Song Dong Kim, Kyuha Park, Sungjun Lee, Jeungeun Kum, Yewon Kim, Soojung An, Hyungmin Kim, M. Shin, Donghee Son
The development of flexible and stretchable materials has led to advances in implantable bio-integrated electronic devices that can sense physiological signals or deliver electrical stimulation to various organs in the human body. Such devices are particularly useful for neural interfacing systems that monitor neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy in real time. However, coupling current brain-interfacing devices with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains a practical challenge due to resonance frequency variations from inorganic metal-based devices. Thus, organic conductive materials, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have recently been considered as promising candidates. Nonetheless, their conformability on curvilinear tissues remains questionable. In this study, we developed an injectable conductive hydrogel (ICH) composed of tyramine-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HATYR) and PEDOT:PSS for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing electrodes. Our ICH produced low impedance around 5 kΩ even under 10 Hz, demonstrating high confidence volumetric capacitance. Due to HATYR’s biocompatibility, histological and cytotoxicity assays showed almost no inflammation and toxicity, respectively; in addition, ICH was able to degrade into 40% of its original volume within four weeks in vivo. An electrocorticogram (ECoG) array was also patternable by syringe injections of ICH on a stretchable and flexible elastomeric substrate layer that conformed to curvy brain tissues and successfully recorded ECoG signals under light stimulation. Furthermore, MRI imaging of implanted devices did not show any artifacts, indicating the potential of the MRI-compatible hydrogel electrodes for advanced ECoG arrays. This study provides a promising solution for MRI-compatible neural electrodes, enabling the advancement of chronic neural interfacing systems for monitoring neurodegenerative diseases.
{"title":"Injectable and tissue-conformable conductive hydrogel for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing electrodes","authors":"Song Dong Kim, Kyuha Park, Sungjun Lee, Jeungeun Kum, Yewon Kim, Soojung An, Hyungmin Kim, M. Shin, Donghee Son","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.08","url":null,"abstract":"The development of flexible and stretchable materials has led to advances in implantable bio-integrated electronic devices that can sense physiological signals or deliver electrical stimulation to various organs in the human body. Such devices are particularly useful for neural interfacing systems that monitor neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy in real time. However, coupling current brain-interfacing devices with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains a practical challenge due to resonance frequency variations from inorganic metal-based devices. Thus, organic conductive materials, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have recently been considered as promising candidates. Nonetheless, their conformability on curvilinear tissues remains questionable. In this study, we developed an injectable conductive hydrogel (ICH) composed of tyramine-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HATYR) and PEDOT:PSS for MRI-compatible brain-interfacing electrodes. Our ICH produced low impedance around 5 kΩ even under 10 Hz, demonstrating high confidence volumetric capacitance. Due to HATYR’s biocompatibility, histological and cytotoxicity assays showed almost no inflammation and toxicity, respectively; in addition, ICH was able to degrade into 40% of its original volume within four weeks in vivo. An electrocorticogram (ECoG) array was also patternable by syringe injections of ICH on a stretchable and flexible elastomeric substrate layer that conformed to curvy brain tissues and successfully recorded ECoG signals under light stimulation. Furthermore, MRI imaging of implanted devices did not show any artifacts, indicating the potential of the MRI-compatible hydrogel electrodes for advanced ECoG arrays. This study provides a promising solution for MRI-compatible neural electrodes, enabling the advancement of chronic neural interfacing systems for monitoring neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fanqi Dai, Qifan Geng, Ting Hua, Xing Sheng, Lan Yin, Prof. Lan Yin
biodegradable piezoelectric materials and their potential
可生物降解的压电材料及其潜力
{"title":"Organic biodegradable piezoelectric materials and their potential applications as bioelectronics","authors":"Fanqi Dai, Qifan Geng, Ting Hua, Xing Sheng, Lan Yin, Prof. Lan Yin","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.30","url":null,"abstract":"biodegradable piezoelectric materials and their potential","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Yue, Xuyang Li, Zifeng Zhao, Hao Wang, Xiaogang Guo
Continuous feedback on a tire is an essential means to ensure tire safety. Smart tires are an important part of the future vehicle control system, which affects the safety and comfort of vehicles by combining sensors with traditional tires to achieve continuous monitoring of real-time dynamic parameters. A stretchable and flexible sensor made of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and PDMS, designed for use in smart tires, is presented in this work. The sensor is known as a LIG-PDMS sensor. Using transfer printing, LIG is formed on a commercial polyimide film under the scribing of a laser beam following the predesigned route before being transferred to a PDMS film. This technology is used to successfully prepare flexible sensors for measuring the tire road interaction at different driving speeds due to its flexibility and shape-following characteristics. The real-time monitoring of the wheel speed and the shape of the tire grounding mark during the driving process is realized by embedding multiple LIG sensors in the tire to monitor the strain information of the tire grounding. Results show that the tire deformation can be accurately feedbacked with the LIG sensors, demonstrating our method's capability for designing and manufacturing intelligent tires.
{"title":"Stretchable flexible sensors for smart tires based on laser-induced graphene technology","authors":"Yang Yue, Xuyang Li, Zifeng Zhao, Hao Wang, Xiaogang Guo","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.02","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous feedback on a tire is an essential means to ensure tire safety. Smart tires are an important part of the future vehicle control system, which affects the safety and comfort of vehicles by combining sensors with traditional tires to achieve continuous monitoring of real-time dynamic parameters. A stretchable and flexible sensor made of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and PDMS, designed for use in smart tires, is presented in this work. The sensor is known as a LIG-PDMS sensor. Using transfer printing, LIG is formed on a commercial polyimide film under the scribing of a laser beam following the predesigned route before being transferred to a PDMS film. This technology is used to successfully prepare flexible sensors for measuring the tire road interaction at different driving speeds due to its flexibility and shape-following characteristics. The real-time monitoring of the wheel speed and the shape of the tire grounding mark during the driving process is realized by embedding multiple LIG sensors in the tire to monitor the strain information of the tire grounding. Results show that the tire deformation can be accurately feedbacked with the LIG sensors, demonstrating our method's capability for designing and manufacturing intelligent tires.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongbian Li, Hyonyoung Shin, Min Zhang, Andrew Yu, Heeyong Huh, Gubeum Kwon, Nicholas J. Riveira, Sangjun Kim, Susmita Gangopadahyay, Jessie Peng, Zhengjie Li, Yifan Rao, L. Sentis, J. Millán, N. Lu
Virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a promising tool for brain-computer interaction and neuroscience research due to its ability to provide immersive and interactive experiences for its users. As a powerful tool to noninvasively monitor the cortex, electroencephalography (EEG) combined with VR represents an exciting opportunity for the measurement of brain activity during these experiences, providing insight into cognitive and neural processes. However, traditional gel-based EEG sensors are not compatible with VR headsets, and most emerging VR-EEG headsets utilizing rigid comb electrodes are uncomfortable after prolonged wear. To address this limitation, we created soft, porous, and hair-compatible sponge electrodes based on conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate/melamine (PMA) and integrated them onto a VR headset through a customized, flexible circuit for multichannel EEG during VR task performing. Our PMA sponge electrodes can deform to make contact with the scalp skin through hairs under the pressure naturally applied by the strap of the VR headset. The specific contact impedance was consistently below 80 kΩ·cm2, even at hairy sites. We demonstrated the capability of our VR-EEG headset by recording alpha rhythms during eye closure at both hairless and hairy sites. In another demonstration, we developed a VR task to evoke the contingent negative variation potential and achieved a classification accuracy of 0.66 ± 0.07, represented by the cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Our sponge-electrode-integrated VR headset is user-friendly and easy to set up, marking a step toward future reliable, comfortable, and reusable VR-EEG technology.
{"title":"Hair-compatible sponge electrodes integrated on VR headset for electroencephalography","authors":"Hongbian Li, Hyonyoung Shin, Min Zhang, Andrew Yu, Heeyong Huh, Gubeum Kwon, Nicholas J. Riveira, Sangjun Kim, Susmita Gangopadahyay, Jessie Peng, Zhengjie Li, Yifan Rao, L. Sentis, J. Millán, N. Lu","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.11","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a promising tool for brain-computer interaction and neuroscience research due to its ability to provide immersive and interactive experiences for its users. As a powerful tool to noninvasively monitor the cortex, electroencephalography (EEG) combined with VR represents an exciting opportunity for the measurement of brain activity during these experiences, providing insight into cognitive and neural processes. However, traditional gel-based EEG sensors are not compatible with VR headsets, and most emerging VR-EEG headsets utilizing rigid comb electrodes are uncomfortable after prolonged wear. To address this limitation, we created soft, porous, and hair-compatible sponge electrodes based on conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate/melamine (PMA) and integrated them onto a VR headset through a customized, flexible circuit for multichannel EEG during VR task performing. Our PMA sponge electrodes can deform to make contact with the scalp skin through hairs under the pressure naturally applied by the strap of the VR headset. The specific contact impedance was consistently below 80 kΩ·cm2, even at hairy sites. We demonstrated the capability of our VR-EEG headset by recording alpha rhythms during eye closure at both hairless and hairy sites. In another demonstration, we developed a VR task to evoke the contingent negative variation potential and achieved a classification accuracy of 0.66 ± 0.07, represented by the cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Our sponge-electrode-integrated VR headset is user-friendly and easy to set up, marking a step toward future reliable, comfortable, and reusable VR-EEG technology.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress on flexible tactile sensors in robotic applications on objects properties recognition, manipulation and human-machine interactions","authors":"","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.34","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics have expanded the possibilities beyond the capabilities of traditional rigid devices, indicating promise for a range of applications in electronic skins, wireless biomedical devices, and others. Magnetic materials exploited in these soft systems can further broaden the modalities in sensing and actuation. These magnetic materials, when constructed in the forms of nanoparticles, nanomembranes, or other types of nanostructures, exhibit some unique characteristics, such as the magnetoresistance effect and size-dependent coercivity. Soft electronics and robotics employing such magnetic nanomaterials offer a variety of functions, including the detection of the intensity and direction of magnetic fields, measurement of various types of mechanical deformations, manipulation and transport at small scales, and multimodal complex locomotion in a controllable fashion. Despite recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics, challenges remain in developing advanced materials and manufacturing schemes to improve performance metrics and facilitate integration with other devices. This review article aims to summarize the progress made in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials, with an emphasis on introducing material and device performance. The discussions focus on soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomembranes/nanostructures and magnetic composites. As a concluding remark, this article summarizes the current status of the field and discusses opportunities that underpin future progress.
{"title":"Recent progress in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials","authors":"Xiang Lin, Mengdi Han","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.05","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics have expanded the possibilities beyond the capabilities of traditional rigid devices, indicating promise for a range of applications in electronic skins, wireless biomedical devices, and others. Magnetic materials exploited in these soft systems can further broaden the modalities in sensing and actuation. These magnetic materials, when constructed in the forms of nanoparticles, nanomembranes, or other types of nanostructures, exhibit some unique characteristics, such as the magnetoresistance effect and size-dependent coercivity. Soft electronics and robotics employing such magnetic nanomaterials offer a variety of functions, including the detection of the intensity and direction of magnetic fields, measurement of various types of mechanical deformations, manipulation and transport at small scales, and multimodal complex locomotion in a controllable fashion. Despite recent advancements in soft electronics and robotics, challenges remain in developing advanced materials and manufacturing schemes to improve performance metrics and facilitate integration with other devices. This review article aims to summarize the progress made in soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomaterials, with an emphasis on introducing material and device performance. The discussions focus on soft electronics and robotics based on magnetic nanomembranes/nanostructures and magnetic composites. As a concluding remark, this article summarizes the current status of the field and discusses opportunities that underpin future progress.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Shen, Meng-ting Liu, Peipei Liu, Jingkun Xu, N. Li, Zhiliang Wan, Zhihong Chen, Cong-cong Liu, Weiqiang Zhou, Yu-Jie Liang, F. Jiang
Modulating the structural order of conjugated polymers has emerged as a significant approach to enhance the organic thermoelectric performance. Among these materials, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) is considered a promising candidate due to its high conductivity. However, its low thermopower remains a major obstacle to further improve its performance as an organic thermoelectric material. To address this issue, a series of thiophene derivatives with high rigidity and containing dioxyethylene groups were synthesized, and polymer films were prepared through a simple and mild in-situ polymerization method. The polymer molecule containing a thiophene block, named poly[bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy)-alt-thienyl] , exhibits significant self-rigidification due to non-covalent interactions between oxygen and sulfur atoms, resulting in highly ordered assembly. By adding thiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene structures to the intermediate precursor bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy), the 3,4-ethylenedioxy content in the polymer molecule is altered, leading to an almost four-fold increase in the thermopower of the thin film polymer and achieving a maximum thermopower of around 26 μV·K-1. Although poly[bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy)-alt-thienyl] shows a significant increase in thermopower compared to poly[bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy)], the thin film conductivity exhibits a nearly imperceptible decreasing trend due to its highly ordered microstructure. This work highlights the potential to control the aggregation state of polymer molecules and achieve an approximate decoupling between the conductivity and thermopower of thermoelectric materials by rationally designing polymer molecules.
{"title":"A lamellar-ordered poly[bi(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-alt-thienyl] for efficient tuning of thermopower without degenerated conductivity","authors":"L. Shen, Meng-ting Liu, Peipei Liu, Jingkun Xu, N. Li, Zhiliang Wan, Zhihong Chen, Cong-cong Liu, Weiqiang Zhou, Yu-Jie Liang, F. Jiang","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.10","url":null,"abstract":"Modulating the structural order of conjugated polymers has emerged as a significant approach to enhance the organic thermoelectric performance. Among these materials, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) is considered a promising candidate due to its high conductivity. However, its low thermopower remains a major obstacle to further improve its performance as an organic thermoelectric material. To address this issue, a series of thiophene derivatives with high rigidity and containing dioxyethylene groups were synthesized, and polymer films were prepared through a simple and mild in-situ polymerization method. The polymer molecule containing a thiophene block, named poly[bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy)-alt-thienyl] , exhibits significant self-rigidification due to non-covalent interactions between oxygen and sulfur atoms, resulting in highly ordered assembly. By adding thiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene structures to the intermediate precursor bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy), the 3,4-ethylenedioxy content in the polymer molecule is altered, leading to an almost four-fold increase in the thermopower of the thin film polymer and achieving a maximum thermopower of around 26 μV·K-1. Although poly[bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy)-alt-thienyl] shows a significant increase in thermopower compared to poly[bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy)], the thin film conductivity exhibits a nearly imperceptible decreasing trend due to its highly ordered microstructure. This work highlights the potential to control the aggregation state of polymer molecules and achieve an approximate decoupling between the conductivity and thermopower of thermoelectric materials by rationally designing polymer molecules.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal management for wearable devices is evolving to make ubiquitous applications possible based on advanced devices featuring miniaturization, integration, and ultrathin designs. Thermal management and control integrated with wearable devices are highly desirable for various applications for human body monitoring, including external heat exposure and metabolic heat generation, in various activities. Recently, dynamic change materials have been integrated with micro/nano thermal management platforms to address the potential for active thermal management. In this article, recent advances in the architecture of effective thermal management in wearable devices are reviewed, along with the essential mechanisms for managing thermal conditions for users in external/internal thermal environments. Appropriate thermal management approaches are proposed for the design and integration of materials/structures tailored to specific targets in wearable devices. In particular, this review is devoted to materials/structures based on five thermal management strategies: conduction, radiation, evaporation/convection, heat absorption/release, and thermoelectric (TE). Finally, the challenges and prospects for practical applications of thermal management in wearable devices are discussed.
{"title":"Recent progress in thermal management for flexible/wearable devices","authors":"J. Yun","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.04","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal management for wearable devices is evolving to make ubiquitous applications possible based on advanced devices featuring miniaturization, integration, and ultrathin designs. Thermal management and control integrated with wearable devices are highly desirable for various applications for human body monitoring, including external heat exposure and metabolic heat generation, in various activities. Recently, dynamic change materials have been integrated with micro/nano thermal management platforms to address the potential for active thermal management. In this article, recent advances in the architecture of effective thermal management in wearable devices are reviewed, along with the essential mechanisms for managing thermal conditions for users in external/internal thermal environments. Appropriate thermal management approaches are proposed for the design and integration of materials/structures tailored to specific targets in wearable devices. In particular, this review is devoted to materials/structures based on five thermal management strategies: conduction, radiation, evaporation/convection, heat absorption/release, and thermoelectric (TE). Finally, the challenges and prospects for practical applications of thermal management in wearable devices are discussed.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weiwei Zhang, Yanhu Zhang, Xiaodong Yan, Ying Hong, Zhengbao Yang
Piezoelectric materials directly convert energy between electrical and mechanical domains, and have been widely employed in electronic devices as sensors and energy harvesters. Recent research endeavors are mainly devoted to dealing with problems such as high stiffness, brittleness, toxicity, poor durability, and low piezoelectric coefficients. Among developed strategies, chemical modification captures much attention. However, the exact physical properties and direct experimental evidence of chemical modification remain elusive or controversial thus far. In this review, we discuss the recently developed piezoelectric modification strategies for piezoelectric composites and assess the effect of different chemical modification approaches on piezoelectric properties. Moreover, we outline existing challenges and new applications of piezoelectric composites.
{"title":"Challenges and progress of chemical modification in piezoelectric composites and their applications","authors":"Weiwei Zhang, Yanhu Zhang, Xiaodong Yan, Ying Hong, Zhengbao Yang","doi":"10.20517/ss.2022.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.33","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric materials directly convert energy between electrical and mechanical domains, and have been widely employed in electronic devices as sensors and energy harvesters. Recent research endeavors are mainly devoted to dealing with problems such as high stiffness, brittleness, toxicity, poor durability, and low piezoelectric coefficients. Among developed strategies, chemical modification captures much attention. However, the exact physical properties and direct experimental evidence of chemical modification remain elusive or controversial thus far. In this review, we discuss the recently developed piezoelectric modification strategies for piezoelectric composites and assess the effect of different chemical modification approaches on piezoelectric properties. Moreover, we outline existing challenges and new applications of piezoelectric composites.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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