Nanomaterials exhibit unique chemical and physical properties in comparison with their bulk-phase counterparts, attracting significant attention from the oil and gas industry in the hope of solving challenging issues. Current heavy oil extraction methods are costly and have unsatisfactory efficiency, and facing environmental restrictions increasingly. Our recent introduction of sodium (Na) nanofluid provides a promising method for heavy oil extraction since it shows improved oil recovery without burning carbon-containing fuels. Here, we conducted core-flooding tests to further evaluate the effect of this Na nanofluid on recovering oil from different formations, which had not been previously demonstrated, as well as to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The Na nanofluid exhibited excellent oil-extraction efficiency for both types of heavy oil tested. The recovery mechanisms were found to be complicated. We also found that post-injection soaking and using the proper solvent to disperse the sodium nanoparticles are important for further boosting oil recovery.
{"title":"Sodium nanofluid for efficient oil recovery in heavy oil and oil sand reservoirs","authors":"D. Zareei, D. Luo, K. Kostarelos, Z. Ren","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.08","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomaterials exhibit unique chemical and physical properties in comparison with their bulk-phase counterparts, attracting significant attention from the oil and gas industry in the hope of solving challenging issues. Current heavy oil extraction methods are costly and have unsatisfactory efficiency, and facing environmental restrictions increasingly. Our recent introduction of sodium (Na) nanofluid provides a promising method for heavy oil extraction since it shows improved oil recovery without burning carbon-containing fuels. Here, we conducted core-flooding tests to further evaluate the effect of this Na nanofluid on recovering oil from different formations, which had not been previously demonstrated, as well as to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The Na nanofluid exhibited excellent oil-extraction efficiency for both types of heavy oil tested. The recovery mechanisms were found to be complicated. We also found that post-injection soaking and using the proper solvent to disperse the sodium nanoparticles are important for further boosting oil recovery.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47850192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent progress in pressure and temperature tactile sensors: Principle, classification, integration and outlook","authors":"Jiajie Yu, Ke Zhang, Yuan Deng","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45296199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Along with the rapid progress of wearable and portable electronic devices including electrical sensors, flexible displays, and health monitors, there is an ever-growing demand for wearable power sources. Supercapacitors, as a new kind of energy storage device, have received considerable attention for decades due to their high power density, excellent cycling stability
{"title":"Soft materials for wearable supercapacitors","authors":"Lili Jiang, Le Yuan, Wei Wang, Qinyong Zhang","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.07","url":null,"abstract":"Along with the rapid progress of wearable and portable electronic devices including electrical sensors, flexible displays, and health monitors, there is an ever-growing demand for wearable power sources. Supercapacitors, as a new kind of energy storage device, have received considerable attention for decades due to their high power density, excellent cycling stability","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44768738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have aroused tremendous attention due to the high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and flexibility of the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite films. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells is still impeded due to the instability issue induced by moisture and mechanical stress. Herein, we introduce soluble hydrophobic polyimide (PI) as an interfacial layer on top of the perovskite film to block the infiltration of moisture into the perovskite film. The MAPbI 3 -based solar cell with the insertion of PI layer exhibited an impressive stability, maintaining 87% of the initial PCE even after exposing to 50% relative humidity for 550 h and presenting a decent PCE of 21.22% due to its ability to extract holes and reduce trap-assisted recombination. Moreover, the high tolerance of PI to the mechanical stress gives a more stable flexibility to the PSCs under
{"title":"Simultaneously enhancing moisture and mechanical stability of flexible perovskite solar cells via a polyimide interfacial layer","authors":"Zhuoxi Li, X. Kong, Yue Jiang, Xubing Lu, Xin Gao, Chaoliang Tan, Yiwang Chen, Guofu Zhou, Jun-ming Liu, Jinwei Gao","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.06","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have aroused tremendous attention due to the high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and flexibility of the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite films. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells is still impeded due to the instability issue induced by moisture and mechanical stress. Herein, we introduce soluble hydrophobic polyimide (PI) as an interfacial layer on top of the perovskite film to block the infiltration of moisture into the perovskite film. The MAPbI 3 -based solar cell with the insertion of PI layer exhibited an impressive stability, maintaining 87% of the initial PCE even after exposing to 50% relative humidity for 550 h and presenting a decent PCE of 21.22% due to its ability to extract holes and reduce trap-assisted recombination. Moreover, the high tolerance of PI to the mechanical stress gives a more stable flexibility to the PSCs under","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49012723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, human-machine interaction, and healthcare systems, flexible tactile sensors have huge market potentials and research needs, so that both fundamental research and application demonstrations are evolving rapidly to push the potential to reality. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent progress of the flexible tactile sensor system, including the common sensing mechanisms, the important performance evaluation parameters, the device design trend, and the main applications. Moreover, the current device design trend towards flexible tactile sensor systems is discussed, including novel structures for outstanding performance, sensor arrays for large-area information acquisition, multi-mode information acquisition, and integration of tactile sensors with transistors. Various emerging applications enabled with these sensors are also exemplified in this review to show the potentials of the tactile sensors. Finally, we also discuss the technical demands and the future perspectives of flexible tactile sensor systems.
{"title":"Recent progress in flexible tactile sensor systems: from design to application","authors":"Jiefei Zhu, Changjiang Zhou, Min Zhang","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, human-machine interaction, and healthcare systems, flexible tactile sensors have huge market potentials and research needs, so that both fundamental research and application demonstrations are evolving rapidly to push the potential to reality. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent progress of the flexible tactile sensor system, including the common sensing mechanisms, the important performance evaluation parameters, the device design trend, and the main applications. Moreover, the current device design trend towards flexible tactile sensor systems is discussed, including novel structures for outstanding performance, sensor arrays for large-area information acquisition, multi-mode information acquisition, and integration of tactile sensors with transistors. Various emerging applications enabled with these sensors are also exemplified in this review to show the potentials of the tactile sensors. Finally, we also discuss the technical demands and the future perspectives of flexible tactile sensor systems.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42325904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Q. Zou, H. Shang, Daxing Huang, Taiguang Li, Xie Bowei, H. Gu, F. Ding
Bismuth selenide materials (Bi 2 Se 3 ) have high performance around room temperature, demonstrating potential in thermoelectric applications. Presently, most vacuum preparation techniques used to fabricate the film materials, such as magnetron sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy, usually require complex and expensive equipment. This limits the practical applications of flexible thermoelectric films. Here, we prepared Bi 2 Se 3+x nanoplate/ polyvinylidene fluoride composite films with good flexibility using a facile chemical reaction method. Their thermoelectric performance and microstructures were systematically studied. The composite films exhibit a highly preferred orientation along (015). The carrier concentration and mobility were optimized by adding excessive element Se, eventually leading to an improvement in thermoelectric performance. The optimized power factor is 5.2 μ W/K 2 m at 300 K. Furthermore, the performance remains stable after 2500 bending cycles at a radius of 1 cm, suggesting promising applications in wearable/portable electronics.
{"title":"Improved thermoelectric performance in n-type flexible Bi2Se3+x/PVDF composite films","authors":"Q. Zou, H. Shang, Daxing Huang, Taiguang Li, Xie Bowei, H. Gu, F. Ding","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.04","url":null,"abstract":"Bismuth selenide materials (Bi 2 Se 3 ) have high performance around room temperature, demonstrating potential in thermoelectric applications. Presently, most vacuum preparation techniques used to fabricate the film materials, such as magnetron sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy, usually require complex and expensive equipment. This limits the practical applications of flexible thermoelectric films. Here, we prepared Bi 2 Se 3+x nanoplate/ polyvinylidene fluoride composite films with good flexibility using a facile chemical reaction method. Their thermoelectric performance and microstructures were systematically studied. The composite films exhibit a highly preferred orientation along (015). The carrier concentration and mobility were optimized by adding excessive element Se, eventually leading to an improvement in thermoelectric performance. The optimized power factor is 5.2 μ W/K 2 m at 300 K. Furthermore, the performance remains stable after 2500 bending cycles at a radius of 1 cm, suggesting promising applications in wearable/portable electronics.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45762715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Cao, T. Hill, Bo Li, Guimin Chen, Lei Wang, Xing Gao
The dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is one type of emerging soft actuator that has the attractive features of large actuation strains, high energy density, and inherent compliance, which is desirable for novel bio-inspired and soft robotic applications. Due to their inherent elasticity, when stimulated by an alternating current voltage with a frequency matching the natural frequency of the DEA system, the DEAs can exhibit resonant responses which maximize the oscillation amplitude. Silicone elastomers are widely utilized for resonant actuation applications for their reduced viscous damping hence better dynamic performance compared to VHB elastomers. However, the low pre-stretch ratios adopted by silicone elastomers could induce loss-of-tension of the mem-branes in high amplitude oscillations, yet its effects on the dynamic responses of a DEA are not fully understood. By using a numerical dynamic model, this work studies the effects of the loss-of-tension on the frequency response of the antagonistic pure-shear DEAs. A subharmonic frequency response curve isolated from the main response branch is uncovered for the first time in a parametrically forced DEA system, which causes a sudden jump in the oscillation amplitude and serves as a severe threat to the dynamic stability and controllability of the DEA system. By using a global analysis method, the evolution of the isolated response curve against the excitation components and system physical parameters is also investigated numerically.
{"title":"Uncovering isolated resonant responses in antagonistic pure-shear dielectric elastomer actuators","authors":"C. Cao, T. Hill, Bo Li, Guimin Chen, Lei Wang, Xing Gao","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.01","url":null,"abstract":"The dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is one type of emerging soft actuator that has the attractive features of large actuation strains, high energy density, and inherent compliance, which is desirable for novel bio-inspired and soft robotic applications. Due to their inherent elasticity, when stimulated by an alternating current voltage with a frequency matching the natural frequency of the DEA system, the DEAs can exhibit resonant responses which maximize the oscillation amplitude. Silicone elastomers are widely utilized for resonant actuation applications for their reduced viscous damping hence better dynamic performance compared to VHB elastomers. However, the low pre-stretch ratios adopted by silicone elastomers could induce loss-of-tension of the mem-branes in high amplitude oscillations, yet its effects on the dynamic responses of a DEA are not fully understood. By using a numerical dynamic model, this work studies the effects of the loss-of-tension on the frequency response of the antagonistic pure-shear DEAs. A subharmonic frequency response curve isolated from the main response branch is uncovered for the first time in a parametrically forced DEA system, which causes a sudden jump in the oscillation amplitude and serves as a severe threat to the dynamic stability and controllability of the DEA system. By using a global analysis method, the evolution of the isolated response curve against the excitation components and system physical parameters is also investigated numerically.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49207718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetism and magnetic monopoles are among the most classical issues in physics. Conventional magnets are generally composed of rigid materials and may face challenges in extreme situations. Here, as an alternative to rigid magnets, we propose, for the first time, the generation of fluidic endogenous magnetism and construct a magnetic monopole through tuning with a liquid metal machine. Based on theoretical interpretation and conceptual experimental observations, we illustrate that when liquid metals, such as gallium alloy, in a solution rotate under electrical actuation, they form an endogenous magnetic field inside. This explains the phenomenon where two such discrete metal droplets can easily fuse together, indicating their reciprocal attraction via the N and S poles. Furthermore, we reveal that a self-fueled liquid metal motor also runs as an endogenous fluidic magnet owing to the electromagnetic homology. When aluminum is added to liquid gallium in solution, it forms a spin motor and dynamically variable charge distribution that produces endogenous magnetism inside. This explains the common phenomena where reflective collision and attractive fusion between running liquid metal motors occur, which are partially caused by the dynamic adjustment of their N and S polarities, respectively. On this basis, more experimental approaches capable of generating dynamic electrical fields also work for the same target. Finally, we propose that such a fluidic endogenous magnet could lead to a magnetic monopole and four technical routes to realize this are suggested. The first involves matching the interior flow of liquid metal machines. The second is the superposition between an external electric effect and the magnetic field. The third route involves composite construction between magnetic particles and a liquid metal spin motor. Finally, chemical methods, such as via galvanic cell reactions, are proposed. Overall, the present theory and identified experimental evidence illustrate the role of a liquid metal machine as a fluidic endogenous magnet and highlight promising methods for the realization of magnetic monopoles. A group of unconventional magnetoelectric devices and applications could therefore be possible in the near future.
{"title":"Insights into fluidic endogenous magnetism and magnetic monopoles from a liquid metal droplet machine","authors":"Yingli Zhou, J. Zu, Jing Liu","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetism and magnetic monopoles are among the most classical issues in physics. Conventional magnets are generally composed of rigid materials and may face challenges in extreme situations. Here, as an alternative to rigid magnets, we propose, for the first time, the generation of fluidic endogenous magnetism and construct a magnetic monopole through tuning with a liquid metal machine. Based on theoretical interpretation and conceptual experimental observations, we illustrate that when liquid metals, such as gallium alloy, in a solution rotate under electrical actuation, they form an endogenous magnetic field inside. This explains the phenomenon where two such discrete metal droplets can easily fuse together, indicating their reciprocal attraction via the N and S poles. Furthermore, we reveal that a self-fueled liquid metal motor also runs as an endogenous fluidic magnet owing to the electromagnetic homology. When aluminum is added to liquid gallium in solution, it forms a spin motor and dynamically variable charge distribution that produces endogenous magnetism inside. This explains the common phenomena where reflective collision and attractive fusion between running liquid metal motors occur, which are partially caused by the dynamic adjustment of their N and S polarities, respectively. On this basis, more experimental approaches capable of generating dynamic electrical fields also work for the same target. Finally, we propose that such a fluidic endogenous magnet could lead to a magnetic monopole and four technical routes to realize this are suggested. The first involves matching the interior flow of liquid metal machines. The second is the superposition between an external electric effect and the magnetic field. The third route involves composite construction between magnetic particles and a liquid metal spin motor. Finally, chemical methods, such as via galvanic cell reactions, are proposed. Overall, the present theory and identified experimental evidence illustrate the role of a liquid metal machine as a fluidic endogenous magnet and highlight promising methods for the realization of magnetic monopoles. A group of unconventional magnetoelectric devices and applications could therefore be possible in the near future.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67659902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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