Pub Date : 2017-06-24DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.315.324
Monirul Islam, M. Mamun, Z. Islam, M. Keramat
Aerosol-cloud interactions influence the global precipitation patterns that influence significantly the Earth's climate system. Anthropogenic aerosols alter the clouds and their optical properties. The present study has investigated the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), cloud parameters and rainfall interactions for three different monsoon periods (2008-2010) and also compared the satellite rainfall with ground based observations, by using MODIS and TRMM datasets. The highest average of AOD was in the month of June and lowest was in July for both Rajshahi and Sylhet divisions. Comparing between Rajshahi and Sylhet, Rajshahi was in the peak of aerosol contamination than Sylhet. The cloud parameters, such as COD and CER, were positively correlated with rainfall except CER in Rajshahi during the 2010 monsoon season and in Sylhet during the 2008 monsoon season. The investigation has showed complex interaction among AOD, cloud parameters and rainfall in both regions during the study period. In addition TRMM satellite-derived rainfall has compared with ground-measured values. The result indicated that TRMM rainfall data were in good agreement with ground measurements with correlation coefficient of above 0.90 in Rajshahi.
{"title":"Interactions of Aerosol Optical Depth and Cloud Parameters with Rainfall and the Validation of Satellite Based Rainfall Observations","authors":"Monirul Islam, M. Mamun, Z. Islam, M. Keramat","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.315.324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.315.324","url":null,"abstract":"Aerosol-cloud interactions influence the global precipitation patterns that influence significantly the Earth's climate system. Anthropogenic aerosols alter the clouds and their optical properties. The present study has investigated the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), cloud parameters and rainfall interactions for three different monsoon periods (2008-2010) and also compared the satellite rainfall with ground based observations, by using MODIS and TRMM datasets. The highest average of AOD was in the month of June and lowest was in July for both Rajshahi and Sylhet divisions. Comparing between Rajshahi and Sylhet, Rajshahi was in the peak of aerosol contamination than Sylhet. The cloud parameters, such as COD and CER, were positively correlated with rainfall except CER in Rajshahi during the 2010 monsoon season and in Sylhet during the 2008 monsoon season. The investigation has showed complex interaction among AOD, cloud parameters and rainfall in both regions during the study period. In addition TRMM satellite-derived rainfall has compared with ground-measured values. The result indicated that TRMM rainfall data were in good agreement with ground measurements with correlation coefficient of above 0.90 in Rajshahi.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"04 1","pages":"315-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85921097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-19DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.233.244
S. Bukhari, S. Rohani
Coal Fly Ash (CFA) was converted to zeolite using continuous microwave reactors while minimizing the wastewater produced during the zeolitization process. At bench scale, a continuous flow tubular microwave reactor was used to explore the effect of microwave irradiation on the crystallinity of the product. The waste water was reused in consecutive runs and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis was conducted during and after each run to observe the concentration of the cations. An increase in the production of hydroxysodalite compared to zeolite-A was noted at higher levels of microwave energy. The XRD and SEM analyses were also conducted to corroborate the results. The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) measurement showed the highest value of 0.405 meq/g when Deionized (DI) water was used, the CEC dropped to 0.177 meq/g for thrice recycled waste stream. It was also found that higher microwave irradiation resulted in faster crystal growth and the product crystallinity reached its maximum at 810 W of microwave irradiation in 60 min while 335 W of microwave irradiation resulted in the same crystallinity after 120 min of reaction.
{"title":"Continuous Flow Synthesis of Zeolite-A from Coal Fly Ash Utilizing Microwave Irradiation with Recycled Liquid Stream","authors":"S. Bukhari, S. Rohani","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.233.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.233.244","url":null,"abstract":"Coal Fly Ash (CFA) was converted to zeolite using continuous microwave reactors while minimizing the wastewater produced during the zeolitization process. At bench scale, a continuous flow tubular microwave reactor was used to explore the effect of microwave irradiation on the crystallinity of the product. The waste water was reused in consecutive runs and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis was conducted during and after each run to observe the concentration of the cations. An increase in the production of hydroxysodalite compared to zeolite-A was noted at higher levels of microwave energy. The XRD and SEM analyses were also conducted to corroborate the results. The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) measurement showed the highest value of 0.405 meq/g when Deionized (DI) water was used, the CEC dropped to 0.177 meq/g for thrice recycled waste stream. It was also found that higher microwave irradiation resulted in faster crystal growth and the product crystallinity reached its maximum at 810 W of microwave irradiation in 60 min while 335 W of microwave irradiation resulted in the same crystallinity after 120 min of reaction.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"72 1","pages":"233-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87273998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-10DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.277.288
Martin T. Mpinda, Sissou Zakari, O. Abass, Eric Misilu M. Nsokimieno, Guy David Sebagenzi, Lydie Linda Basheke, Maurice Kesonga, Henri de Paul I. Nkomerwa, Rodrigue Khonde, P. K. Kasangij
The insufficient supervision of household solid waste is a notorious problem in DR. Congo cities. Besides, solid waste management in Lubumbashi has been very rudimentary and unsystematic. This study aims to quantify and characterize the household solid waste in two Lubumbashi municipalities. For more than 50 years after independence from colonialism, the city trailed direct discharge of waste on exposed site and waterside and sometimes in watercourse with no soil cover or leachate treatment in place. Almost sixty households from two Lubumbashi city municipalities were investigated by means of group sampling techniques and the obtained data was used to quantify and characterize the municipalities' household solid waste. The composition of the household waste revealed that 30% of the wastes were recovered by Lubumbashi's state administration and 70% by local residential services termed individuals. However, in Kamalondo municipality, the household waste recovered by the state, individuals and private sectors were 25.9%, 67.5 and 6.7%, respectively. About 90% of the residence did not subscribe for the household system of collection. While each household generated varying amount and type of wastes, the average value of biodegradable waste produced in Kamalondo (1.79 kg) was three times higher than that in Lubumbashi (0.65 kg). Finally, this study highlighted that about USD 2.00 per household was enough to improve the household waste collection system of 2,000,000 residents in seven municipalities.
{"title":"Characterization of Household Wastes in D.R. Congo, a Case Study of Lubumbashi","authors":"Martin T. Mpinda, Sissou Zakari, O. Abass, Eric Misilu M. Nsokimieno, Guy David Sebagenzi, Lydie Linda Basheke, Maurice Kesonga, Henri de Paul I. Nkomerwa, Rodrigue Khonde, P. K. Kasangij","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.277.288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.277.288","url":null,"abstract":"The insufficient supervision of household solid waste is a notorious problem in DR. Congo cities. Besides, solid waste management in Lubumbashi has been very rudimentary and unsystematic. This study aims to quantify and characterize the household solid waste in two Lubumbashi municipalities. For more than 50 years after independence from colonialism, the city trailed direct discharge of waste on exposed site and waterside and sometimes in watercourse with no soil cover or leachate treatment in place. Almost sixty households from two Lubumbashi city municipalities were investigated by means of group sampling techniques and the obtained data was used to quantify and characterize the municipalities' household solid waste. The composition of the household waste revealed that 30% of the wastes were recovered by Lubumbashi's state administration and 70% by local residential services termed individuals. However, in Kamalondo municipality, the household waste recovered by the state, individuals and private sectors were 25.9%, 67.5 and 6.7%, respectively. About 90% of the residence did not subscribe for the household system of collection. While each household generated varying amount and type of wastes, the average value of biodegradable waste produced in Kamalondo (1.79 kg) was three times higher than that in Lubumbashi (0.65 kg). Finally, this study highlighted that about USD 2.00 per household was enough to improve the household waste collection system of 2,000,000 residents in seven municipalities.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"69 1","pages":"277-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89103484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-05DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.266.276
A. Kesraoui, A. Mabrouk, M. Seffen
The purpose of this research was to estimate the potential of cellulosic fibers of highly available and renewable Tunisian biomass Phragmites australis for the biosorption of an anionic metal complexed dye: Alpacide blue. The present study shows that the Phragmite australis were used successfully for the adsorption of Alpcide blue from aqueous solution. Equilibrium was reached after 5 h at 20°C and at pH 2. Optimal adsorption parameters for adsorption of dye onto fibers extract of upper rods were accomplished after 5 h of biosorption using an initial dye concentration of 50 mg L-1, biosorbent amount of 0.5 g of Phragmites australis, pH 2 and a granulometry size between 250 and 500 μm. In these conditions, the adsorbed amount of Alpacide blue is 6.11 mg g-1 and the biosorption percentage is 85.9%. When the temperature increases until 60°C, the retention rate increases also to reach a value of 90.5%. Regarding fibers extracted from roots, we notice improvement of the adsorbed amount which reaches 7.0 mg g-1 and the overall retention rate of 92.6% at 20°C. While at 60°C the amount adsorbed is 7.4 mg g-1 and the fixation rate reached 94%. The biosorption phenomenon seems to be endothermic. Moreover the adsorption process is fast, following the model of pseudo-second order for both parts of the plant stems and roots. Finally, mathematical modeling of adsorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich model perfectly describes the biosorption of organic dye studied by these fibers of Phragmites australis for both stems and roots.
{"title":"Valuation of Biomaterial: Phragmites australis in the Retention of Metal-Complexed Dyes","authors":"A. Kesraoui, A. Mabrouk, M. Seffen","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.266.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.266.276","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research was to estimate the potential of cellulosic fibers of highly available and renewable Tunisian biomass Phragmites australis for the biosorption of an anionic metal complexed dye: Alpacide blue. The present study shows that the Phragmite australis were used successfully for the adsorption of Alpcide blue from aqueous solution. Equilibrium was reached after 5 h at 20°C and at pH 2. Optimal adsorption parameters for adsorption of dye onto fibers extract of upper rods were accomplished after 5 h of biosorption using an initial dye concentration of 50 mg L-1, biosorbent amount of 0.5 g of Phragmites australis, pH 2 and a granulometry size between 250 and 500 μm. In these conditions, the adsorbed amount of Alpacide blue is 6.11 mg g-1 and the biosorption percentage is 85.9%. When the temperature increases until 60°C, the retention rate increases also to reach a value of 90.5%. Regarding fibers extracted from roots, we notice improvement of the adsorbed amount which reaches 7.0 mg g-1 and the overall retention rate of 92.6% at 20°C. While at 60°C the amount adsorbed is 7.4 mg g-1 and the fixation rate reached 94%. The biosorption phenomenon seems to be endothermic. Moreover the adsorption process is fast, following the model of pseudo-second order for both parts of the plant stems and roots. Finally, mathematical modeling of adsorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich model perfectly describes the biosorption of organic dye studied by these fibers of Phragmites australis for both stems and roots.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"56 1","pages":"266-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72644314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.398.411
W. A. Farid
Shatt Al-Arab River is one of the important rivers for water supply, industry and irrigation in Basrah City, south of Iraq. It's also supply drinking water to users in the region. Despite the significance of this river, there is a lack of previous studies dealing with petroleum pollution especially for geochemical studies of organic matter in the river sediments using molecular tracer methods. Therefore, the identification and quantification of petroleum hydrocarbons in this river at the elemental and molecular levels will be of the utmost interest. Sediments were analyzed in nine Shatt Al-Arab River stations. Texture was silty clay or silty sand. TOC and TN ranged from 0.39-0.90 and 0.02-0.16%. OM varied from 17.43-34.36 µg g-1 dw, representing 0.27-0.87% of TOC. AHs ranged from 3.19-10.27 µg g-1 dw and constituted 16.07-29.88% of OM. Total n-alkanes concentrations ranged from 0.08-42.58 µg g-1 dw with carbon numbers from C11-C34 were identified. N-alkanes content was relatively moderate compared to sites contaminated with oil worldwide. Dominance of even carbon number n-alkanes (C11-C20) with CPI and LMW/HMW values close to unity, indicated to oil-related n-alkanes. This was verified by the values of U/R (1.27-2.45), pri/phy (0.82-1.00), C17/pri (0.70-1.94) and C18/phy (0.95-1.56) ratios and the presence of UCM. Biogenic contributions were detected within the n-alkanes distribution of C17-C31 and CPI and LMW/HMW values of <1 that mainly related to terrestrial plants, phytoplankton, algae and bacteria sources, confirmed by TAR (0.79-2.15) and C31/C19 ratio (0.28-1.62) values. However, the contribution from biogenic hydrocarbons is overshadowed by petroleum origin n-alkanes. This was obvious by the presence of UCM. PCA showed concordant results with n-alkanes ratios indicating mixed n-alkanes sources in sediments. Hopanes and steranes in sediments displayed similar signatures that were characteristic of mature organic matter contribution from oil contaminations.
{"title":"Assessment of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of Shatt Al-Arab River, Southern Iraq, North East Arabian Gulf","authors":"W. A. Farid","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.398.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.398.411","url":null,"abstract":"Shatt Al-Arab River is one of the important rivers for water supply, industry and irrigation in Basrah City, south of Iraq. It's also supply drinking water to users in the region. Despite the significance of this river, there is a lack of previous studies dealing with petroleum pollution especially for geochemical studies of organic matter in the river sediments using molecular tracer methods. Therefore, the identification and quantification of petroleum hydrocarbons in this river at the elemental and molecular levels will be of the utmost interest. Sediments were analyzed in nine Shatt Al-Arab River stations. Texture was silty clay or silty sand. TOC and TN ranged from 0.39-0.90 and 0.02-0.16%. OM varied from 17.43-34.36 µg g-1 dw, representing 0.27-0.87% of TOC. AHs ranged from 3.19-10.27 µg g-1 dw and constituted 16.07-29.88% of OM. Total n-alkanes concentrations ranged from 0.08-42.58 µg g-1 dw with carbon numbers from C11-C34 were identified. N-alkanes content was relatively moderate compared to sites contaminated with oil worldwide. Dominance of even carbon number n-alkanes (C11-C20) with CPI and LMW/HMW values close to unity, indicated to oil-related n-alkanes. This was verified by the values of U/R (1.27-2.45), pri/phy (0.82-1.00), C17/pri (0.70-1.94) and C18/phy (0.95-1.56) ratios and the presence of UCM. Biogenic contributions were detected within the n-alkanes distribution of C17-C31 and CPI and LMW/HMW values of <1 that mainly related to terrestrial plants, phytoplankton, algae and bacteria sources, confirmed by TAR (0.79-2.15) and C31/C19 ratio (0.28-1.62) values. However, the contribution from biogenic hydrocarbons is overshadowed by petroleum origin n-alkanes. This was obvious by the presence of UCM. PCA showed concordant results with n-alkanes ratios indicating mixed n-alkanes sources in sediments. Hopanes and steranes in sediments displayed similar signatures that were characteristic of mature organic matter contribution from oil contaminations.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"398-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85967474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.388.397
R. Bhat, Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Mohammad Aneesul Mehmood, Khalid Rehman Hakeem
The Kashmir valley is facing tremendous pressure associated with problems of growing waste generation. Thus, the aim of the present research was to generate baseline data for adequate waste management and associated problems. For the collection of samples, 20 houses were randomly selected in the main town from each district and segregated into compostable, recyclable, combustible and inert categories. All the samples were transported with immense care to the laboratory for further analysis. Waste generation for the four districts with an average of 0.526 kg/capita/day in Srinagar, 0.479 kg/capita/day in Anantnag, 0.400 kg/capita/day in Ganderbal and 0.397 kg/capita/day in Budgam were determined during the current investigation. The total waste generated on annual basis observed in all the four districts was observed to be 57,199.99 Metric Tonnes (MT) with the highest (236,732.75 MT) in Srinagar and the lowest of (42,840.00 MT) in Budgam. The waste constituent accounted highest 20-22% for food waste followed by cardboard and paper (11-15%), wooden items (11-14%). The major fraction of category waste comprised of recyclable (62-64%), followed by compostable (20-21%) and minor comprised of inert materials (3-4%). In general, poor to negligible systems of waste collection, transportation and disposal were observed in all four districts. Srinagar was found as the lone district practicing landfilling of MSW in Achan area. Thus, the need of hour is to save the scenic beauty of fragile ecosystem from waste disposal hazard after adopting various strategies like segregation of waste at the source and statutory provisions.
{"title":"Municipal Solid Waste Generation and its Management, a Growing Threat to Fragile Ecosystem in Kashmir Himalaya","authors":"R. Bhat, Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Mohammad Aneesul Mehmood, Khalid Rehman Hakeem","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.388.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.388.397","url":null,"abstract":"The Kashmir valley is facing tremendous pressure associated with problems of growing waste generation. Thus, the aim of the present research was to generate baseline data for adequate waste management and associated problems. For the collection of samples, 20 houses were randomly selected in the main town from each district and segregated into compostable, recyclable, combustible and inert categories. All the samples were transported with immense care to the laboratory for further analysis. Waste generation for the four districts with an average of 0.526 kg/capita/day in Srinagar, 0.479 kg/capita/day in Anantnag, 0.400 kg/capita/day in Ganderbal and 0.397 kg/capita/day in Budgam were determined during the current investigation. The total waste generated on annual basis observed in all the four districts was observed to be 57,199.99 Metric Tonnes (MT) with the highest (236,732.75 MT) in Srinagar and the lowest of (42,840.00 MT) in Budgam. The waste constituent accounted highest 20-22% for food waste followed by cardboard and paper (11-15%), wooden items (11-14%). The major fraction of category waste comprised of recyclable (62-64%), followed by compostable (20-21%) and minor comprised of inert materials (3-4%). In general, poor to negligible systems of waste collection, transportation and disposal were observed in all four districts. Srinagar was found as the lone district practicing landfilling of MSW in Achan area. Thus, the need of hour is to save the scenic beauty of fragile ecosystem from waste disposal hazard after adopting various strategies like segregation of waste at the source and statutory provisions.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":"388-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88201245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-28DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.225.232
Ullah S.M Asik, Tani Masakazu
This study focuses on the household fuelwood in the Teknaf Peninsula of Bangladesh. Teknaf Peninsula has a protected forest area which is facing the threat of extinction due to the over dependency of the local people. Among the subsistence activities, harvesting fuelwood from the protected forest area is the most common and also a significant cause for the deforestation. This study aimed to determine the household fuelwood consumption and factors influencing the consumption. Data was collected during March 2015 using structured questionnaire to interview the sampled households. Among the 42 households the average annual consumption of fuelwood per person was found 1168 kg, which is quit higher than other similar studies around the world. Among the considered factors only family size influenced the fuelwood consumption. According to the current reports and our fuelwood consumption study the forest is not capable to provide fuelwood in a sustainable way.
{"title":"Fuelwood Consumption and its Impact on Forests in the Teknaf Peninsula on the Southern Coast of Bangladesh","authors":"Ullah S.M Asik, Tani Masakazu","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.225.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.225.232","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the household fuelwood in the Teknaf Peninsula of Bangladesh. Teknaf Peninsula has a protected forest area which is facing the threat of extinction due to the over dependency of the local people. Among the subsistence activities, harvesting fuelwood from the protected forest area is the most common and also a significant cause for the deforestation. This study aimed to determine the household fuelwood consumption and factors influencing the consumption. Data was collected during March 2015 using structured questionnaire to interview the sampled households. Among the 42 households the average annual consumption of fuelwood per person was found 1168 kg, which is quit higher than other similar studies around the world. Among the considered factors only family size influenced the fuelwood consumption. According to the current reports and our fuelwood consumption study the forest is not capable to provide fuelwood in a sustainable way.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"225-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86402888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-22DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.251.265
A. Syukur, Y. Wardiatno, I. Muchsin, M. Kamal
Seagrass ecology contributes to the preservation of fish and other biota diversity and is also an important livelihood source for fishermen and local communities. The purpose of our research was (1) to determine the source of the threats toseagrass ecology and to the ecological services it provides for the sustainability of fish resources and (2) to determine the main indicators defining the conservation needs of seagrass in the study area. Data were collected through direct observation, questionnaires, interviews and discussions. Data for fish in the seagrass bed research sites were obtained using mini-trawlers belonging to local fishermen. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analyses. The results showed that seagrass beds play an important role in fish ecology and that local livelihoods were highly dependent on small-scale fishing. However, fishermen and local communities also constituted the two main threats to the preservation and sustainability of fish and other biota in the area. Our results found, too, that there is a scarcity of some types of biota: some fish species, mollusks, crabs, see-urchin and some types of sea cucumber were very difficult to find in the seagrass beds that were the focus of our study. Our conclusion is that, given the scarcity of fifteen species of fish, as well as of other biota and the lack of diversity in fish food in our study area, it is imperative that seagrass conservation becomes an important priority for conservation interventions.
{"title":"Threats to Seagrass Ecology and Indicators of the Importance of Seagrass Ecological Services in the Coastal Waters of East Lombok, Indonesia","authors":"A. Syukur, Y. Wardiatno, I. Muchsin, M. Kamal","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.251.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.251.265","url":null,"abstract":"Seagrass ecology contributes to the preservation of fish and other biota diversity and is also an important livelihood source for fishermen and local communities. The purpose of our research was (1) to determine the source of the threats toseagrass ecology and to the ecological services it provides for the sustainability of fish resources and (2) to determine the main indicators defining the conservation needs of seagrass in the study area. Data were collected through direct observation, questionnaires, interviews and discussions. Data for fish in the seagrass bed research sites were obtained using mini-trawlers belonging to local fishermen. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analyses. The results showed that seagrass beds play an important role in fish ecology and that local livelihoods were highly dependent on small-scale fishing. However, fishermen and local communities also constituted the two main threats to the preservation and sustainability of fish and other biota in the area. Our results found, too, that there is a scarcity of some types of biota: some fish species, mollusks, crabs, see-urchin and some types of sea cucumber were very difficult to find in the seagrass beds that were the focus of our study. Our conclusion is that, given the scarcity of fifteen species of fish, as well as of other biota and the lack of diversity in fish food in our study area, it is imperative that seagrass conservation becomes an important priority for conservation interventions.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"251-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81913838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-19DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.245.250
R. D. Bekti, K. Suryowati, H. Tanty
Spatial interpolation is an important method, getting information about pollutan from landfill location in groundwater quality mapping. Ordinary kriging is used to predict the unknown values in some locations, based on the autocorrelations among the nearby locations. In this research, ordinary kriging interpolation was used to divine the chemical characteristic of Manganese (Mn) and Lead (Pb), then 22 samples, around the Integrated Waste Management (TPST) Bantar Gebang, were taken for the purpose. In conclusion, there is an autocorrelation spatial among those locations. In addition, the Gaussian variogram model gives a better result than the Exponential model and the higher of Mn and Pb is in the southeast of TPST Bantar Gebang. This location has the high chance to be an affected pollution area.
{"title":"Mapping of Mn and Pb as Effect of Landfill Pollutant based on Ordinary Kriging Interpolation","authors":"R. D. Bekti, K. Suryowati, H. Tanty","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.245.250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.245.250","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial interpolation is an important method, getting information about pollutan from landfill location in groundwater quality mapping. Ordinary kriging is used to predict the unknown values in some locations, based on the autocorrelations among the nearby locations. In this research, ordinary kriging interpolation was used to divine the chemical characteristic of Manganese (Mn) and Lead (Pb), then 22 samples, around the Integrated Waste Management (TPST) Bantar Gebang, were taken for the purpose. In conclusion, there is an autocorrelation spatial among those locations. In addition, the Gaussian variogram model gives a better result than the Exponential model and the higher of Mn and Pb is in the southeast of TPST Bantar Gebang. This location has the high chance to be an affected pollution area.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"245-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76713514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-05DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2017.210.224
L. Pavlichenko, Espolayeva Aikerim, A. Aktymbayeva, I. Aziza
The article includes the detailed description of a simplified method of solving the integrated environmental assessment inverse problem. The method was developed by the authors on the basis of using ready map of expert specific environmental assessment of anthropogenic transformation of vegetation in Mangistau region. The first part of the methodology is aimed on obtaining concrete actual evidence which is adapted for the use in objective functions and justification of sufficient objectivity of objective functions. The second part is based on comparison of areas with different levels of anthropogenic impact on vegetation in the whole Mangistau region of the Republic of Kazakhstan and same levels for areas with Oil and Gas Production Complex (OGPC) in the objective functions, in which the loads on the levels of transformation take into account the need for phytomelioration measures. Use of Arc-GIS components has greatly simplified the task, because after conducting digitizing procedure of each contour, vector shape files have been obtained, which areal values are displayed automatically in outlining of each contour. The results of selected field researches were conducted in 2015 serve as independent verification of the objectivity of the obtained results of high level of anthropogenic transformation of vegetation and showed almost complete replacement of eatable plant species by weeds in location of oil well field Zhetybai compared to the state of vegetation outside the sanitary protection zone of the deposit.
{"title":"Assessment of the Role of Oil and Gas Production Complex in Anthropogenic Changes in Vegetation in Mangystau Region","authors":"L. Pavlichenko, Espolayeva Aikerim, A. Aktymbayeva, I. Aziza","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2017.210.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2017.210.224","url":null,"abstract":"The article includes the detailed description of a simplified method of solving the integrated environmental assessment inverse problem. The method was developed by the authors on the basis of using ready map of expert specific environmental assessment of anthropogenic transformation of vegetation in Mangistau region. The first part of the methodology is aimed on obtaining concrete actual evidence which is adapted for the use in objective functions and justification of sufficient objectivity of objective functions. The second part is based on comparison of areas with different levels of anthropogenic impact on vegetation in the whole Mangistau region of the Republic of Kazakhstan and same levels for areas with Oil and Gas Production Complex (OGPC) in the objective functions, in which the loads on the levels of transformation take into account the need for phytomelioration measures. Use of Arc-GIS components has greatly simplified the task, because after conducting digitizing procedure of each contour, vector shape files have been obtained, which areal values are displayed automatically in outlining of each contour. The results of selected field researches were conducted in 2015 serve as independent verification of the objectivity of the obtained results of high level of anthropogenic transformation of vegetation and showed almost complete replacement of eatable plant species by weeds in location of oil well field Zhetybai compared to the state of vegetation outside the sanitary protection zone of the deposit.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":"210-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84763100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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