Pub Date : 2018-07-10DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.129.155
Yi Liu, M. Junaid, Naima Hamid, Chun-Di Chen, Desheng Pei
Priority Substance (PSs) and Contaminant of Emerging Concerns (CECs) exhibited a wide range of environmental and public health concerns worldwide. This review summarized the documented studies related to the current surface water occurrence, spatial distribution, ecological risks and toxicity of selected PSs, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and CECs, such as Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs). The spatial distribution analysis revealed alarming levels of PAHs in the surface waters of Asian counties, e.g., 84210 ng L-1 in Gomti River, India, 29325 ng L-1 in Daya Bay, China and 1287 ng L-1 in Chenab River, Pakistan. As for DEHP, the highest concentrations of 13050 µg L-1 in Liao River, China, and 2306 µg L-1 in Rivers of Eastern Cape, South Africa were reported. These environmental levels of PAHs and DEHP were many folds higher than the surface water permissible levels devised by WHO and USEPA. Contrarily, the emerging PPCPs were reported in relatively lower levels in the surface waters globally, compared to that of PAHs and DEHP. Consistent with the environmental levels, PAHs and DEHP revealed alarming ecological risks in the surface water sources, compared to that of PPCPs. Regarding to the sources of PSs and CECs, PAHs emissions were mostly linked to the incomplete combustion of petroleum products, DEHP contamination was associated to its applications in consumption and production of plastic appliances and PPCPs emissions were largely related to the domestic and industrial effluents. As for toxic endpoints of PAHs, DEHP and PPCPs, all of these were reported to cause DNA damage, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity, as revealed in reviewed in vitro/vivo studies. In addition, the current review also highlighted the existing environmental regulations to control the emissions of these pollutants to the environmental matrices. Taken together, this review concluded that despite the existing environmental regulations, the current levels of organic pollutants are still on rising, especially in Asian countries. Therefore, the strict implementation of the existing regulations is highly necessary to control these pollutants to ensure public health and ecological integrity.
优先物质(ps)和新出现的关注污染物(CECs)在世界范围内表现出广泛的环境和公共卫生问题。本文综述了国内外有关多环芳烃(PAHs)和CECs(邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)等)在地表水中的分布、空间分布、生态风险和毒性的研究进展。空间分布分析显示，印度贡提河(Gomti River)、中国大亚湾(Daya Bay)和巴基斯坦切纳布河(Chenab River)表层水体多环芳烃含量分别为84210 ng L-1、29325 ng L-1和1287 ng L-1。DEHP的最高浓度分别为13050 µg L-1和2306 µg L-1，分别为中国辽河和南非东开普省。这些多环芳烃和DEHP的环境水平比世界卫生组织和美国环境保护局规定的地表水允许水平高出许多倍。相反，与多环芳烃和DEHP相比，全球地表水中新出现的PPCPs的含量相对较低。与环境水平一致，与PPCPs相比，PAHs和DEHP在地表水水源中显示出惊人的生态风险。多环芳烃的排放主要与石油产品的不完全燃烧有关，DEHP的污染主要与塑料器具的消费和生产有关，PPCPs的排放主要与家庭和工业废水有关。对于多环芳烃、DEHP和PPCPs的毒性终点，体外/体内研究表明，它们都有DNA损伤、遗传毒性、生殖毒性、发育毒性和免疫毒性的报道。此外，目前的审查还强调了控制这些污染物向环境基质排放的现有环境条例。综上所述，本次审查的结论是，尽管现有的环境法规，目前的有机污染物水平仍在上升，特别是在亚洲国家。因此，严格执行现有法规是非常必要的，以控制这些污染物，以确保公众健康和生态完整性。
{"title":"Environmental Concerns and Toxicogenetic Endpoints of Priority Substances (PSs) and Contaminants of Emerging Concerns (CECs): A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Yi Liu, M. Junaid, Naima Hamid, Chun-Di Chen, Desheng Pei","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2018.129.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2018.129.155","url":null,"abstract":"Priority Substance (PSs) and Contaminant of Emerging Concerns (CECs) exhibited a wide range of environmental and public health concerns worldwide. This review summarized the documented studies related to the current surface water occurrence, spatial distribution, ecological risks and toxicity of selected PSs, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and CECs, such as Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs). The spatial distribution analysis revealed alarming levels of PAHs in the surface waters of Asian counties, e.g., 84210 ng L-1 in Gomti River, India, 29325 ng L-1 in Daya Bay, China and 1287 ng L-1 in Chenab River, Pakistan. As for DEHP, the highest concentrations of 13050 µg L-1 in Liao River, China, and 2306 µg L-1 in Rivers of Eastern Cape, South Africa were reported. These environmental levels of PAHs and DEHP were many folds higher than the surface water permissible levels devised by WHO and USEPA. Contrarily, the emerging PPCPs were reported in relatively lower levels in the surface waters globally, compared to that of PAHs and DEHP. Consistent with the environmental levels, PAHs and DEHP revealed alarming ecological risks in the surface water sources, compared to that of PPCPs. Regarding to the sources of PSs and CECs, PAHs emissions were mostly linked to the incomplete combustion of petroleum products, DEHP contamination was associated to its applications in consumption and production of plastic appliances and PPCPs emissions were largely related to the domestic and industrial effluents. As for toxic endpoints of PAHs, DEHP and PPCPs, all of these were reported to cause DNA damage, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity, as revealed in reviewed in vitro/vivo studies. In addition, the current review also highlighted the existing environmental regulations to control the emissions of these pollutants to the environmental matrices. Taken together, this review concluded that despite the existing environmental regulations, the current levels of organic pollutants are still on rising, especially in Asian countries. Therefore, the strict implementation of the existing regulations is highly necessary to control these pollutants to ensure public health and ecological integrity.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"207 1","pages":"129-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83675752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.274.287
U. Paudel, S. Adhikari, K. Pant
Environmental dilapidation in developing countries upsurges the incidence of human diseases leading to societal impoverishment in the disease rampant areas. Literatures on economic evaluation of effects of environmental changes on human health are scanty. This paper descriptively reconnoiters major environmental changes, spread of diseases, associated household cost including health costs and finally benefits from the improvement of environment through household survey in western Nepal. The results ratify that draught, thunderstorm, lightning, flood and heat waves stand as the major climate-induced natural disasters affecting human health where people directly rely on agriculture for livelihood and firewood for cooking in western Nepal. Increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in all seasons are found parallel with the increasing incidence mostly of waterborne and foodborne diseases in the hilly region and vector-borne diseases in Terai region. Increasing disease incidences with new diseases under the changing environment have aggravated an average of NPR 61,539 (NPR 104 = US$ 1) as direct household curative cost and reduced working efficiency of the patients by 47% at least for a year. Direct adaptation cost in household level is estimated as almost NPR 81,500 which is catastrophic among the remittance-dependent poor community. With poor coverage of life insurance but highly excited towards health insurance in the community, people seem willing to pay more than the government existing rate (NPR 2,500) for ensuring sustainable health security. Finally, the household’s benefit from the improvement of environmental quality partially causing the diseases incidence elicited by the willingness to pay method is obtained as NPR 1,909 per year on an average. From the policy perspective, the results can be destiny in the formulation of environmental conservation plan and generation of self-motivation to the people around disease prone areas in western Nepal.
{"title":"Effects of Environmental Change on Human Health: A Descriptive Economic Analysis","authors":"U. Paudel, S. Adhikari, K. Pant","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2018.274.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2018.274.287","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental dilapidation in developing countries upsurges the incidence of human diseases leading to societal impoverishment in the disease rampant areas. Literatures on economic evaluation of effects of environmental changes on human health are scanty. This paper descriptively reconnoiters major environmental changes, spread of diseases, associated household cost including health costs and finally benefits from the improvement of environment through household survey in western Nepal. The results ratify that draught, thunderstorm, lightning, flood and heat waves stand as the major climate-induced natural disasters affecting human health where people directly rely on agriculture for livelihood and firewood for cooking in western Nepal. Increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in all seasons are found parallel with the increasing incidence mostly of waterborne and foodborne diseases in the hilly region and vector-borne diseases in Terai region. Increasing disease incidences with new diseases under the changing environment have aggravated an average of NPR 61,539 (NPR 104 = US$ 1) as direct household curative cost and reduced working efficiency of the patients by 47% at least for a year. Direct adaptation cost in household level is estimated as almost NPR 81,500 which is catastrophic among the remittance-dependent poor community. With poor coverage of life insurance but highly excited towards health insurance in the community, people seem willing to pay more than the government existing rate (NPR 2,500) for ensuring sustainable health security. Finally, the household’s benefit from the improvement of environmental quality partially causing the diseases incidence elicited by the willingness to pay method is obtained as NPR 1,909 per year on an average. From the policy perspective, the results can be destiny in the formulation of environmental conservation plan and generation of self-motivation to the people around disease prone areas in western Nepal.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"114 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91451323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.257.265
Saowapak Thammasane, T. Kaosol
Growing Oscillatoria sp. in freshwater causes several poisoning episodes of domestic livestock animal and human. The chemical coagulation of raw water using chemical coagulants is very simple and requiring less investment cost on equipment. These experiments used alum and PACl (Polyaluminium chloride) with alum as chemical coagulants for Oscillatoria sp. removal. The Oscillatoria sp. was prepared from Molecular and Cell Laboratory of Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research and grown in BG-11 medium. The samples of treated water use chemical coagulation test to verify their efficiency of Oscillatoria sp. cells removal from the synthetic raw water. The results show that the chemical coagulation using alum coagulant and PACl with alum coagulants produces a high efficiency in Oscillatoria sp. removal. However, the PACl with alum coagulants provided the best Oscillatoria sp. removal efficiency and the low amount of chemical coagulants for Oscillatoria sp. removal process. The PACl with alum doses at 1:10 by weight, provides the best Oscillatoria sp. removal efficiency at 97%. While, the best Oscillatoria sp. removal efficiency of alum dose at 90 mg/L, is 98%. It can be concluded that the PACl with alum doses as the combined chemical coagulant provided the highest efficiency at the lowest amount of chemical coagulants used.
{"title":"Impact of Chemical Coagulants for Oscillatoria sp. Removal from Raw Water on Chemical Coagulation Process","authors":"Saowapak Thammasane, T. Kaosol","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2018.257.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2018.257.265","url":null,"abstract":"Growing Oscillatoria sp. in freshwater causes several poisoning episodes of domestic livestock animal and human. The chemical coagulation of raw water using chemical coagulants is very simple and requiring less investment cost on equipment. These experiments used alum and PACl (Polyaluminium chloride) with alum as chemical coagulants for Oscillatoria sp. removal. The Oscillatoria sp. was prepared from Molecular and Cell Laboratory of Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research and grown in BG-11 medium. The samples of treated water use chemical coagulation test to verify their efficiency of Oscillatoria sp. cells removal from the synthetic raw water. The results show that the chemical coagulation using alum coagulant and PACl with alum coagulants produces a high efficiency in Oscillatoria sp. removal. However, the PACl with alum coagulants provided the best Oscillatoria sp. removal efficiency and the low amount of chemical coagulants for Oscillatoria sp. removal process. The PACl with alum doses at 1:10 by weight, provides the best Oscillatoria sp. removal efficiency at 97%. While, the best Oscillatoria sp. removal efficiency of alum dose at 90 mg/L, is 98%. It can be concluded that the PACl with alum doses as the combined chemical coagulant provided the highest efficiency at the lowest amount of chemical coagulants used.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75131468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.266.273
A. Offiong, Onnogen Usang Nkanu, Etim Nkanu Efut, U. J. Uba
Native settlements where oil and gas are produced in Africa are frequently challenged by environmental pollution. This challenge usually causes conflicts within the exploitation arena. Little effort is deceptively portrayed by the government and private organizations to ameliorate the impact of pollution on environmental media and human health risks due to exposure. A critical attribute of these worries has been due to ineffective risk communication and implementation of policies geared toward resolving social and economic intervention by the native residents. The relationship between youth’s restiveness, poverty, violent and environmental degradation has been a dominant headline in the lyrics of sustainable development and conflict resolution. Some writers have argued that conflict is not limited to the people who have been cursed with privations in the society; others concluded in their different narratives that the pollution of the environment, poverty and conflict are firmly bound together to provoke agitations and restiveness.
{"title":"Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Area Due to Petroleum Exploration: Are we Combating the Problems?","authors":"A. Offiong, Onnogen Usang Nkanu, Etim Nkanu Efut, U. J. Uba","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2018.266.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2018.266.273","url":null,"abstract":"Native settlements where oil and gas are produced in Africa are frequently challenged by environmental pollution. This challenge usually causes conflicts within the exploitation arena. Little effort is deceptively portrayed by the government and private organizations to ameliorate the impact of pollution on environmental media and human health risks due to exposure. A critical attribute of these worries has been due to ineffective risk communication and implementation of policies geared toward resolving social and economic intervention by the native residents. The relationship between youth’s restiveness, poverty, violent and environmental degradation has been a dominant headline in the lyrics of sustainable development and conflict resolution. Some writers have argued that conflict is not limited to the people who have been cursed with privations in the society; others concluded in their different narratives that the pollution of the environment, poverty and conflict are firmly bound together to provoke agitations and restiveness.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84056573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-25DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.118.128
W. Mahiyuddin, N. Jamil, Zamtira Seman, Nurul Izzah Ahmad, N. Abdullah, M. T. Latif, M. Sahani
Time series analysis and forecasting has become a major tool in many applications in air pollution and environmental management fields. Among the most effective approaches for analyzing time series data is the model introduced by Box and Jenkins. In this study, we used Box-Jenkins methodology to build Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model on the average of monthly ozone data taken from three monitoring stations in Klang Valley for the period 2000 to 2010 with a total of 132 readings. Result shows that ARIMA (1,0,0)(0,1,1)12 model was successfully applied to predict the long term trend of ozone concentrations in Klang Valley. The model performance has been evaluated on the basis of certain commonly used statistical measures. The overall model performance is found to be quite satisfactory as indicated by the values of Root Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error and Normalized Bayesian Information Criteria. The finding of a statistically significant upward trend of future ozone concentrations is a concern for human health in Klang Valley since over the last decade, ozone appears as one of the main pollutant of concern in Malaysia.
{"title":"Forecasting Ozone Concentrations Using Box-Jenkins ARIMA Modeling in Malaysia","authors":"W. Mahiyuddin, N. Jamil, Zamtira Seman, Nurul Izzah Ahmad, N. Abdullah, M. T. Latif, M. Sahani","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2018.118.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2018.118.128","url":null,"abstract":"Time series analysis and forecasting has become a major tool in many applications in air pollution and environmental management fields. Among the most effective approaches for analyzing time series data is the model introduced by Box and Jenkins. In this study, we used Box-Jenkins methodology to build Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model on the average of monthly ozone data taken from three monitoring stations in Klang Valley for the period 2000 to 2010 with a total of 132 readings. Result shows that ARIMA (1,0,0)(0,1,1)12 model was successfully applied to predict the long term trend of ozone concentrations in Klang Valley. The model performance has been evaluated on the basis of certain commonly used statistical measures. The overall model performance is found to be quite satisfactory as indicated by the values of Root Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error and Normalized Bayesian Information Criteria. The finding of a statistically significant upward trend of future ozone concentrations is a concern for human health in Klang Valley since over the last decade, ozone appears as one of the main pollutant of concern in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"377 1","pages":"118-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84949122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deterioration could lead to destruction of materials with chemical or electrochemical reactionas corrosion. Corrosion is one of the most complicated and costly problems facing in municipal drinking water utilities. A large number of parameters affectedpipe corrosion, including water quality and composition, flow conditions, biological ironactivity and corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion scales play an important role in modifying water quality in drinking water distribution systems. The corrosion scales from old water pipe lines were analyzed for their structure and composition. This paper mainly studied the deposits found in water distribution system of Municipal and protection of corrosion methods as well as to preventive measurements of the iron pipe corrosion. The corrosion scales had a shell-like, enveloping layer, covering porous deposits of iron oxide phases. Catastrophic failures are obtained in water distribution systems, so major layer will be occurred. The ground water samples were drawn from the area and subjected to physical and chemical analysis and the analysis results were used to evaluate in laboratory works.
{"title":"Study of Iron Pipe Corrosion for Water Distribution System and Its Effect in Addis Ababa City; Ethiopia","authors":"Enkuahone Abebe Alamineh","doi":"10.3844/OFSP.11969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/OFSP.11969","url":null,"abstract":"Deterioration could lead to destruction of materials with chemical or electrochemical reactionas corrosion. Corrosion is one of the most complicated and costly problems facing in municipal drinking water utilities. A large number of parameters affectedpipe corrosion, including water quality and composition, flow conditions, biological ironactivity and corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion scales play an important role in modifying water quality in drinking water distribution systems. The corrosion scales from old water pipe lines were analyzed for their structure and composition. This paper mainly studied the deposits found in water distribution system of Municipal and protection of corrosion methods as well as to preventive measurements of the iron pipe corrosion. The corrosion scales had a shell-like, enveloping layer, covering porous deposits of iron oxide phases. Catastrophic failures are obtained in water distribution systems, so major layer will be occurred. The ground water samples were drawn from the area and subjected to physical and chemical analysis and the analysis results were used to evaluate in laboratory works.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"05 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85970610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-08DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.44.54
H. Mushtaq, S. Shameem, Mumtaz Mohd Bhat, A. Hai, Khalid Rehman Hakeem
The present study was conducted to investigate the biochemical attributes of Nymphaea alba (also known as the European White Water lily or Nenuphar), an annual or perennial aquatic flowering plant at three study sites viz., site I (Nagoo Mohalla, near residential area); site II (Ashaibagh-adjacent to floating gardens) and site III (Marzibagh-Nigeen boat club) in Nigeen Basin of Dal Lake, Kashmir. The sampling was done on monthly basis and the entire study period was divided into two phases i.e., the active growth phase (summer-June, July and August) and the senescence phase (early winter-September, October and November). Comparative biochemical assessment of three sites revealed chlorophyll ‘a’ ranging from 2.371 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 3.266 µg mL-1 (site-I); chlorophyll ‘b’- 0.382 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 0.588 µg mL-1 (site-I); total chlorophyll, 3.184 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 4.262 µg mL-1 (site-I), while as carotenoids varied between 0.438 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 1.083 µg mL-1 (site-I). Proteins and amino acids elevated from a range of 0.328 mg mL-1(site-III) to 0.578 mg mL-1 (site-I) and 2.884 mg mL-1 (site-III) to 3.823 mg mL-1 (site-I) respectively. The starch and carbohydrate content obtained a concentration range of 8.486 mg mL-1 (site-III) to 10.302 mg mL-1 (site-I) and 10.009 mg mL-1 (site III) to 12.769 mg mL-1 (site-I) respectively. The results revealed that the biosynthesis of various biomolecules accelerated during the active growth phase at Site-I (June) due to optimum physico-chemical parameters of water such as temperature (27°C); pH (8.9); free carbon dioxide (20.0 mg L-1); and high concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (427.3 µg L-1) and total phosphorous (226.8 µg L-1) while as, low range of biomolecules was observed at site-III in the senescence phase (November) due to decrease in various physico-chemical parameters of water (temperature, 5.0°C; pH,7.2; free carbon dioxide, 16.4 mg L-1; nitrate-nitrogen, 201.7 µg L-1; and total phosphorous, 203.5 µg L-1) from summer to early winter season. The study concludes that high nutrient load owing to various anthropogenic activities during active growth phase enhanced the growth of Nymphaea alba at site I as it increased biosynthesis of its various biomolecules in comparison to site III (control site) which is attributed to various clean-up activities taken up around this site. The study, thus recommends urgent scientific measures including proper management, conservation and restoration of lake. Furthermore, human habitation around the lake catchment demands sustainable protection measures to limit further degradation of the lake.
{"title":"Pollution Potential Assessment of Nymphaea alba in Nigeen Basin of Dal Lake, Kashmir (J&K), India","authors":"H. Mushtaq, S. Shameem, Mumtaz Mohd Bhat, A. Hai, Khalid Rehman Hakeem","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2018.44.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2018.44.54","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to investigate the biochemical attributes of Nymphaea alba (also known as the European White Water lily or Nenuphar), an annual or perennial aquatic flowering plant at three study sites viz., site I (Nagoo Mohalla, near residential area); site II (Ashaibagh-adjacent to floating gardens) and site III (Marzibagh-Nigeen boat club) in Nigeen Basin of Dal Lake, Kashmir. The sampling was done on monthly basis and the entire study period was divided into two phases i.e., the active growth phase (summer-June, July and August) and the senescence phase (early winter-September, October and November). Comparative biochemical assessment of three sites revealed chlorophyll ‘a’ ranging from 2.371 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 3.266 µg mL-1 (site-I); chlorophyll ‘b’- 0.382 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 0.588 µg mL-1 (site-I); total chlorophyll, 3.184 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 4.262 µg mL-1 (site-I), while as carotenoids varied between 0.438 µg mL-1 (site-III) to 1.083 µg mL-1 (site-I). Proteins and amino acids elevated from a range of 0.328 mg mL-1(site-III) to 0.578 mg mL-1 (site-I) and 2.884 mg mL-1 (site-III) to 3.823 mg mL-1 (site-I) respectively. The starch and carbohydrate content obtained a concentration range of 8.486 mg mL-1 (site-III) to 10.302 mg mL-1 (site-I) and 10.009 mg mL-1 (site III) to 12.769 mg mL-1 (site-I) respectively. The results revealed that the biosynthesis of various biomolecules accelerated during the active growth phase at Site-I (June) due to optimum physico-chemical parameters of water such as temperature (27°C); pH (8.9); free carbon dioxide (20.0 mg L-1); and high concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (427.3 µg L-1) and total phosphorous (226.8 µg L-1) while as, low range of biomolecules was observed at site-III in the senescence phase (November) due to decrease in various physico-chemical parameters of water (temperature, 5.0°C; pH,7.2; free carbon dioxide, 16.4 mg L-1; nitrate-nitrogen, 201.7 µg L-1; and total phosphorous, 203.5 µg L-1) from summer to early winter season. The study concludes that high nutrient load owing to various anthropogenic activities during active growth phase enhanced the growth of Nymphaea alba at site I as it increased biosynthesis of its various biomolecules in comparison to site III (control site) which is attributed to various clean-up activities taken up around this site. The study, thus recommends urgent scientific measures including proper management, conservation and restoration of lake. Furthermore, human habitation around the lake catchment demands sustainable protection measures to limit further degradation of the lake.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"44-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90459385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.86.94
Monera Akter Eva, Mahmudul Islam Piash, M. Hossain, Z. Parveen
A study was conducted to determine the organic carbon fractions in the vertical sections of a benchmark wetland soil of Bangladesh (Arial Beel) and their dynamics that directly affect the biogeochemistry of soil, water and plant biomass ecosystem. Two distinctive soil series viz. Sara and Arial are characterized such as pH, moisture content, textural class, CEC, organic carbon (SOC), bulk density and total organic matter etc. Different extraction methods were used for the fractionation of dissolved organic carbon such as water-soluble Fraction (WSC), hot water extractable fraction (HWC; 80°C), labile fraction (CaCl2- extractable; LF), moderately labile fraction (Pyrophosphate-extractable; MLF), polyaromatic fraction (toluene + methanol extractable), Microbial Biomass C Fraction (MBF) and the remaining Resistant Fraction (RF). The total organic carbon content ranges from 0.72 to 1.95%; surface horizons had higher C than underneath horizons and prolonged inundation increased the C content mostly. Higher CEC of the soils had a positive correlation to HWC, MBC and RF. The DOC content particularly MLF was found higher in surface and substratum than subsurface horizons in most of the soils. The HWC and ML fraction had highly significant (p 1%) which is relatively resistant to further degradation and might be considered as sequestered C. Short inundated period and scope of winter Robi crops might have caused Sara soil to have relatively lower organic C and RF than Arial. Moreover, the amount of DOC fractions in Sara series was lower and that decreased with depth but in Arial series, fractions varied within the profile.
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Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2018.110.117
P. Sampanpanish, Yotsavanun Hongpiriyakul
This study investigated lead (Pb) removal using a plant called‘Elephant Ear’ (Colocasiaesculenta (L.) Schott) from contaminated waterat Klity Creek, located in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Plants weregrown in contaminated water with lead carbonate (Pb(CO3)2) in a nursery. The experiment was divided into 4 sets; (1) With Pb but without EDTA, (2) With Pb and EDTA 0.01 millimole (mM) per liter (mM L-1), (3) With Pband EDTA 0.02 mM L-1 and (4) With Pb and EDTA 0.03 mM L-1. These plants were grown, maintained and harvested every 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. Plant samples were separated into three parts; leaf, petiole and root. They were analyzed in terms of total lead (TPb) content, including the water solution. The results showed that Pb accumulation in Elephant ear was relatively significant in all of the experiment sets (p petioles > leaves were significant with 502.84, 126.19 and 91.06 mg kg-1 (p<0.05) at EDTA of 0.02 mM set, respectively. Plants exhibited signs of phytotoxicity, such as wilting and curling of their leaves, yellow color appearing in the leaf margins and the plants eventually dying. These effects could be used as an indicator for determining the presence of Pb in contaminated water and soil.
本研究研究了一种名为“象耳”(Colocasiaesculenta, L.)的植物去除铅(Pb)。来自泰国北碧府Klity溪受污染的水。在苗圃中，植物生长在受碳酸铅(Pb(CO3)2)污染的水中。实验分为4组;(1)含Pb但不含EDTA，(2)含Pb和EDTA 0.01毫摩尔/升(mM -1)，(3)含Pband EDTA 0.02 mM -1，(4)含Pb和EDTA 0.03 mM -1。这些植物每15、30、45、60、75和90天种植、维护和收获一次。植物样品被分成三部分;叶，叶柄和根。分析了它们的总铅(TPb)含量，包括水溶液。结果表明:在EDTA为0.02 mM时，叶柄>叶片Pb累积量分别为502.84、126.19和91.06 mg kg-1 (p<0.05);植物表现出植物毒性的迹象，如叶子枯萎和卷曲，叶子边缘出现黄色，植物最终死亡。这些效应可作为测定污染水体和土壤中铅含量的指标。
{"title":"Pb Removal from Contaminated Water Using EDTA with Colocasiaesculenta (L.) Schott at Klity Creek, Kanchanaburi, Thailand","authors":"P. Sampanpanish, Yotsavanun Hongpiriyakul","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2018.110.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2018.110.117","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated lead (Pb) removal using a plant called‘Elephant Ear’ (Colocasiaesculenta (L.) Schott) from contaminated waterat Klity Creek, located in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Plants weregrown in contaminated water with lead carbonate (Pb(CO3)2) in a nursery. The experiment was divided into 4 sets; (1) With Pb but without EDTA, (2) With Pb and EDTA 0.01 millimole (mM) per liter (mM L-1), (3) With Pband EDTA 0.02 mM L-1 and (4) With Pb and EDTA 0.03 mM L-1. These plants were grown, maintained and harvested every 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. Plant samples were separated into three parts; leaf, petiole and root. They were analyzed in terms of total lead (TPb) content, including the water solution. The results showed that Pb accumulation in Elephant ear was relatively significant in all of the experiment sets (p petioles > leaves were significant with 502.84, 126.19 and 91.06 mg kg-1 (p<0.05) at EDTA of 0.02 mM set, respectively. Plants exhibited signs of phytotoxicity, such as wilting and curling of their leaves, yellow color appearing in the leaf margins and the plants eventually dying. These effects could be used as an indicator for determining the presence of Pb in contaminated water and soil.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"182 1","pages":"110-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86979008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Wiafe, R. Buamah, Lawrence Darkwah, H. Essandoh
The evaluation of the rate of heavy metal absorption by aquatic plants; Typha capensis and Heliconia psittacorum was carried out for the removal of Hg, As, Cd and Pb from water and soil. Uptake of Hg, As, Cd and Pb by these aquatic plant species in metal contaminated water and soil were studied in batch culture experiment. The plants were irrigated with standard heavy metal simulated solutions. After 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, plant samples were subjected to analysis by Inductive Coupled Plasma-mass Spectroscopy (Agilent 7700x series ICP-MS developed for complex matrix analysis). The rate of the heavy metal uptake by the T. capensis far exceeded that of the H. psittacorum in both the roots and shoots. Arsenic, cadmium and mercury showed considerable uptake by both macrophytes in the shoots than that of the roots; indicating the high absorption capacities of the three metals by the macrophytes. It was evident that arsenic, cadmium and mercury exhibited systematic rate of absorption by the plants and their rate of absorption by the plant over the period is very significant.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Rate of Heavy Metal Absorptions by Typha Capensis and Heliconia Psittacorum","authors":"S. Wiafe, R. Buamah, Lawrence Darkwah, H. Essandoh","doi":"10.3844/OFSP.11933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/OFSP.11933","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of the rate of heavy metal absorption by aquatic plants; Typha capensis and Heliconia psittacorum was carried out for the removal of Hg, As, Cd and Pb from water and soil. Uptake of Hg, As, Cd and Pb by these aquatic plant species in metal contaminated water and soil were studied in batch culture experiment. The plants were irrigated with standard heavy metal simulated solutions. After 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, plant samples were subjected to analysis by Inductive Coupled Plasma-mass Spectroscopy (Agilent 7700x series ICP-MS developed for complex matrix analysis). The rate of the heavy metal uptake by the T. capensis far exceeded that of the H. psittacorum in both the roots and shoots. Arsenic, cadmium and mercury showed considerable uptake by both macrophytes in the shoots than that of the roots; indicating the high absorption capacities of the three metals by the macrophytes. It was evident that arsenic, cadmium and mercury exhibited systematic rate of absorption by the plants and their rate of absorption by the plant over the period is very significant.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73179129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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