Pub Date : 2019-08-27DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.127.136
Oualid Chaib, B. Arhoune, S. Achour, Elodie Moreau-Guigon, F. Alliot, M. Chevreuil, S. Fakir, Ilham El Arabi, B. Oumokhtar
The presence and accumulation of antibiotics in the water environment has become emerging contaminants of concern causing disruption of ecosystems worldwide. We describehere the seasonal variation and the occurrence of antibiotic residues in Fez city surface water (Morocco). During one year between February 2014 and January 2015, 8 surface water samples were collected monthly. Quantification of the 7 antibiotics was performed byon-line Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). A total of 96 surface water samples were investigated and the results revealed that 100% of the sites were contaminated by at least one antibiotic. Amoxicillin had the highest concentration with maximum concentration (4107 ng L-1), followed by ciprofloxacin (1058 ng L-1) and sulfamethoxazole was the most widely detected (93%). Seasonal variation showed that the concentrationof antibiotics was higher in winter for trimethoprim (96 ng L-1), ciprofloxacin (438 ng L-1) and in summer for amoxicillin (1113 ng L-1), sulfamethoxazole (162 ng L-1) and erythromycin (47 ng L-1). The results from this research show that antibiotics are frequent contaminants in Fez city surface water. This is the first attempt to assess the occurrence of these 7 pharmaceutical residues in water samples in Fez Morocco.
抗生素在水环境中的存在和积累已成为令人关注的新污染物，造成全球生态系统的破坏。本文描述了摩洛哥非斯市地表水中抗生素残留的季节变化和发生情况。2014年2月至2015年1月，每月采集地表水样品8份。采用在线固相萃取(SPE)液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS /MS)对7种抗生素进行定量分析。共调查了96个地表水样本，结果显示100%的地点至少被一种抗生素污染。其中阿莫西林浓度最高，最高为4107 ng L-1，其次为环丙沙星(1058 ng L-1)，磺胺甲恶唑检出最多(93%)。季节变化表明，冬季抗生素浓度以甲氧苄啶(96 ng L-1)、环丙沙星(438 ng L-1)较高，夏季以阿莫西林(1113 ng L-1)、磺胺甲恶唑(162 ng L-1)、红霉素(47 ng L-1)较高。研究结果表明，抗生素是非斯市地表水中常见的污染物。这是评估摩洛哥非斯水样中这7种药物残留的首次尝试。
{"title":"Occurrence and Seasonal Variation of Antibiotics in Fez-Morocco Surface Water","authors":"Oualid Chaib, B. Arhoune, S. Achour, Elodie Moreau-Guigon, F. Alliot, M. Chevreuil, S. Fakir, Ilham El Arabi, B. Oumokhtar","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.127.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.127.136","url":null,"abstract":"The presence and accumulation of antibiotics in the water environment has become emerging contaminants of concern causing disruption of ecosystems worldwide. We describehere the seasonal variation and the occurrence of antibiotic residues in Fez city surface water (Morocco). During one year between February 2014 and January 2015, 8 surface water samples were collected monthly. Quantification of the 7 antibiotics was performed byon-line Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). A total of 96 surface water samples were investigated and the results revealed that 100% of the sites were contaminated by at least one antibiotic. Amoxicillin had the highest concentration with maximum concentration (4107 ng L-1), followed by ciprofloxacin (1058 ng L-1) and sulfamethoxazole was the most widely detected (93%). Seasonal variation showed that the concentrationof antibiotics was higher in winter for trimethoprim (96 ng L-1), ciprofloxacin (438 ng L-1) and in summer for amoxicillin (1113 ng L-1), sulfamethoxazole (162 ng L-1) and erythromycin (47 ng L-1). The results from this research show that antibiotics are frequent contaminants in Fez city surface water. This is the first attempt to assess the occurrence of these 7 pharmaceutical residues in water samples in Fez Morocco.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"275 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75073228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-30DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.114.126
Ikram Chbani, Saida Bouzid, Nourredine Bouayad, H. Er-Raioui
This study aims to evaluate levels and effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cockles (Acanthocardia tuberculatae) collected from two differently influenced areas in the Mediterranean Western Moroccan coasts. PAHs accumulation was studied in soft tissues using Soxhlet extraction and separation on silica column methods. The measure of those organic compounds was realized by Gas chromatography coupled to Mass spectrometer technics (GC/MS). The impact evaluation was carried out by the study of biochemical responses in gills and digestive gland using two enzymes activities: Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and Acetylcholinesterase (AchE). The PAHs displayed significant rates of accumulation ranging from 10.12µg/g Dried Weight (DW) to 11.65µg/g (DW) respectively in Oued Laou and Martil sites. Pyrolytic and petrogenic origins were observed in both sites. Pyrolytic origin of PAHs was strongly detected in Oued Laou site while petrogenic origin was mostly detected in Martil site. Biochemical study revealed significant enzymatic response of GST and AchE in gills and digestive gland. The study showed significant biochemical response more important in Martil site than Oued Laou site traduced by GST induction and AchE inhibition. Those results seemed to be related to accumulation rates of PAHs, which was also suggested by the statistical analysis PCA.
{"title":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Biomarker Responses in Cockles from Moroccan Mediterranean Coasts","authors":"Ikram Chbani, Saida Bouzid, Nourredine Bouayad, H. Er-Raioui","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.114.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.114.126","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to evaluate levels and effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cockles (Acanthocardia tuberculatae) collected from two differently influenced areas in the Mediterranean Western Moroccan coasts. PAHs accumulation was studied in soft tissues using Soxhlet extraction and separation on silica column methods. The measure of those organic compounds was realized by Gas chromatography coupled to Mass spectrometer technics (GC/MS). The impact evaluation was carried out by the study of biochemical responses in gills and digestive gland using two enzymes activities: Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and Acetylcholinesterase (AchE). The PAHs displayed significant rates of accumulation ranging from 10.12µg/g Dried Weight (DW) to 11.65µg/g (DW) respectively in Oued Laou and Martil sites. Pyrolytic and petrogenic origins were observed in both sites. Pyrolytic origin of PAHs was strongly detected in Oued Laou site while petrogenic origin was mostly detected in Martil site. Biochemical study revealed significant enzymatic response of GST and AchE in gills and digestive gland. The study showed significant biochemical response more important in Martil site than Oued Laou site traduced by GST induction and AchE inhibition. Those results seemed to be related to accumulation rates of PAHs, which was also suggested by the statistical analysis PCA.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76898113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.107.113
María Azucena Arellano Avelar, M. O. Medina, A. F. Montaño, V. D. Belitskaya
The results of an environmental perception study about a contaminated watercourse in Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico are presented. Percept and opinions of residents were collected by direct interview from a random sample of 370 out of 8 900 dwellings and statistical reliability of 95%. Main results highlighted complains about sewage dumping and related displeasing odor (39.3%), as well as the presence of mosquitoes (17.6%) as disease vectors. At most impacted sites (P3, P4, P6, P8) common reported signs and symptoms were irritation to organs of the respiratory system and headache. Thus, finding a very significant association (chi-square test, P<0.0000) among prevailing environmental conditions and reported symptoms at 95% confidence interval. Finally, 90% of interviewee qualified the channel´s environmental quality as very bad, since the benefits they can get from a natural stream like landscape beauty, microclimate regulator or water supply, are limited by the unhealthy state of water.
{"title":"Perception Study of Environmental Pollution of a Watercourse in Guadalajara City, Mexico","authors":"María Azucena Arellano Avelar, M. O. Medina, A. F. Montaño, V. D. Belitskaya","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.107.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.107.113","url":null,"abstract":"The results of an environmental perception study about a contaminated watercourse in Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico are presented. Percept and opinions of residents were collected by direct interview from a random sample of 370 out of 8 900 dwellings and statistical reliability of 95%. Main results highlighted complains about sewage dumping and related displeasing odor (39.3%), as well as the presence of mosquitoes (17.6%) as disease vectors. At most impacted sites (P3, P4, P6, P8) common reported signs and symptoms were irritation to organs of the respiratory system and headache. Thus, finding a very significant association (chi-square test, P<0.0000) among prevailing environmental conditions and reported symptoms at 95% confidence interval. Finally, 90% of interviewee qualified the channel´s environmental quality as very bad, since the benefits they can get from a natural stream like landscape beauty, microclimate regulator or water supply, are limited by the unhealthy state of water.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75923730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.180.187
Héctor L. Venegas-Quiñones, M. Thomasson, Pablo A. Garcia-Chevesich
This article analyses one of the most complex socio-environmental conflicts in Chile: The Petorca water crisis. Petorca has been experiencing a shortage of water for several years. The cause of these variations has not yet been completely analyzed and the problem has remained unchanged. This paper evaluates hydrology variables to identify, quantify and demonstrate the cause of water shortages in the study area. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope test statistically are applied to evaluate records of rainfall monitoring stations, water level and flow rate. To determine the existence of trends over time and quantify its magnitude. A total of 760 years of data were used by analyzing 4974 precipitation events, 788 water level and 1384 flow rate records. The results indicated that (1) There is no positive or negative trend in precipitation data over the years; (2) four well-monitoring stations have a positive trend but with an insignificant magnitude; (3) all flow-monitoring stations have a negative trend. Likewise, it was evidenced that water levels and flow rates have been affecting abruptly since 2014, obtaining null records and remain constant over time. For the same period, there is no evidence of precipitation anomalies. As a result, water resources face a host of serious threats, all of which are caused primarily by human activity. Finally, the community of Petorca is experiencing a water shortage event, which is evidenced for the first time with this scientific article.
{"title":"Trend Analysis of Precipitation, Groundwater Level and Flow Rate Data by using Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope Estimator Statistical Tests in the Petorca Communer","authors":"Héctor L. Venegas-Quiñones, M. Thomasson, Pablo A. Garcia-Chevesich","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.180.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.180.187","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses one of the most complex socio-environmental conflicts in Chile: The Petorca water crisis. Petorca has been experiencing a shortage of water for several years. The cause of these variations has not yet been completely analyzed and the problem has remained unchanged. This paper evaluates hydrology variables to identify, quantify and demonstrate the cause of water shortages in the study area. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope test statistically are applied to evaluate records of rainfall monitoring stations, water level and flow rate. To determine the existence of trends over time and quantify its magnitude. A total of 760 years of data were used by analyzing 4974 precipitation events, 788 water level and 1384 flow rate records. The results indicated that (1) There is no positive or negative trend in precipitation data over the years; (2) four well-monitoring stations have a positive trend but with an insignificant magnitude; (3) all flow-monitoring stations have a negative trend. Likewise, it was evidenced that water levels and flow rates have been affecting abruptly since 2014, obtaining null records and remain constant over time. For the same period, there is no evidence of precipitation anomalies. As a result, water resources face a host of serious threats, all of which are caused primarily by human activity. Finally, the community of Petorca is experiencing a water shortage event, which is evidenced for the first time with this scientific article.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73602441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.188.204
Mohammad Ali, M. Al-Mutairi, M. Subrahmanyam, Sasini Isath, Mohammad A. AlAwadi, P. N. Kumar, Khaled Al-Hebini, S. Omar
Zooplankton, including the ichthyoplankton, abundance and species richness over time in the subtidal waters of Umm Al-Namil Island, Kuwait Bay, were sampled and quantified from September 2016 to August 2017. At the same period, physicochemical measurements (i.e., water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations) occurred. A total of 9 larval fish families were identified: Acropomatidae, Bregmacerotidae, Bythitidae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Leioganthidae, Platycephalidae, Pseudochromidae and Sparidae, in addition to fish eggs. Other zooplankton were mainly represented by Copepoda, followed by Radiolaria and Molluska larvae. Generally, some sampling events (i.e., months) had 100% fish larvae, while others had 0% fish larvae. The physicochemical parameters showed variations at each sampling event as well as within the same season. Total zooplankton (including ichthyoplankton) mean abundance was highest in summer (22.65 ± 2.85 ind.5l-1), while winter (18.13 ± 1.64 ind.5l-1) and autumn (17 ± 2 ind.5l-1) mean abundance values did not significantly vary. The lowest mean abundance was observed in spring (14.33 ± 1.67 ind.5l-1). Mean species richness was highest during spring (7.22 ± 1.66), but not significantly different from autumn (7 ± 2). No significant difference was observed between winter (6.73 ± 1.64) and summer (5.90 ± 2.85). Overall, the results indicate that zooplankton species richness and abundance in Umm Al-Namil Island varied temporally in response to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Primary among these fluctuations is water temperature at different seasons of the year.
{"title":"Temporal Variations in Abundance and Species Richness of Zooplankton with Emphasis on Ichthyoplankton in the Subtidal Waters of Umm Al-Namil Island, Northwestern Arabian Gulf of the ROPME Sea Area","authors":"Mohammad Ali, M. Al-Mutairi, M. Subrahmanyam, Sasini Isath, Mohammad A. AlAwadi, P. N. Kumar, Khaled Al-Hebini, S. Omar","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.188.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.188.204","url":null,"abstract":"Zooplankton, including the ichthyoplankton, abundance and species richness over time in the subtidal waters of Umm Al-Namil Island, Kuwait Bay, were sampled and quantified from September 2016 to August 2017. At the same period, physicochemical measurements (i.e., water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations) occurred. A total of 9 larval fish families were identified: Acropomatidae, Bregmacerotidae, Bythitidae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Leioganthidae, Platycephalidae, Pseudochromidae and Sparidae, in addition to fish eggs. Other zooplankton were mainly represented by Copepoda, followed by Radiolaria and Molluska larvae. Generally, some sampling events (i.e., months) had 100% fish larvae, while others had 0% fish larvae. The physicochemical parameters showed variations at each sampling event as well as within the same season. Total zooplankton (including ichthyoplankton) mean abundance was highest in summer (22.65 ± 2.85 ind.5l-1), while winter (18.13 ± 1.64 ind.5l-1) and autumn (17 ± 2 ind.5l-1) mean abundance values did not significantly vary. The lowest mean abundance was observed in spring (14.33 ± 1.67 ind.5l-1). Mean species richness was highest during spring (7.22 ± 1.66), but not significantly different from autumn (7 ± 2). No significant difference was observed between winter (6.73 ± 1.64) and summer (5.90 ± 2.85). Overall, the results indicate that zooplankton species richness and abundance in Umm Al-Namil Island varied temporally in response to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Primary among these fluctuations is water temperature at different seasons of the year.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"541 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79649566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-31DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.90.106
Jordan Henrique de Souza, Gislaine dos Santos, Gabriela Guimarães Gouvêa de Oliveira, Raphaella de Souza Resende Moreira, Clarice Simões Monnerat
This research aims to analyze the efficacy of SHALSTAB, IPT, SAGA, SMORPH and modified SMORPH models in evaluating landslide susceptibility. Statistical analysis concerning both the efficacy of the models in the prediction of landslide risks and the concordance between the models according to landslide occurrence or non-occurrence was performed. For this work, logistic regression, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, Kappa statistic and concordance analysis were used considering a sample of 15,544 incidents reported during the period of 1996 to 2012 in the city of Juiz de Fora, Brazil. The analysis included 855 confirmed landslide occurrences and 14,689 unconfirmed occurrences. The need for the addition of new variables other than those included in the susceptibility analysis models was observed by the analysis of the historical ballast of occurrence. In many cases where SHALSTAB, IPT, SAGA, SMORPH and modified SMORPH models pointed to a low possibility of a landslide, many landslides of great significance occurred, which included casualties. The importance of this study is to assess the efficacy of these models through the indication of new complementary variables. The results show that an anthropogenic variable is necessary as slopes with similar geotechnical characteristics are submitted to different demands compared to natural conditions.
本研究旨在分析SHALSTAB、IPT、SAGA、SMORPH和修正SMORPH模型在滑坡易感性评价中的有效性。统计分析了各模型在滑坡危险性预测中的有效性，以及各模型在发生或不发生滑坡情况下的一致性。在这项工作中，对1996年至2012年巴西Juiz de Fora市报告的15,544例病例进行了logistic回归、受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线、Kappa统计和一致性分析。该分析包括855个已确认的滑坡和14689个未确认的滑坡。通过对历史发生压舱率的分析发现，需要添加敏感性分析模型中所包含的新变量。在SHALSTAB、IPT、SAGA、SMORPH和修正SMORPH模型显示滑坡可能性较低的许多情况下，发生了许多意义重大的滑坡，其中包括人员伤亡。本研究的重要性在于通过新的补充变量的指示来评估这些模型的有效性。结果表明，与自然条件相比，具有相似岩土力学特征的边坡会受到不同的要求，因此人为变量是必要的。
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of Landslide Susceptibility Models","authors":"Jordan Henrique de Souza, Gislaine dos Santos, Gabriela Guimarães Gouvêa de Oliveira, Raphaella de Souza Resende Moreira, Clarice Simões Monnerat","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.90.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.90.106","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to analyze the efficacy of SHALSTAB, IPT, SAGA, SMORPH and modified SMORPH models in evaluating landslide susceptibility. Statistical analysis concerning both the efficacy of the models in the prediction of landslide risks and the concordance between the models according to landslide occurrence or non-occurrence was performed. For this work, logistic regression, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, Kappa statistic and concordance analysis were used considering a sample of 15,544 incidents reported during the period of 1996 to 2012 in the city of Juiz de Fora, Brazil. The analysis included 855 confirmed landslide occurrences and 14,689 unconfirmed occurrences. The need for the addition of new variables other than those included in the susceptibility analysis models was observed by the analysis of the historical ballast of occurrence. In many cases where SHALSTAB, IPT, SAGA, SMORPH and modified SMORPH models pointed to a low possibility of a landslide, many landslides of great significance occurred, which included casualties. The importance of this study is to assess the efficacy of these models through the indication of new complementary variables. The results show that an anthropogenic variable is necessary as slopes with similar geotechnical characteristics are submitted to different demands compared to natural conditions.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79249062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-31DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.82.89
Victor Adjei, Louis Kwantwi Boafo
The main aim of the study was to find out reasons behind the widespread conversion of maize farmlands to the production of cashew by most of the farmers in the transition zone of Ghana. The nature of the study necessitated the use of both primary and secondary data to achieve the objectives. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used for the study. Twelve key informants were interviewed. Three hundred and twenty questionnaires were administered. Meteorological (rainfall and temperature) data were critically analysed. Most of the farmers had the intention to shift their resources (farmlands) to cultivate cashew as according to them, the trees were resistant to irregular rainfall unlike maize. The major threat pushing maize farmers from business was the changing climate, a situation worsened by the interaction of ‘multiple stressors’, occurring at various stages and low adaptive capacity.
{"title":"Maize and Cashew Farming in the Face of Climate Change Variability in the Transitional Zone of Ghana: A Case Study of Nkoranza South Municipality","authors":"Victor Adjei, Louis Kwantwi Boafo","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.82.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.82.89","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of the study was to find out reasons behind the widespread conversion of maize farmlands to the production of cashew by most of the farmers in the transition zone of Ghana. The nature of the study necessitated the use of both primary and secondary data to achieve the objectives. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used for the study. Twelve key informants were interviewed. Three hundred and twenty questionnaires were administered. Meteorological (rainfall and temperature) data were critically analysed. Most of the farmers had the intention to shift their resources (farmlands) to cultivate cashew as according to them, the trees were resistant to irregular rainfall unlike maize. The major threat pushing maize farmers from business was the changing climate, a situation worsened by the interaction of ‘multiple stressors’, occurring at various stages and low adaptive capacity.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88434661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2019.167.179
M. Hossain, A. Kamal, Abdul Halim Farhad Sikder, Z. Parveen
An investigation was conducted to assess the air quality impact and possible health risk of solid waste disposal on surrounding environment of Matuail landfill site in Dhaka city. Three different locations were selected for soil and plant samples. Leachate samples were collected from active dumping area and fish samples from treated leachate pond. Seven different locations were selected for air quality and health risk assessments. It is found that Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations were high in the soil of dumping and abandoned areas that exceeded the permissible limits. The heavy metal concentrations in plant samples did not show any significant contamination except Cu, Zn and Pb that also exceeded the permissible limits. The concentrations of DO, BOD, COD and TDS of the untreated leachate were found 1.34 mg L-1, 96 mg L-1, 1343 mg L-1 and 7120 mg L-1, respectively that exceeded inland surface water standard but after treatment its concentrations were found within the permissible limits. The presence of heavy metals in leachate sample was not contaminated as it was below the toxic limits. The bioaccumulation of fish sample from treated pond is extremely high of Fe, Mn, Pb and Ni that exceeded the WHO’s permissible limits. The air quality results showed that the Matuail landfill surrounding sites did not have an adverse effect. The air pollutants such as NOx, SO2, SPM, PM10, PM2.5 and CO contents are within national standard limits. Overall, the risk assessments demonstrated that potential air emissions from the Matuail Landfill site do not pose public health risks. It is clear that if the dumping landfill site is properly managed by segregating the waste according to their source, then this waste could be used as compost or organic manures. However, by maintaining disposal sites with controlled placement and proper treatment of the waste may reduce the possible adverse impact on air, human health and agri-environmental eco-systems. Further investigation on the impacts related to the final disposal of solid waste and the future landfill requirement at different composting and a comparative study is suggested.
{"title":"Air Quality Measurement at the Solid Waste Disposal of Matuail Landfill Site at Dhaka, Bangladesh","authors":"M. Hossain, A. Kamal, Abdul Halim Farhad Sikder, Z. Parveen","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2019.167.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2019.167.179","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation was conducted to assess the air quality impact and possible health risk of solid waste disposal on surrounding environment of Matuail landfill site in Dhaka city. Three different locations were selected for soil and plant samples. Leachate samples were collected from active dumping area and fish samples from treated leachate pond. Seven different locations were selected for air quality and health risk assessments. It is found that Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations were high in the soil of dumping and abandoned areas that exceeded the permissible limits. The heavy metal concentrations in plant samples did not show any significant contamination except Cu, Zn and Pb that also exceeded the permissible limits. The concentrations of DO, BOD, COD and TDS of the untreated leachate were found 1.34 mg L-1, 96 mg L-1, 1343 mg L-1 and 7120 mg L-1, respectively that exceeded inland surface water standard but after treatment its concentrations were found within the permissible limits. The presence of heavy metals in leachate sample was not contaminated as it was below the toxic limits. The bioaccumulation of fish sample from treated pond is extremely high of Fe, Mn, Pb and Ni that exceeded the WHO’s permissible limits. The air quality results showed that the Matuail landfill surrounding sites did not have an adverse effect. The air pollutants such as NOx, SO2, SPM, PM10, PM2.5 and CO contents are within national standard limits. Overall, the risk assessments demonstrated that potential air emissions from the Matuail Landfill site do not pose public health risks. It is clear that if the dumping landfill site is properly managed by segregating the waste according to their source, then this waste could be used as compost or organic manures. However, by maintaining disposal sites with controlled placement and proper treatment of the waste may reduce the possible adverse impact on air, human health and agri-environmental eco-systems. Further investigation on the impacts related to the final disposal of solid waste and the future landfill requirement at different composting and a comparative study is suggested.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86719898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2019.154.166
I. O. Aina, F. L. Amusa, A. Olasupo, O. Olagoke, T. P. Awodiran
Investigation of the growth of Tagetes erecta under different levels of contamination of Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) in the soil and effects of mycorrhizal species (Glomus mosseae) on Cu and Pb to identify hyperaccumulator plants in tropical environment that could be used in remediation of heavy metal from contaminated soils. It was a greenhouse experiment consisted of factorial combination of two heavy metal (Cu and Pb) treatments which were replicated three times in Complete Ramdomized Design (CRD) with two mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae and non-mycorrhizal) treatments. Metal solutions of Cu and Pb at the concentrations of Cu are 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg kg-1 and concentrations of Pb are 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg kg-1 were prepared using CuCl2 and PbCl2 soluble compounds respectively. Soil mycorrhizal inocula of Glomus mosseae was applied at the rate of 20 g per pot. Five seeds of Tagetes erecta were planted per pot and were thinned to two stands per pot at two weeks after planting. Pre- and post- soil tests were carried out to determine soil physical and chemical properties, using standard methods. At 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP), Tagetes erecta was harvested and analyzed for Copper and Lead uptake using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi enhanced the number of leaves, height and stem girth of Tagetes erecta in high concentration (1000 mg kg-1) of Cu contaminated soil. Glomus mosseae inoculation did not enhance the growth parameters of Tagetes erecta irrespective of the levels of Pb contamination Glomus mosseae inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased Cu uptake of Tagetes erecta at 500 mg kg-1 of Cu concentration of a polluted soil. In contaminated soil, containing 50 mg kg-1 Pb Glomus mosseae significantly (p≤0.05) increased Pb uptake in Tagetes erecta.
{"title":"Phytoremedial Potential of Tagetes Erecta Under Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Heavy Metal Polluted Soil","authors":"I. O. Aina, F. L. Amusa, A. Olasupo, O. Olagoke, T. P. Awodiran","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2019.154.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2019.154.166","url":null,"abstract":"Investigation of the growth of Tagetes erecta under different levels of contamination of Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) in the soil and effects of mycorrhizal species (Glomus mosseae) on Cu and Pb to identify hyperaccumulator plants in tropical environment that could be used in remediation of heavy metal from contaminated soils. It was a greenhouse experiment consisted of factorial combination of two heavy metal (Cu and Pb) treatments which were replicated three times in Complete Ramdomized Design (CRD) with two mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae and non-mycorrhizal) treatments. Metal solutions of Cu and Pb at the concentrations of Cu are 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg kg-1 and concentrations of Pb are 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg kg-1 were prepared using CuCl2 and PbCl2 soluble compounds respectively. Soil mycorrhizal inocula of Glomus mosseae was applied at the rate of 20 g per pot. Five seeds of Tagetes erecta were planted per pot and were thinned to two stands per pot at two weeks after planting. Pre- and post- soil tests were carried out to determine soil physical and chemical properties, using standard methods. At 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP), Tagetes erecta was harvested and analyzed for Copper and Lead uptake using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi enhanced the number of leaves, height and stem girth of Tagetes erecta in high concentration (1000 mg kg-1) of Cu contaminated soil. Glomus mosseae inoculation did not enhance the growth parameters of Tagetes erecta irrespective of the levels of Pb contamination Glomus mosseae inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased Cu uptake of Tagetes erecta at 500 mg kg-1 of Cu concentration of a polluted soil. In contaminated soil, containing 50 mg kg-1 Pb Glomus mosseae significantly (p≤0.05) increased Pb uptake in Tagetes erecta.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75985555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-11DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.42.54
Naima Hamid, M. Junaid, Syeda Maria Ali, M. Zahid, Desheng Pei
Environmental pollution being fatal for all living organisms is growing adversely due to excessive industrialization and urbanization. Vehicular emissions have aggravated the situation and pose detrimental effects on human health. In this study, the trend of ambient air quality was analyzed in the three metropolitan cities of Pakistan, including Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad for a period of three years (2008-2010). Air pollutants, such as NO, NOx, NO2 and PM2.5 were recorded usingmobile air quality monitoring stations in the target areas. Results from statistical analysis revealed PM2.5 with highest levels in all the cities, albeit exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits. Spearman correlation revealed that the levels of air pollutants were negatively correlated with the temperature and rainfall, whereas positively correlated with the wind speed. Annual and seasonal variations in the concentrations of the air pollutants was also observed and the highest concentration was recorded in Karachi during the winter season that could be attributed to inversion phenomenon. In addition, the elevated vehicular emissions were observed in Lahore, implied comparatively high air pollution loads, comparison to those of Karachi and Islamabad. The widespread use of low-quality fuel, coupled with a dramatic expansion in the number of vehicles has led to significant air pollution problems, especially in Lahore and Karachi. Therefore, the efficient mass transit system and urban forests should be introduced to abate the ever-increasing levels of organic pollutants and improve the state of ambient air quality in the major cities of Pakistan.
{"title":"Status of Air Quality with Potential Linkage to the Metrological Conditions in Three Major Cities of Pakistan","authors":"Naima Hamid, M. Junaid, Syeda Maria Ali, M. Zahid, Desheng Pei","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.42.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.42.54","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution being fatal for all living organisms is growing adversely due to excessive industrialization and urbanization. Vehicular emissions have aggravated the situation and pose detrimental effects on human health. In this study, the trend of ambient air quality was analyzed in the three metropolitan cities of Pakistan, including Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad for a period of three years (2008-2010). Air pollutants, such as NO, NOx, NO2 and PM2.5 were recorded usingmobile air quality monitoring stations in the target areas. Results from statistical analysis revealed PM2.5 with highest levels in all the cities, albeit exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits. Spearman correlation revealed that the levels of air pollutants were negatively correlated with the temperature and rainfall, whereas positively correlated with the wind speed. Annual and seasonal variations in the concentrations of the air pollutants was also observed and the highest concentration was recorded in Karachi during the winter season that could be attributed to inversion phenomenon. In addition, the elevated vehicular emissions were observed in Lahore, implied comparatively high air pollution loads, comparison to those of Karachi and Islamabad. The widespread use of low-quality fuel, coupled with a dramatic expansion in the number of vehicles has led to significant air pollution problems, especially in Lahore and Karachi. Therefore, the efficient mass transit system and urban forests should be introduced to abate the ever-increasing levels of organic pollutants and improve the state of ambient air quality in the major cities of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"506 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77831861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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