Pub Date : 2020-06-09DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.34.47
S. Iro
In this study a study of gully erosion in southeast Nigeria is presented. The study of gully development on a regional scale is currently undermined by the inherent costs associated with consistent field monitoring and the lack of historic measurements to perform time series analysis. As a result, there are very few studies which implement long term analyses of gullies in the region as a collective. Consequently, the building of knowledge of the role of environmental changes on the development of gullies is inhibited. Remote sensing methodologies, via the Landsat archive, are used as low economic data source that assisted in the analyses of gullies over the time period 1986 to 2015. The Landsat data is used to establish land cover changes over the time period, via pixel and object-based classification, to identify its role in gully development. The use of classification for this purpose identifies this study as a first of its kind in Nigeria. Aiming to link environmental characteristics and land cover changes with gully development and erosion rates at multiple current locations. In terms of the correlation between vegetation area and gully/openland development, Pixel based classification produced a correlation of r = -0.9 (p<0.05). A similar strength of correlation was exhibited for OBIA with r = -0.9 (p<0.05) with both results indicating a very strong and significant negative correlation between the amount of vegetated area and Gully/open-land development over the study period 1986-2015.
{"title":"Land-Cover Removal and Gully Development in Southeast Nigeria: A 30-Year Analysis with Pixel and OBIA Approaches in Juxtaposition","authors":"S. Iro","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2020.34.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2020.34.47","url":null,"abstract":"In this study a study of gully erosion in southeast Nigeria is presented. The study of gully development on a regional scale is currently undermined by the inherent costs associated with consistent field monitoring and the lack of historic measurements to perform time series analysis. As a result, there are very few studies which implement long term analyses of gullies in the region as a collective. Consequently, the building of knowledge of the role of environmental changes on the development of gullies is inhibited. Remote sensing methodologies, via the Landsat archive, are used as low economic data source that assisted in the analyses of gullies over the time period 1986 to 2015. The Landsat data is used to establish land cover changes over the time period, via pixel and object-based classification, to identify its role in gully development. The use of classification for this purpose identifies this study as a first of its kind in Nigeria. Aiming to link environmental characteristics and land cover changes with gully development and erosion rates at multiple current locations. In terms of the correlation between vegetation area and gully/openland development, Pixel based classification produced a correlation of r = -0.9 (p<0.05). A similar strength of correlation was exhibited for OBIA with r = -0.9 (p<0.05) with both results indicating a very strong and significant negative correlation between the amount of vegetated area and Gully/open-land development over the study period 1986-2015.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"34-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82410122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-21DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.21.33
F. Eissa, S. Bandai, N. Zidan, I. Oguntimehin, H. Sakugawa
The Eco-physiological assessments of variable parameters known to be essential for proper plant growth and health were determined in cucumber plants exposed to short term treatments in 42 days using two broad classification types; Photo Fenton solution generating OH radicals and simulated acids. Solutions containing different classification of scavengers of OH radicals and mannitol were employed as Controls. Results indicated that the acid rain and photo Fenton solution both decreased the photosynthetic rate (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm), SPAD chlorophyll and they imparted severe foliar injuries on cucumber leaves. The acids treatments have the highest negative impact followed by the photo Fenton Solution. The mechanisms of phytotoxicity of the two solutions may be through OH radical and other Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. The addition of mannitol, catechin hydrate and tea solutions to the acids and photo Fenton solution mixtures all mitigated the negative effects of the duo on the cucumber plants. Mannitol at dosage applied in the present study can be adjudged to be the best in the amelioration of the negative effects of the fumigants. Future plant protection from deleterious impacts of atmospheric and hydrospheric pollutants can employ mannitol as scavengers of ROS.
{"title":"Comparative Effects and Phytotoxicity of Photo Fenton Solutions and Acid Rains on Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) Plants: Treats and Console","authors":"F. Eissa, S. Bandai, N. Zidan, I. Oguntimehin, H. Sakugawa","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2020.21.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2020.21.33","url":null,"abstract":"The Eco-physiological assessments of variable parameters known to be essential for proper plant growth and health were determined in cucumber plants exposed to short term treatments in 42 days using two broad classification types; Photo Fenton solution generating OH radicals and simulated acids. Solutions containing different classification of scavengers of OH radicals and mannitol were employed as Controls. Results indicated that the acid rain and photo Fenton solution both decreased the photosynthetic rate (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm), SPAD chlorophyll and they imparted severe foliar injuries on cucumber leaves. The acids treatments have the highest negative impact followed by the photo Fenton Solution. The mechanisms of phytotoxicity of the two solutions may be through OH radical and other Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. The addition of mannitol, catechin hydrate and tea solutions to the acids and photo Fenton solution mixtures all mitigated the negative effects of the duo on the cucumber plants. Mannitol at dosage applied in the present study can be adjudged to be the best in the amelioration of the negative effects of the fumigants. Future plant protection from deleterious impacts of atmospheric and hydrospheric pollutants can employ mannitol as scavengers of ROS.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90224774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2020.96.111
S. Iro
In this work a study of gully erosion in southeast Nigeria is presented. The study of gully development on a regional scale is currently undermined by the inherent costs associated with consistent field monitoring and the lack of historic measurements to perform time series analysis. The analysis of study area topography at 30m resolution reveals 85% of the surveyed gullies develop on concave slopes with high values of 6 plan curvatures and >50 inclines. Results also reveal high association with ferralsols soils. Statistical analysis to determine significance of variables on the proportional yearly gully change in metre squared per square metre were conducted via principle component analysis. The analysis of this work was restricted to the time periods 2006/7, 2009/10, and 2014/15. The approach did not report any existence of one singular driver of erosion across the studied years and multiple sites confirming the complexity of gullies. The PCA showed that the level of variance explained in the yearly gully change variable was most similar in PC1 (representing the component with the highest eigenvalue) to Vegetation loss, Vegetation loss and slope in the respective years.The study offers a method of monitoring gully development from early stage to maturity and exemplifies the complexity and variability of erosion drivers in the SE Nigeria region. It presents a verified approach to local and regional monitoring of gullies, enacted through use of low budget/computing cost remote sensing and classification technologies, and serves to embolden civilian and governmental efforts to manage the societal and environmental menace of gully erosion.
{"title":"Determining Causes of Gully Erosion and Associated Rates of Change in South-east Nigeria, Using a Remote Sensing and GIS Methodology","authors":"S. Iro","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2020.96.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2020.96.111","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this work a study of gully erosion in southeast Nigeria is presented. The study of gully development on a regional scale is currently undermined by the inherent costs associated with consistent field monitoring and the lack of historic measurements to perform time series analysis. The analysis of study area topography at 30m resolution reveals 85% of the surveyed gullies develop on concave slopes with high values of 6 plan curvatures and >50 inclines. Results also reveal high association with ferralsols soils. Statistical analysis to determine significance of variables on the proportional yearly gully change in metre squared per square metre were conducted via principle component analysis. The analysis of this work was restricted to the time periods 2006/7, 2009/10, and 2014/15. The approach did not report any existence of one singular driver of erosion across the studied years and multiple sites confirming the complexity of gullies. The PCA showed that the level of variance explained in the yearly gully change variable was most similar in PC1 (representing the component with the highest eigenvalue) to Vegetation loss, Vegetation loss and slope in the respective years.The study offers a method of monitoring gully development from early stage to maturity and exemplifies the complexity and variability of erosion drivers in the SE Nigeria region. It presents a verified approach to local and regional monitoring of gullies, enacted through use of low budget/computing cost remote sensing and classification technologies, and serves to embolden civilian and governmental efforts to manage the societal and environmental menace of gully erosion.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77951589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.85.95
Barbara Carla Coelho Batista, João Victor Dutra Balboa, C. Dima, Jordan Henrique de Souza, Marcelo Caniato Renhe, Gislaine dos Santos, L. C. Campos
The intense urbanization process since the 1970s, coupled with the lack of adequate housing and social policies, has led large urban centers to disordered occupations and situations of geotechnical risk. These occupations were not implemented in a technically correct manner from the point of view of civil engineering, considering landscaping, drainage and paving, as well as edification. Areas at risk are regions where it is not recommended to build houses or facilities because they are very exposed to natural disasters, such as landslides and floods. In Brazil, the main institution responsible for monitoring areas at risk is the Civil Defense. There is a large database with history of occurrences of risk areas served by the Municipal Civil Defense, in Juiz de Fora city, Minas Gerais state - Brazil, from 1996 to 2017. Some important information contained in this database are the physical aspects of the soil, such as slope, geolocation, amplitude, curvature and accumulated flow, as well as processed data from the sliding risk susceptibility methodologies. The objective of this work is to apply machine learning techniques to identify, from the mentioned database, the susceptibility to the risk of environmental disasters in regions that have not yet participated in events attended by the municipal civil defense. This database is large and unbalanced, thus it is necessary to apply data analysis methodologies so that the machine learning model can correctly identify the standards with the least human intervention. In this study, areas were classified according to risk susceptibility. After the whole process, it was possible to analyze the performance of the algorithms and select some of them, which obtained the best results, with an accuracy of around 80%.
20世纪70年代以来强烈的城市化进程，加上缺乏适当的住房和社会政策，导致大城市中心出现无序的职业和岩土工程风险。从土木工程的角度来看，这些职业并没有以技术上正确的方式实施，考虑到景观美化，排水和铺路，以及教育。有风险的地区是不建议建造房屋或设施的地区，因为这些地区非常容易受到山体滑坡和洪水等自然灾害的影响。在巴西，负责监测危险地区的主要机构是民防部门。有一个大型数据库，其中包含1996年至2017年巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州Juiz de Fora市市民防局服务的风险区域的历史。该数据库中包含的一些重要信息是土壤的物理方面，如坡度、地理位置、振幅、曲率和累积流量，以及从滑动风险敏感性方法处理的数据。这项工作的目的是应用机器学习技术，从上述数据库中识别尚未参加市政民防活动的地区对环境灾害风险的易感性。该数据库庞大且不平衡，因此有必要应用数据分析方法，使机器学习模型能够在最少人为干预的情况下正确识别标准。在本研究中，根据风险易感性对区域进行了分类。在整个过程之后，可以对算法的性能进行分析，并从中选择一些算法，得到了最好的结果，准确率在80%左右。
{"title":"Computational Analysis of Environmental Risk Conditioners","authors":"Barbara Carla Coelho Batista, João Victor Dutra Balboa, C. Dima, Jordan Henrique de Souza, Marcelo Caniato Renhe, Gislaine dos Santos, L. C. Campos","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2020.85.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2020.85.95","url":null,"abstract":"The intense urbanization process since the 1970s, coupled with the lack of adequate housing and social policies, has led large urban centers to disordered occupations and situations of geotechnical risk. These occupations were not implemented in a technically correct manner from the point of view of civil engineering, considering landscaping, drainage and paving, as well as edification. Areas at risk are regions where it is not recommended to build houses or facilities because they are very exposed to natural disasters, such as landslides and floods. In Brazil, the main institution responsible for monitoring areas at risk is the Civil Defense. There is a large database with history of occurrences of risk areas served by the Municipal Civil Defense, in Juiz de Fora city, Minas Gerais state - Brazil, from 1996 to 2017. Some important information contained in this database are the physical aspects of the soil, such as slope, geolocation, amplitude, curvature and accumulated flow, as well as processed data from the sliding risk susceptibility methodologies. The objective of this work is to apply machine learning techniques to identify, from the mentioned database, the susceptibility to the risk of environmental disasters in regions that have not yet participated in events attended by the municipal civil defense. This database is large and unbalanced, thus it is necessary to apply data analysis methodologies so that the machine learning model can correctly identify the standards with the least human intervention. In this study, areas were classified according to risk susceptibility. After the whole process, it was possible to analyze the performance of the algorithms and select some of them, which obtained the best results, with an accuracy of around 80%.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"85-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84333128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.68.78
Md. Billal Hossain, Md. Nurul Islam, M. S. Alam, Md Zakir Hossen
A study was conducted to measure the seasonal variation of different heavy metal contents in farm soils of Sreepur Upazila of Gazipur district and to assess their pollution level. Industrial affected and non-affected soil samples were collected from 5 locations in three seasons viz. pre-monsoon (April), monsoon (August), and dry season (January), thus a total of 30 soil samples were analyzed for this study. Concentrations of different heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in soil samples were determined by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean total concentration of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn in industrial affected soils were trace, 12.05, 101.10, 51.32, 20.79 and 55.40 mg kg-1, respectively in the pre-monsoon, trace, 28.54, 40.96, 22.70, 2.46 and 7.72 mg kg-1, respectively in the monsoon and 0.27, 10.49, 39.45, 20.69, 1.85 and 4.11 mg kg-1, respectively in the dry season. All heavy metal concentrations in industrial affected soil samples were higher than the corresponding non-affected sites. The study results revealed that Cd contents in the dry season and Pb contents in the monsoon season for industrial affected soils were higher compared to the average earth’s crust abundance value. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values for Pb of industrial affected soils ranged from 0.30-0.85 in the monsoon that means Igeo class 1, indicating unpolluted/moderately polluted soil quality. Furthermore, the calculated Igeo value for one industrial affected location revealed moderate soil pollution by Cr in the pre-monsoon season and unpolluted/moderately polluted soil quality by Ni and Cd in the pre-monsoon and the dry season, respectively. The measured pollution load index (PLI) values were also higher in all industrially polluted sites than corresponding non-polluted sites in three seasons, which indicates pollution load due to anthropogenic sources.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Farm Soils of Sreepur Industrial Area of Gazipur, Bangladesh: Pollution Level Assessment","authors":"Md. Billal Hossain, Md. Nurul Islam, M. S. Alam, Md Zakir Hossen","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2020.68.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2020.68.78","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to measure the seasonal variation of different heavy metal contents in farm soils of Sreepur Upazila of Gazipur district and to assess their pollution level. Industrial affected and non-affected soil samples were collected from 5 locations in three seasons viz. pre-monsoon (April), monsoon (August), and dry season (January), thus a total of 30 soil samples were analyzed for this study. Concentrations of different heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in soil samples were determined by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean total concentration of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn in industrial affected soils were trace, 12.05, 101.10, 51.32, 20.79 and 55.40 mg kg-1, respectively in the pre-monsoon, trace, 28.54, 40.96, 22.70, 2.46 and 7.72 mg kg-1, respectively in the monsoon and 0.27, 10.49, 39.45, 20.69, 1.85 and 4.11 mg kg-1, respectively in the dry season. All heavy metal concentrations in industrial affected soil samples were higher than the corresponding non-affected sites. The study results revealed that Cd contents in the dry season and Pb contents in the monsoon season for industrial affected soils were higher compared to the average earth’s crust abundance value. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values for Pb of industrial affected soils ranged from 0.30-0.85 in the monsoon that means Igeo class 1, indicating unpolluted/moderately polluted soil quality. Furthermore, the calculated Igeo value for one industrial affected location revealed moderate soil pollution by Cr in the pre-monsoon season and unpolluted/moderately polluted soil quality by Ni and Cd in the pre-monsoon and the dry season, respectively. The measured pollution load index (PLI) values were also higher in all industrially polluted sites than corresponding non-polluted sites in three seasons, which indicates pollution load due to anthropogenic sources.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"68-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72776890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-09DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.8.20
V. Singh, T. Ansari, V. Vishal, T. Singh
The major concern in hilly regions is the stability of those slopes, which have been proclaimed due to unplanned excavation and uneven blasting during road widening and development activity. These slopes again become more vulnerable under dynamic loading and/or various types of human involvement, heavy rainfall and seismic activity. Failure of these slopes leads to loss of property and human being, disruption of traffics and environmental degradation. The Kedarnath area is the most vulnerable hilly terrain due to its inferred locality. To analyze the vulnerability near Kedarnath, the field observation was done to collect the geological and geotechnical details of three vulnerable locations. The present article illustrates the collective analysis of numerical simulation and artificial intelligence (ANN) models for the chosen vulnerable soil slopes. Numerical modeling was done to compute safety factor, stress distribution and maximum displacement using LEM and FEM modules. Further, the machine learning technique, ANN was also functionate to predict the stability based on geotechnical data’s and numerical simulation results. The numerical analysis for the homogenous finite slopes shows that slopes are stable, critically stable and also prone to failure during rainy season. The ANN model evaluate that, the FoS by numerical modeling displays 98% validation to predictive neural networking system. The simulation result could be effectively applied to lessen/decrease the effect of regularity for the landslides in the area of particular morphology.
{"title":"Landslide Susceptibility Analysis Using Numerical and Neural Network, Near Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, India","authors":"V. Singh, T. Ansari, V. Vishal, T. Singh","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2020.8.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2020.8.20","url":null,"abstract":"The major concern in hilly regions is the stability of those slopes, which have been proclaimed due to unplanned excavation and uneven blasting during road widening and development activity. These slopes again become more vulnerable under dynamic loading and/or various types of human involvement, heavy rainfall and seismic activity. Failure of these slopes leads to loss of property and human being, disruption of traffics and environmental degradation. The Kedarnath area is the most vulnerable hilly terrain due to its inferred locality. To analyze the vulnerability near Kedarnath, the field observation was done to collect the geological and geotechnical details of three vulnerable locations. The present article illustrates the collective analysis of numerical simulation and artificial intelligence (ANN) models for the chosen vulnerable soil slopes. Numerical modeling was done to compute safety factor, stress distribution and maximum displacement using LEM and FEM modules. Further, the machine learning technique, ANN was also functionate to predict the stability based on geotechnical data’s and numerical simulation results. The numerical analysis for the homogenous finite slopes shows that slopes are stable, critically stable and also prone to failure during rainy season. The ANN model evaluate that, the FoS by numerical modeling displays 98% validation to predictive neural networking system. The simulation result could be effectively applied to lessen/decrease the effect of regularity for the landslides in the area of particular morphology.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":"8-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81791058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.48.54
C. Ononugbo, U. Anekwe
Human exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources is an unending and unpreventable phenomenon on earth. Radiation profile and exposure risks for some major markets in Port Harcourt metropolis have been ascertained using radiation exposure rate meter (Radalert-100). The exposure rate measured at mile 3 market and its environs ranged from 0.001±0.0001 to 0.022±0.003 mRh-1 with mean value of 0.014±0.002 mRh-1 while that measured at mile 1 ranged from 0.011±0.001 to 0.018±0.003 mRh-1 with mean value of 0.014±0.002 mRh-1. The exposure rate measured at Rumu-Okoro market ranged from 0.010±0.0001 to 0.018±0.003 mRh-1. The exposure rates measured at the three markets are relatively equal but slightly higher than the recommended safe value of 0.013 mRh-1. The mean absorbed doses estimated from the exposure rates for Mile 3, Mile 1 and Rumu-Okoro are 119.2, 113.68 and 114.8 nGyh-1 respectively, while their mean equivalent doses are 1.15, 1.19 and 1.11 mSvy-1 respectively. The annual effective dose calculated gave mean values of 0.14, 0.16 and 0.168 mSvy-1. These values are lower than the stipulated safe value of 1.0 mSvy-1. The excess lifetime cancer risk estimated exceeded the recommended values in all the sampling points. From the radiation profile of the sampled markets, no immediate radiation risk is expected though there could be a long term effects on the sellers in those markets.
{"title":"Background Gamma Radiation in Nigerian Market Environment","authors":"C. Ononugbo, U. Anekwe","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2020.48.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2020.48.54","url":null,"abstract":"Human exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources is an unending and unpreventable phenomenon on earth. Radiation profile and exposure risks for some major markets in Port Harcourt metropolis have been ascertained using radiation exposure rate meter (Radalert-100). The exposure rate measured at mile 3 market and its environs ranged from 0.001±0.0001 to 0.022±0.003 mRh-1 with mean value of 0.014±0.002 mRh-1 while that measured at mile 1 ranged from 0.011±0.001 to 0.018±0.003 mRh-1 with mean value of 0.014±0.002 mRh-1. The exposure rate measured at Rumu-Okoro market ranged from 0.010±0.0001 to 0.018±0.003 mRh-1. The exposure rates measured at the three markets are relatively equal but slightly higher than the recommended safe value of 0.013 mRh-1. The mean absorbed doses estimated from the exposure rates for Mile 3, Mile 1 and Rumu-Okoro are 119.2, 113.68 and 114.8 nGyh-1 respectively, while their mean equivalent doses are 1.15, 1.19 and 1.11 mSvy-1 respectively. The annual effective dose calculated gave mean values of 0.14, 0.16 and 0.168 mSvy-1. These values are lower than the stipulated safe value of 1.0 mSvy-1. The excess lifetime cancer risk estimated exceeded the recommended values in all the sampling points. From the radiation profile of the sampled markets, no immediate radiation risk is expected though there could be a long term effects on the sellers in those markets.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":"48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83055422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Idowu, Adewumi A. Adejoke, J. B. Edward, Dolapo Odeyemi, F. A. Ola-Oladimeji, Akintayo Joshua Oluwaseun
The knowledge of feeding habit and absorption of food in the gut of fish is important for fish farmers to boost their production and meet the ever increasing demand for man consumption. The carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents of the food ingested and their absorption in the intestine of Parachanna obscura and Clarias gareipinus inhabiting Ogbese River in Ekiti State were investigated. For Parachanna obscura, total protein of the ingested food was 64.54%, total carbohydrate 20.20% while the total lipid in the stomach content was 6.12% of organic matter. The total percentages of the food absorbed were 76.4% protein, 35.9% carbohydrate and 25.2% lipid. For Clarias gariepinus, total protein of the ingested food was 60.87%, total carbohydrate 30.42% while total lipid in the stomach content was 3.30% of organic matter. The total percentages of the food absorbed were 68.0% protein, 45.8% carbohydrate and 24.5% lipid. In both fish species the absorption of protein, carbohydrate and lipid occurred mostly in the fore-gut (the first one-third of the intestine). In Parachanna obscura, the foregut had the highest percentage absorption (59% protein, 24% carbohydrate and 15% lipid), while the hindgut had the lowest percentage absorption (4% protein, 4.6% carbohydrate and 3.3% lipid). In Clarias gariepinus, the foregut had the highest percentage absorption (41% protein, 34% carbohydrate and 14% lipid) while the hindgut had the lowest percentage absorption (4.1% protein, 3.6% carbohydrate and 3.3% lipid). The nutrients contents (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) of the food in Parachanna obscura were significantly different (P>0.05) from the nutrients (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) in the food of Clarias gariepinus. This will provide base-line information useful in artificial food formulation and culture of suitable live organisms for the species during culture of either species.
{"title":"Absorption of Food Along the Guts of Parachanna obscura and Clarias gariepinus","authors":"E. Idowu, Adewumi A. Adejoke, J. B. Edward, Dolapo Odeyemi, F. A. Ola-Oladimeji, Akintayo Joshua Oluwaseun","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2020.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2020.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of feeding habit and absorption of food in the gut of fish is important for fish farmers to boost their production and meet the ever increasing demand for man consumption. The carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents of the food ingested and their absorption in the intestine of Parachanna obscura and Clarias gareipinus inhabiting Ogbese River in Ekiti State were investigated. For Parachanna obscura, total protein of the ingested food was 64.54%, total carbohydrate 20.20% while the total lipid in the stomach content was 6.12% of organic matter. The total percentages of the food absorbed were 76.4% protein, 35.9% carbohydrate and 25.2% lipid. For Clarias gariepinus, total protein of the ingested food was 60.87%, total carbohydrate 30.42% while total lipid in the stomach content was 3.30% of organic matter. The total percentages of the food absorbed were 68.0% protein, 45.8% carbohydrate and 24.5% lipid. In both fish species the absorption of protein, carbohydrate and lipid occurred mostly in the fore-gut (the first one-third of the intestine). In Parachanna obscura, the foregut had the highest percentage absorption (59% protein, 24% carbohydrate and 15% lipid), while the hindgut had the lowest percentage absorption (4% protein, 4.6% carbohydrate and 3.3% lipid). In Clarias gariepinus, the foregut had the highest percentage absorption (41% protein, 34% carbohydrate and 14% lipid) while the hindgut had the lowest percentage absorption (4.1% protein, 3.6% carbohydrate and 3.3% lipid). The nutrients contents (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) of the food in Parachanna obscura were significantly different (P>0.05) from the nutrients (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) in the food of Clarias gariepinus. This will provide base-line information useful in artificial food formulation and culture of suitable live organisms for the species during culture of either species.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82851822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-11DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.145.153
A. M. Sultan, F. H. Jabrail
Decalin, a hydrocarbon industrial solvent was used for the recovery of Styrene- Butadiene Rubber (SBR) from grind scrap truck tires using chemical dissolving method. The applied technique is easy, simple and depends on available materials. The method depends mainly on steeping the scrap tires grind into decalin at 50?C for one month. Then the process was followed by boiling of the formed thick black solution (198°C) for two hours. The formed elastic rubber material will be reclaimed by precipitation in methanol. The recovered rubber was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses. The pattern of the recovered material shows broad maxima of SBR with the absence of XRD peaks of carbon black and almost all the other tire manufacturing additives. The thermal characteristics of the reclaimed rubber have been investigated by TGA, DTG and DSC analyses and were found to be close to those of thermal properties of SBR polymer. The SEM image has shown non-crystalline morphological surface of the recovered rubber with cohesive elastomeric properties.
{"title":"Decalin Dissolving Method for Recover of Styrene –Butadiene Rubber from Scrap Tires","authors":"A. M. Sultan, F. H. Jabrail","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.145.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.145.153","url":null,"abstract":"Decalin, a hydrocarbon industrial solvent was used for the recovery of Styrene- Butadiene Rubber (SBR) from grind scrap truck tires using chemical dissolving method. The applied technique is easy, simple and depends on available materials. The method depends mainly on steeping the scrap tires grind into decalin at 50?C for one month. Then the process was followed by boiling of the formed thick black solution (198°C) for two hours. The formed elastic rubber material will be reclaimed by precipitation in methanol. The recovered rubber was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses. The pattern of the recovered material shows broad maxima of SBR with the absence of XRD peaks of carbon black and almost all the other tire manufacturing additives. The thermal characteristics of the reclaimed rubber have been investigated by TGA, DTG and DSC analyses and were found to be close to those of thermal properties of SBR polymer. The SEM image has shown non-crystalline morphological surface of the recovered rubber with cohesive elastomeric properties.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81836438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-20DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2019.137.144
N. Suzuki, Kazuki Watanabe, Aika Sekimoto, M. Urata, M. Zanaty, T. Sekiguchi, Yoichiro Kitani, H. Matsubara, A. Srivastav, A. Hattori
For determining the effect of environmental pollutants on fish bone metabolism, we have developed an in vitro bioassay system using teleost scales that has osteoclasts, osteoblasts and bone matrix as markers: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for osteoblasts and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) for osteoclasts. Using this bioassay, the influence of gadolinium (Gd) on osteoclasts and osteoblasts of goldfish scales was examined in the present study. Gd sensitively inhibited TRAP activity. Even Gd at 10-13 M suppressed TRAP activity at 6 hours of incubation. At 18 hours of incubation, this inhibition occurred only at 10-7 and 10-6 M. After 36 hours of incubation, Gd did not influence TRAP activity. In osteoblasts, ALP activity was also suppressed by Gd in the range of 10-10 to 10-6 M for 6 to 18 hours of incubation. At 36 and 64 hours of incubation, ALP activity was significantly suppressed by Gd (36 hours: 10-9 to 10-6 M; 64 hours: 10-7 and 10-6 M). At 96 hours of incubation, however, Gd did not influence ALP activity. This is the first report to indicate the toxicity of Gd on fish bone metabolism using TRAP and ALP enzyme activities. The toxicity of Gd to osteoblasts is comparable to that of tributyltin, an aquatic environmental pollutant used as a biocide in anti-fouling paint. Gd is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for clinical diagnoses. To avoid the toxicity of Gd ions, chelated forms, known as Gd-based contrast agents, are used for MRI diagnosis. Without a specific recycling process, these compounds are quickly released by urinary excretion and released into environmental waters. Therefore, it is possible that anthropogenic Gd influences aquatic animals. Considering our present data together with that of anthropogenic Gd pollution, we should conduct a Gd risk assessment to protect the ecosystem in the aquatic environment.
{"title":"Gadolinium at Low Concentration Suppresses both Osteoclastic and Osteoblastic Activities in the Scales of Goldfish","authors":"N. Suzuki, Kazuki Watanabe, Aika Sekimoto, M. Urata, M. Zanaty, T. Sekiguchi, Yoichiro Kitani, H. Matsubara, A. Srivastav, A. Hattori","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2019.137.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2019.137.144","url":null,"abstract":"For determining the effect of environmental pollutants on fish bone metabolism, we have developed an in vitro bioassay system using teleost scales that has osteoclasts, osteoblasts and bone matrix as markers: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for osteoblasts and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) for osteoclasts. Using this bioassay, the influence of gadolinium (Gd) on osteoclasts and osteoblasts of goldfish scales was examined in the present study. Gd sensitively inhibited TRAP activity. Even Gd at 10-13 M suppressed TRAP activity at 6 hours of incubation. At 18 hours of incubation, this inhibition occurred only at 10-7 and 10-6 M. After 36 hours of incubation, Gd did not influence TRAP activity. In osteoblasts, ALP activity was also suppressed by Gd in the range of 10-10 to 10-6 M for 6 to 18 hours of incubation. At 36 and 64 hours of incubation, ALP activity was significantly suppressed by Gd (36 hours: 10-9 to 10-6 M; 64 hours: 10-7 and 10-6 M). At 96 hours of incubation, however, Gd did not influence ALP activity. This is the first report to indicate the toxicity of Gd on fish bone metabolism using TRAP and ALP enzyme activities. The toxicity of Gd to osteoblasts is comparable to that of tributyltin, an aquatic environmental pollutant used as a biocide in anti-fouling paint. Gd is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for clinical diagnoses. To avoid the toxicity of Gd ions, chelated forms, known as Gd-based contrast agents, are used for MRI diagnosis. Without a specific recycling process, these compounds are quickly released by urinary excretion and released into environmental waters. Therefore, it is possible that anthropogenic Gd influences aquatic animals. Considering our present data together with that of anthropogenic Gd pollution, we should conduct a Gd risk assessment to protect the ecosystem in the aquatic environment.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74434520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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