphasis on “treating the deceased as if alive.” These burial traditions are thus reframed as a coherent ritual system whose transformation was central to the development of social complexity and the foundational afterlife beliefs of Chinese civilization.

史前中国的丧葬习俗，如物品倒置、朱砂涂抹和容器破坏，被重新诠释为一种相互关联的“制造死亡”的仪式情结。基于死亡的人类学理论，这些做法被认为是执行“分离仪式”的积极物质策略。通过对仰韶前至龙山时期的考古资料的系统分析，倒置可以在空间上否定，朱砂可以象征性地标记，毁灭可以在物理上终止物体，共同强化了生者与死者之间的宇宙边界。这个综合体的动态演变揭示了一个深刻的思想转变。在龙山时期，这些做法被精英权力所利用，并开始简化。它们随后的衰落和被专门的丧葬器物（明器）所取代，标志着中国人世界观的一个重要转变：从早期关注“区分生死”到后来强调“对待死者就像活着一样”。因此，这些埋葬传统被重新定义为一个连贯的仪式系统，其转变对社会复杂性的发展和中国文明的基本来世信仰至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamical modeling as a pathway to scientific creativity: Evidence from physics education students 动态建模作为科学创造力的途径：来自物理教育学生的证据

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102402

Joko Saefan , Wahyu Hardyanto , Wiyanto

This study aims to investigate the relationship between Dynamical Modeling (DM), Scientific Creativity Experience (SCE), and Scientific Creativity (SC) among physics students. A quantitative approach with an explanatory design was employed, involving 112 physics students from three universities in Indonesia. The research instruments were validated by five experts using Aiken’s V index, and all items met the content validity criteria. Analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the measurement and structural models. The results of the measurement model indicate that all three latent variables meet the criteria for convergent validity, internal reliability, and discriminant validity. The results of the structural model indicate that DM has a direct but weak effect on SC, while exerting a strong influence on SCE. SCE significantly enhances and serves as a key mediator in the relationship between DM and SC. These findings suggest that the integration of DM in physics education should be accompanied by SCE mediation. Enrichment strategies that promote SCE—such as idea exploration, evaluating multiple solution alternatives, and adapting models—should be considered in the development of DM activities. Such an approach is expected to not only enhance technical modeling skills but also strengthen students’ creative thinking capacities in solving scientific problems innovatively.

摘要本研究旨在探讨物理系学生动态建模、科学创造体验与科学创造的关系。采用了带有解释设计的定量方法，涉及来自印度尼西亚三所大学的112名物理系学生。研究工具由五位专家使用艾肯V指数进行验证，所有项目均符合内容效度标准。采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型（PLS-SEM）对测量结果和结构模型进行分析。测量模型的结果表明，所有三个潜在变量都满足收敛效度、内部信度和区别效度的标准。结构模型结果表明，DM对SC有直接但微弱的影响，而对SCE有较强的影响。研究结果表明，体育教学中体育教学的整合应辅以体育教学的中介作用。在发展决策活动时应考虑促进sce的丰富策略，如想法探索、评估多种解决方案备选方案和适应模型。这种方法不仅可以提高学生的技术建模能力，还可以增强学生创新解决科学问题的创造性思维能力。

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引用次数: 0

GHRM in aviation healthcare industry for emissions reduction mediated by corporate culture 航空医疗保健行业GHRM：企业文化对减排的中介作用

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102430

Dewi Puspaningtyas Faeni , Ratih Puspitaningtyas Faeni , Basrowi , Hosam Alden Riyadh

The implementation of green human resource management (GHRM) in aviation health services is a crucial strategy for the aviation industry in reducing carbon emissions, the effectiveness of which is greatly influenced by the role of corporate culture as an internal mediator that encourages sustainable organizational behaviour. This study aims to examine GHRM in improving aviation health services as part of the industry's strategy to reduce carbon emissions, focusing on the mediating role of corporate culture. This study uses a quantitative approach with data obtained through a survey of employees in the aviation health service sector from several major airlines in Indonesia. The analysis was conducted using SEM to examine the connection between GHRM implementation, corporate culture and its contribution to the use of industrial emissions. The results show that GHRM has a significant influence on the creation of a pro-environmental corporate culture that facilitates the improvement of sustainable aviation health services and has an impact on emission reduction efforts. Corporate culture is proven to mediate the link between GHRM and the achievement of organizational environmental goals. These findings provide theoretical implications that the integration of GHRM and corporate cultural values is a key combination in creating ecological transformation in the aviation industry. Practically, this study encourages aviation organizations to develop a GHRM system that is in line with corporate cultural values in order to support sustainability and better occupational health.

在航空保健服务中实施绿色人力资源管理（GHRM）是航空业减少碳排放的一项关键战略，其有效性在很大程度上受到企业文化作为鼓励可持续组织行为的内部中介作用的影响。本研究旨在检验GHRM在改善航空健康服务作为行业减少碳排放战略的一部分，重点关注企业文化的中介作用。本研究采用定量方法，通过对印度尼西亚几家主要航空公司航空卫生服务部门员工的调查获得数据。分析使用SEM来检查GHRM实施，企业文化及其对工业排放使用的贡献之间的联系。研究结果表明，GHRM对环境企业文化的建立具有显著影响，有利于改善可持续航空卫生服务，并对减排努力产生影响。企业文化在GHRM与组织环境目标实现之间起到中介作用。这些发现提供了理论启示，即GHRM与企业文化价值的整合是创造航空业生态转型的关键组合。实际上，本研究鼓励航空组织开发符合企业文化价值观的GHRM系统，以支持可持续发展和更好的职业健康。

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引用次数: 0

Trade integration in WAEMU: Why does the weakness of trade between member countries still persist? 西盟的贸易一体化：为什么成员国之间的贸易仍然疲软？

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102389

Mouhamed SECK

Despite longstanding efforts to establish a common market, intra-regional trade within the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) remains consistently weak. In the context, this paper investigates the determinants of intra-WAEMU trade to clarify the persistent weakness of intra-regional trade. Using annual data on intra-WAEMU exports, along with macroeconomic, infrastructural, and institutional indicators for the eight WAEMU countries covering the period 2005–2024, a gravitational model based on the PPML estimator method is applied to identify the main factors influencing trade within the WAEMU. The empirical analysis demonstrates that, in addition to traditional gravity variables such as GDP, distance, and common language, the quality of transport and ICT infrastructure, as well as perceptions of corruption, significantly affect intra-regional trade. These findings suggest that WAEMU policymakers should prioritise improvements in these areas to enhance trade among member countries.

尽管为建立共同市场作出了长期努力，但西非经济和货币联盟（WAEMU）内部的区域内贸易仍然持续疲软。在此背景下，本文研究了区域内贸易的决定因素，以澄清区域内贸易的持续疲软。利用2005-2024年期间东亚经济和货币联盟内部出口的年度数据，以及八个东亚经济和货币联盟国家的宏观经济、基础设施和体制指标，应用基于PPML估计方法的引力模型来确定影响东亚经济和货币联盟内部贸易的主要因素。实证分析表明，除了GDP、距离和共同语言等传统的重力变量外，交通和信息通信技术基础设施的质量以及对腐败的看法也会显著影响区域内贸易。这些发现表明，WAEMU的政策制定者应该优先改善这些领域，以促进成员国之间的贸易。

引用次数: 0

Student engagement and language learning in a flipped ESP classroom: The role of Telegram 翻转式ESP课堂中学生参与与语言学习：电报的作用

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102382

Aybolgan Borasheva

This study investigates the integration of Telegram into a flipped classroom (FC) model for teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it explores how the FC model, supported by Telegram, affects student engagement, language skill development and technology acceptance. Quantitative data were collected through Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and satisfaction surveys, and qualitative insights were gained from interviews. The findings reveal that students perceived English as essential for academic and professional success and responded positively to the FC model, particularly for improving their speaking and listening skills. Telegram emerged as a preferred platform due to its accessibility, collaborative features, and alignment with students’ daily communication habits. While writing skills showed limited gains, students reported increased motivation, reduced anxiety, and stronger classroom participation. Despite some reservations about applying the FC model to other subjects, the study highlights the pedagogical value of combining flipped instruction with mobile technology in multilingual, low-resource contexts. These results contribute to the growing body of research on digital innovation in ESP education and underscore the importance of context-sensitive, learner-centered approaches to enhancing communicative competence.

本研究探讨了将Telegram整合到翻转课堂（FC）模式中，用于特殊用途英语（ESP）课程的教学。它采用混合方法，探讨了由Telegram支持的FC模型如何影响学生的参与度、语言技能发展和技术接受度。通过技术接受模型（TAM）和满意度调查收集定量数据，并从访谈中获得定性见解。研究结果显示，学生们认为英语对学术和职业成功至关重要，并积极响应FC模式，特别是在提高他们的听说技能方面。Telegram因其可访问性、协作特性以及与学生日常交流习惯的一致性而成为首选平台。虽然写作技能的进步有限，但学生们报告说，他们的动力增加了，焦虑减少了，课堂参与度也提高了。尽管对将FC模型应用于其他学科有所保留，但该研究强调了在多语言、低资源环境下将翻转教学与移动技术相结合的教学价值。这些结果促进了对ESP教育中数字创新的研究，并强调了情境敏感、以学习者为中心的方法对提高交际能力的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of integrative literacy programs on rural people's intention to engage in income-generating activities: An analysis of motivational factors in light of the Theory of Planned Behavior 综合扫盲计划对农村居民从事创收活动意愿的影响：基于计划行为理论的动机因素分析

Social sciences & humanities open

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102253

Badr El Azhari , Houmam Lotfi , Abdelghafour El Issi , Nabil El Hamidi , Hanane Zaafrani

To improve the socio-economic situation of rural women, integrative literacy programs (ILP) in Morocco have been designed exclusively for them. Consequently, this study focuses specifically on rural women. This choice is directly linked to the objectives of these programs, which aim to address the specific needs of economically marginalized rural women. The study contributes to existing literature by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to analyze the motivational and behavioral impacts of ILP on income-generating activities (IGAs). Data from 460 rural Moroccan women who participated in these programs were analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM) with a Gamma distribution to account for data heteroscedasticity and skewness. The findings indicate that ILP has a significant and positive impact on rural women's attitudes toward IGAs, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. However, the reduction of cultural pressures (RCULT) is not statistically significant, suggesting persistent societal barriers. Additionally, the study highlights the need for long-term evaluations to assess the sustainability of ILP impacts. The results have policy implications: supporting and expanding ILP can enhance the economic inclusion of rural women and break the cycle of poverty.

为了改善农村妇女的社会经济状况，摩洛哥专门为她们设计了综合扫盲方案（ILP）。因此，这项研究特别侧重于农村妇女。这一选择与这些方案的目标直接相关，这些方案旨在解决经济边缘化农村妇女的具体需求。本研究运用计划行为理论（Theory of Planned Behavior， TPB）分析了ILP对创收活动（income-generating activities, IGAs）的动机和行为影响，为现有文献提供了补充。对参与这些项目的460名摩洛哥农村妇女的数据，采用Gamma分布的广义线性模型（GLM）进行分析，以解释数据的异方差和偏性。研究结果表明，ILP对农村妇女对IGAs的态度、主观规范和感知行为控制有显著的积极影响。然而，文化压力（RCULT）的减少在统计上并不显著，这表明持续存在的社会障碍。此外，该研究强调需要进行长期评估，以评估ILP影响的可持续性。研究结果具有政策意义：支持和扩大农村妇女就业计划可以增强农村妇女的经济包容性，打破贫困循环。

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引用次数: 0