C. Cao, T. Hill, Bo Li, Guimin Chen, Lei Wang, Xing Gao
The dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is one type of emerging soft actuator that has the attractive features of large actuation strains, high energy density, and inherent compliance, which is desirable for novel bio-inspired and soft robotic applications. Due to their inherent elasticity, when stimulated by an alternating current voltage with a frequency matching the natural frequency of the DEA system, the DEAs can exhibit resonant responses which maximize the oscillation amplitude. Silicone elastomers are widely utilized for resonant actuation applications for their reduced viscous damping hence better dynamic performance compared to VHB elastomers. However, the low pre-stretch ratios adopted by silicone elastomers could induce loss-of-tension of the mem-branes in high amplitude oscillations, yet its effects on the dynamic responses of a DEA are not fully understood. By using a numerical dynamic model, this work studies the effects of the loss-of-tension on the frequency response of the antagonistic pure-shear DEAs. A subharmonic frequency response curve isolated from the main response branch is uncovered for the first time in a parametrically forced DEA system, which causes a sudden jump in the oscillation amplitude and serves as a severe threat to the dynamic stability and controllability of the DEA system. By using a global analysis method, the evolution of the isolated response curve against the excitation components and system physical parameters is also investigated numerically.
{"title":"Uncovering isolated resonant responses in antagonistic pure-shear dielectric elastomer actuators","authors":"C. Cao, T. Hill, Bo Li, Guimin Chen, Lei Wang, Xing Gao","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.01","url":null,"abstract":"The dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is one type of emerging soft actuator that has the attractive features of large actuation strains, high energy density, and inherent compliance, which is desirable for novel bio-inspired and soft robotic applications. Due to their inherent elasticity, when stimulated by an alternating current voltage with a frequency matching the natural frequency of the DEA system, the DEAs can exhibit resonant responses which maximize the oscillation amplitude. Silicone elastomers are widely utilized for resonant actuation applications for their reduced viscous damping hence better dynamic performance compared to VHB elastomers. However, the low pre-stretch ratios adopted by silicone elastomers could induce loss-of-tension of the mem-branes in high amplitude oscillations, yet its effects on the dynamic responses of a DEA are not fully understood. By using a numerical dynamic model, this work studies the effects of the loss-of-tension on the frequency response of the antagonistic pure-shear DEAs. A subharmonic frequency response curve isolated from the main response branch is uncovered for the first time in a parametrically forced DEA system, which causes a sudden jump in the oscillation amplitude and serves as a severe threat to the dynamic stability and controllability of the DEA system. By using a global analysis method, the evolution of the isolated response curve against the excitation components and system physical parameters is also investigated numerically.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49207718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetism and magnetic monopoles are among the most classical issues in physics. Conventional magnets are generally composed of rigid materials and may face challenges in extreme situations. Here, as an alternative to rigid magnets, we propose, for the first time, the generation of fluidic endogenous magnetism and construct a magnetic monopole through tuning with a liquid metal machine. Based on theoretical interpretation and conceptual experimental observations, we illustrate that when liquid metals, such as gallium alloy, in a solution rotate under electrical actuation, they form an endogenous magnetic field inside. This explains the phenomenon where two such discrete metal droplets can easily fuse together, indicating their reciprocal attraction via the N and S poles. Furthermore, we reveal that a self-fueled liquid metal motor also runs as an endogenous fluidic magnet owing to the electromagnetic homology. When aluminum is added to liquid gallium in solution, it forms a spin motor and dynamically variable charge distribution that produces endogenous magnetism inside. This explains the common phenomena where reflective collision and attractive fusion between running liquid metal motors occur, which are partially caused by the dynamic adjustment of their N and S polarities, respectively. On this basis, more experimental approaches capable of generating dynamic electrical fields also work for the same target. Finally, we propose that such a fluidic endogenous magnet could lead to a magnetic monopole and four technical routes to realize this are suggested. The first involves matching the interior flow of liquid metal machines. The second is the superposition between an external electric effect and the magnetic field. The third route involves composite construction between magnetic particles and a liquid metal spin motor. Finally, chemical methods, such as via galvanic cell reactions, are proposed. Overall, the present theory and identified experimental evidence illustrate the role of a liquid metal machine as a fluidic endogenous magnet and highlight promising methods for the realization of magnetic monopoles. A group of unconventional magnetoelectric devices and applications could therefore be possible in the near future.
{"title":"Insights into fluidic endogenous magnetism and magnetic monopoles from a liquid metal droplet machine","authors":"Yingli Zhou, J. Zu, Jing Liu","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetism and magnetic monopoles are among the most classical issues in physics. Conventional magnets are generally composed of rigid materials and may face challenges in extreme situations. Here, as an alternative to rigid magnets, we propose, for the first time, the generation of fluidic endogenous magnetism and construct a magnetic monopole through tuning with a liquid metal machine. Based on theoretical interpretation and conceptual experimental observations, we illustrate that when liquid metals, such as gallium alloy, in a solution rotate under electrical actuation, they form an endogenous magnetic field inside. This explains the phenomenon where two such discrete metal droplets can easily fuse together, indicating their reciprocal attraction via the N and S poles. Furthermore, we reveal that a self-fueled liquid metal motor also runs as an endogenous fluidic magnet owing to the electromagnetic homology. When aluminum is added to liquid gallium in solution, it forms a spin motor and dynamically variable charge distribution that produces endogenous magnetism inside. This explains the common phenomena where reflective collision and attractive fusion between running liquid metal motors occur, which are partially caused by the dynamic adjustment of their N and S polarities, respectively. On this basis, more experimental approaches capable of generating dynamic electrical fields also work for the same target. Finally, we propose that such a fluidic endogenous magnet could lead to a magnetic monopole and four technical routes to realize this are suggested. The first involves matching the interior flow of liquid metal machines. The second is the superposition between an external electric effect and the magnetic field. The third route involves composite construction between magnetic particles and a liquid metal spin motor. Finally, chemical methods, such as via galvanic cell reactions, are proposed. Overall, the present theory and identified experimental evidence illustrate the role of a liquid metal machine as a fluidic endogenous magnet and highlight promising methods for the realization of magnetic monopoles. A group of unconventional magnetoelectric devices and applications could therefore be possible in the near future.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67659902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuanqing Fan, Zijian Pan, Sihong Chen, Yuhang Li, Zhao Zhao, Yuxia Xin, T. Pan
{"title":"Design and fabrication of a reconfigurable and flexible frequency selective surface with a buckling dipole via mechanical stretching","authors":"Xuanqing Fan, Zijian Pan, Sihong Chen, Yuhang Li, Zhao Zhao, Yuxia Xin, T. Pan","doi":"10.20517/ss.2021.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2021.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67659948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35548-6_57
X. Ye, Chunmei Xu
{"title":"Review and Research on PPP Pattern in China","authors":"X. Ye, Chunmei Xu","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-35548-6_57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35548-6_57","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":"559-571"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-642-35548-6_57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51087932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sixteenth national congress of CPC has set the striving objectives of building a learning society. This paper defines the three learning processes of individual learning, organizational learning and social learning. It also analyzes the concept and characteristics of learning society from the view of national innovation system. At last, it puts forward the concrete measures to establish learning society.
{"title":"Learning and Learning Society","authors":"X. Gu","doi":"10.4324/9781315042435-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315042435-9","url":null,"abstract":"The sixteenth national congress of CPC has set the striving objectives of building a learning society. This paper defines the three learning processes of individual learning, organizational learning and social learning. It also analyzes the concept and characteristics of learning society from the view of national innovation system. At last, it puts forward the concrete measures to establish learning society.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70624313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smart wearable electronic devices capable of information exchanging (such as human-machine interfaces) have developed into key carriers for the interconnection, intercommunication, and interaction between humans and machines. Multimodal electronic textiles that incorporate multifunctional sensors into daily clothing are an emerging technology to realize smart wearable electronics. This has greatly advanced human-machine interface technology by bridging the gap between wearing comfort and traditional wearable electronic devices, which will facilitate the rapid development and wide application of natural human-machine interfaces. In this article, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research progress on multimodal electronic textiles for intelligent human-machine interfaces. Firstly, we introduce the most representative electronic textile manufacturing strategies in terms of functional fiber preparation and multimodal textile forming. Then, we explore the multifunctional sensing capability of multimodal electronic textiles and emphasize their advanced applications in intelligent human-machine interfaces. Finally, we present new insights on the future research directions and the challenges faced in practical applications of multimodal electronic textiles.
{"title":"Multimodal electronic textiles for intelligent human-machine interfaces","authors":"Xiao Wei, Xiaotong Liang, Chongguang Meng, Shuze Cao, Qiongfeng Shi, Jun Wu","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.09","url":null,"abstract":"Smart wearable electronic devices capable of information exchanging (such as human-machine interfaces) have developed into key carriers for the interconnection, intercommunication, and interaction between humans and machines. Multimodal electronic textiles that incorporate multifunctional sensors into daily clothing are an emerging technology to realize smart wearable electronics. This has greatly advanced human-machine interface technology by bridging the gap between wearing comfort and traditional wearable electronic devices, which will facilitate the rapid development and wide application of natural human-machine interfaces. In this article, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research progress on multimodal electronic textiles for intelligent human-machine interfaces. Firstly, we introduce the most representative electronic textile manufacturing strategies in terms of functional fiber preparation and multimodal textile forming. Then, we explore the multifunctional sensing capability of multimodal electronic textiles and emphasize their advanced applications in intelligent human-machine interfaces. Finally, we present new insights on the future research directions and the challenges faced in practical applications of multimodal electronic textiles.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Guess, I. Soltis, Bruno Rigo, Nathan Zavanelli, Sara Kapasi, Hyeonseok Kim, W. Yeo
Seismocardiography (SCG) is the measure of local vibrations in the chest due to heartbeats. Typically, SCG signals are measured using rigid integrated circuit (IC) accelerometers and bulky electronics. However, as alternatives, recent studies of emerging flexible sensors show promise. Here, we introduce the development of wireless soft capacitive sensors that require no battery or rigid IC components for measuring SCG signals for cardiovascular health monitoring. Both the capacitive and inductive components of the circuit are patterned with laser micromachining of a polyimide-coated copper and are encapsulated with an elastomer. The wearable soft sensor can detect small strain changes on the skin, which is wirelessly measured by examining the power reflected from the antenna at a stimulating frequency. The performance of the device is verified by comparing the fiducial points to SCG measured by a commercial accelerometer and electromyograms from a commercial electrode. Overall, the human subject study demonstrates that the fiducial points are consistent with data from commercial devices, showing the potential of the ultrathin soft sensors for ambulatory cardiovascular monitoring without bulky electronics and rigid components.
{"title":"Wireless batteryless soft sensors for ambulatory cardiovascular health monitoring","authors":"M. Guess, I. Soltis, Bruno Rigo, Nathan Zavanelli, Sara Kapasi, Hyeonseok Kim, W. Yeo","doi":"10.20517/ss.2023.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.17","url":null,"abstract":"Seismocardiography (SCG) is the measure of local vibrations in the chest due to heartbeats. Typically, SCG signals are measured using rigid integrated circuit (IC) accelerometers and bulky electronics. However, as alternatives, recent studies of emerging flexible sensors show promise. Here, we introduce the development of wireless soft capacitive sensors that require no battery or rigid IC components for measuring SCG signals for cardiovascular health monitoring. Both the capacitive and inductive components of the circuit are patterned with laser micromachining of a polyimide-coated copper and are encapsulated with an elastomer. The wearable soft sensor can detect small strain changes on the skin, which is wirelessly measured by examining the power reflected from the antenna at a stimulating frequency. The performance of the device is verified by comparing the fiducial points to SCG measured by a commercial accelerometer and electromyograms from a commercial electrode. Overall, the human subject study demonstrates that the fiducial points are consistent with data from commercial devices, showing the potential of the ultrathin soft sensors for ambulatory cardiovascular monitoring without bulky electronics and rigid components.","PeriodicalId":74837,"journal":{"name":"Soft science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67660688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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