{"title":"Laser-induced direct graphene patterning: from formation mechanism to flexible applications","authors":"","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Portable green energy out of the blue: hydrogel-based energy conversion devices","authors":"","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Song Dong Kim, Kyuha Park, Sungjun Lee, Jeungeun Kum, Yewon Kim, Soojung An, Hyungmin Kim, M. Shin, Donghee Son
The development of flexible and stretchable materials has led to advances in implantable bio-integrated electronic devices that can sense physiological signals or deliver electrical stimulation to various organs in the human body. Such devices are particularly useful for neural interfacing systems that monitor neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy in real time. However, coupling current brain-interfacing devices with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains a practical challenge due to resonance frequency variations from inorganic metal-based devices. Thus, organic conductive materials, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have recently been considered as promising candidates. Nonetheless, their conformability on curvilinear tissues remains questionable. In this study, we developed an injectable conductive hydrogel (ICH) composed of tyramine-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HATYR) and PEDOT:PSS for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing electrodes. Our ICH produced low impedance around 5 kΩ even under 10 Hz, demonstrating high confidence volumetric capacitance. Due to HATYR’s biocompatibility, histological and cytotoxicity assays showed almost no inflammation and toxicity, respectively; in addition, ICH was able to degrade into 40% of its original volume within four weeks in vivo. An electrocorticogram (ECoG) array was also patternable by syringe injections of ICH on a stretchable and flexible elastomeric substrate layer that conformed to curvy brain tissues and successfully recorded ECoG signals under light stimulation. Furthermore, MRI imaging of implanted devices did not show any artifacts, indicating the potential of the MRI-compatible hydrogel electrodes for advanced ECoG arrays. This study provides a promising solution for MRI-compatible neural electrodes, enabling the advancement of chronic neural interfacing systems for monitoring neurodegenerative diseases.
{"title":"Injectable and tissue-conformable conductive hydrogel for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing electrodes","authors":"Song Dong Kim, Kyuha Park, Sungjun Lee, Jeungeun Kum, Yewon Kim, Soojung An, Hyungmin Kim, M. Shin, Donghee Son","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.08","url":null,"abstract":"The development of flexible and stretchable materials has led to advances in implantable bio-integrated electronic devices that can sense physiological signals or deliver electrical stimulation to various organs in the human body. Such devices are particularly useful for neural interfacing systems that monitor neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy in real time. However, coupling current brain-interfacing devices with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains a practical challenge due to resonance frequency variations from inorganic metal-based devices. Thus, organic conductive materials, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have recently been considered as promising candidates. Nonetheless, their conformability on curvilinear tissues remains questionable. In this study, we developed an injectable conductive hydrogel (ICH) composed of tyramine-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HATYR) and PEDOT:PSS for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing electrodes. Our ICH produced low impedance around 5 kΩ even under 10 Hz, demonstrating high confidence volumetric capacitance. Due to HATYR’s biocompatibility, histological and cytotoxicity assays showed almost no inflammation and toxicity, respectively; in addition, ICH was able to degrade into 40% of its original volume within four weeks in vivo. An electrocorticogram (ECoG) array was also patternable by syringe injections of ICH on a stretchable and flexible elastomeric substrate layer that conformed to curvy brain tissues and successfully recorded ECoG signals under light stimulation. Furthermore, MRI imaging of implanted devices did not show any artifacts, indicating the potential of the MRI-compatible hydrogel electrodes for advanced ECoG arrays. This study provides a promising solution for MRI-compatible neural electrodes, enabling the advancement of chronic neural interfacing systems for monitoring neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics have expanded the possibilities beyond the capabilities of traditional rigid devices, indicating promise for a range of applications in electronic skins, wireless biomedical devices, and others. Magnetic materials exploited in these soft systems can further broaden the modalities in sensing and actuation. These magnetic materials, when constructed in the forms of nanoparticles, nanomembranes, or other types of nanostructures, exhibit some unique characteristics, such as the magnetoresistance effect and size-dependent coercivity. Soft electronics and robotics employing such magnetic nanomaterials offer a variety of functions, including the detection of the intensity and direction of magnetic fields, measurement of various types of mechanical deformations, manipulation and transport at small scales, and multimodal complex locomotion in a controllable fashion. Despite recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics, challenges remain in developing advanced materials and manufacturing schemes to improve performance metrics and facilitate integration with other devices. This review article aims to summarize the progress made in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials, with an emphasis on introducing material and device performance. The discussions focus on soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomembranes/nanostructures and magnetic composites. As a concluding remark, this article summarizes the current status of the field and discusses opportunities that underpin future progress.
{"title":"Recent progress in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials","authors":"Xiang Lin, Mengdi Han","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.05","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics have expanded the possibilities beyond the capabilities of traditional rigid devices, indicating promise for a range of applications in electronic skins, wireless biomedical devices, and others. Magnetic materials exploited in these soft systems can further broaden the modalities in sensing and actuation. These magnetic materials, when constructed in the forms of nanoparticles, nanomembranes, or other types of nanostructures, exhibit some unique characteristics, such as the magnetoresistance effect and size-dependent coercivity. Soft electronics and robotics employing such magnetic nanomaterials offer a variety of functions, including the detection of the intensity and direction of magnetic fields, measurement of various types of mechanical deformations, manipulation and transport at small scales, and multimodal complex locomotion in a controllable fashion. Despite recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics, challenges remain in developing advanced materials and manufacturing schemes to improve performance metrics and facilitate integration with other devices. This review article aims to summarize the progress made in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials, with an emphasis on introducing material and device performance. The discussions focus on soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomembranes/nanostructures and magnetic composites. As a concluding remark, this article summarizes the current status of the field and discusses opportunities that underpin future progress.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fanqi Dai, Qifan Geng, Ting Hua, Xing Sheng, Lan Yin, Prof. Lan Yin
biodegradable piezoelectric materials and their potential
可生物降解的压电材料及其潜力
{"title":"Organic biodegradable piezoelectric materials and their potential applications as bioelectronics","authors":"Fanqi Dai, Qifan Geng, Ting Hua, Xing Sheng, Lan Yin, Prof. Lan Yin","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.30","url":null,"abstract":"biodegradable piezoelectric materials and their potential","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress on flexible tactile sensors in robotic applications on objects properties recognition, manipulation and human-machine interactions","authors":"","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.34","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Yue, Xuyang Li, Zifeng Zhao, Hao Wang, Xiaogang Guo
Continuous feedback on a tire is an essential means to ensure tire safety. Smart tires are an important part of the future vehicle control system, which affects the safety and comfort of vehicles by combining sensors with traditional tires to achieve continuous monitoring of real-time dynamic parameters. A stretchable and flexible sensor made of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and PDMS, designed for use in smart tires, is presented in this work. The sensor is known as a LIG-PDMS sensor. Using transfer printing, LIG is formed on a commercial polyimide film under the scribing of a laser beam following the predesigned route before being transferred to a PDMS film. This technology is used to successfully prepare flexible sensors for measuring the tire road interaction at different driving speeds due to its flexibility and shape-following characteristics. The real-time monitoring of the wheel speed and the shape of the tire grounding mark during the driving process is realized by embedding multiple LIG sensors in the tire to monitor the strain information of the tire grounding. Results show that the tire deformation can be accurately feedbacked with the LIG sensors, demonstrating our method's capability for designing and manufacturing intelligent tires.
{"title":"Stretchable flexible sensors for smart tires based on laser-induced graphene technology","authors":"Yang Yue, Xuyang Li, Zifeng Zhao, Hao Wang, Xiaogang Guo","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.02","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous feedback on a tire is an essential means to ensure tire safety. Smart tires are an important part of the future vehicle control system, which affects the safety and comfort of vehicles by combining sensors with traditional tires to achieve continuous monitoring of real-time dynamic parameters. A stretchable and flexible sensor made of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and PDMS, designed for use in smart tires, is presented in this work. The sensor is known as a LIG-PDMS sensor. Using transfer printing, LIG is formed on a commercial polyimide film under the scribing of a laser beam following the predesigned route before being transferred to a PDMS film. This technology is used to successfully prepare flexible sensors for measuring the tire road interaction at different driving speeds due to its flexibility and shape-following characteristics. The real-time monitoring of the wheel speed and the shape of the tire grounding mark during the driving process is realized by embedding multiple LIG sensors in the tire to monitor the strain information of the tire grounding. Results show that the tire deformation can be accurately feedbacked with the LIG sensors, demonstrating our method's capability for designing and manufacturing intelligent tires.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongbian Li, Hyonyoung Shin, Min Zhang, Andrew Yu, Heeyong Huh, Gubeum Kwon, Nicholas J. Riveira, Sangjun Kim, Susmita Gangopadahyay, Jessie Peng, Zhengjie Li, Yifan Rao, L. Sentis, J. Millán, N. Lu
Virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a promising tool for brain-computer interaction and neuroscience research due to its ability to provide immersive and interactive experiences for its users. As a powerful tool to noninvasively monitor the cortex, electroencephalography (EEG) combined with VR represents an exciting opportunity for the measurement of brain activity during these experiences, providing insight into cognitive and neural processes. However, traditional gel-based EEG sensors are not compatible with VR headsets, and most emerging VR-EEG headsets utilizing rigid comb electrodes are uncomfortable after prolonged wear. To address this limitation, we created soft, porous, and hair-compatible sponge electrodes based on conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate/melamine (PMA) and integrated them onto a VR headset through a customized, flexible circuit for multichannel EEG during VR task performing. Our PMA sponge electrodes can deform to make contact with the scalp skin through hairs under the pressure naturally applied by the strap of the VR headset. The specific contact impedance was consistently below 80 kΩ·cm2, even at hairy sites. We demonstrated the capability of our VR-EEG headset by recording alpha rhythms during eye closure at both hairless and hairy sites. In another demonstration, we developed a VR task to evoke the contingent negative variation potential and achieved a classification accuracy of 0.66 ± 0.07, represented by the cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Our sponge-electrode-integrated VR headset is user-friendly and easy to set up, marking a step toward future reliable, comfortable, and reusable VR-EEG technology.
{"title":"Hair-compatible sponge electrodes integrated on VR headset for electroencephalography","authors":"Hongbian Li, Hyonyoung Shin, Min Zhang, Andrew Yu, Heeyong Huh, Gubeum Kwon, Nicholas J. Riveira, Sangjun Kim, Susmita Gangopadahyay, Jessie Peng, Zhengjie Li, Yifan Rao, L. Sentis, J. Millán, N. Lu","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.11","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a promising tool for brain-computer interaction and neuroscience research due to its ability to provide immersive and interactive experiences for its users. As a powerful tool to noninvasively monitor the cortex, electroencephalography (EEG) combined with VR represents an exciting opportunity for the measurement of brain activity during these experiences, providing insight into cognitive and neural processes. However, traditional gel-based EEG sensors are not compatible with VR headsets, and most emerging VR-EEG headsets utilizing rigid comb electrodes are uncomfortable after prolonged wear. To address this limitation, we created soft, porous, and hair-compatible sponge electrodes based on conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate/melamine (PMA) and integrated them onto a VR headset through a customized, flexible circuit for multichannel EEG during VR task performing. Our PMA sponge electrodes can deform to make contact with the scalp skin through hairs under the pressure naturally applied by the strap of the VR headset. The specific contact impedance was consistently below 80 kΩ·cm2, even at hairy sites. We demonstrated the capability of our VR-EEG headset by recording alpha rhythms during eye closure at both hairless and hairy sites. In another demonstration, we developed a VR task to evoke the contingent negative variation potential and achieved a classification accuracy of 0.66 ± 0.07, represented by the cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Our sponge-electrode-integrated VR headset is user-friendly and easy to set up, marking a step toward future reliable, comfortable, and reusable VR-EEG technology.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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