Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2021.101.107
J. Adounkpe, N. B. N. Azon, Hermione W. Degila, P. Hounkpe
Corresponding Author: Julien Gnonlonfoun Adounkpe Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey Calavi, Benin Email: julvictoire@yahoo.com Abstract: This study focuses on the spatio-temporal assessment of mercury pollution of the sedimentary environment of Lake Ahémé in southwestern Benin Republic. Sediment samples were taken from 32 sites in July 2018 and then in December 2019, covering the two major climatic seasons of the southern area of the country. Sampling was done according to a grid design of the entire area of the ecosystem. The surface sediment samples were collected at a depth between 0 and 5 cm in three takes at each site with a Van Veen grab. Samples were frozen, lyophilized at -40°C, crushed, sieved and homogenized. The fraction less than 63 μm in size was collected for the mercury determination by a Direct Mercury Analyser (DMA) operating by atomic absorption according to the US EPA 7473 method. The results obtained reveal that, in 2018, mercury is more concentrated in the northern and central part of the lake varying from 109 μg/Kg (center) to 132 μg/Kg (north) while in 2019, the central and southern zones of the lake were more concentrated in mercury, with 162 and 87 μg/Kg respectively. However, the values of the geo-cumulation index Igéo varies from 0 to 1, showing that Lake Ahémé is slightly polluted at these sites.
{"title":"Distribution of Total Mercury in the Sedimentary Environment in Lake Ahémé, Southern Benin (West Africa)","authors":"J. Adounkpe, N. B. N. Azon, Hermione W. Degila, P. Hounkpe","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2021.101.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2021.101.107","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Julien Gnonlonfoun Adounkpe Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey Calavi, Benin Email: julvictoire@yahoo.com Abstract: This study focuses on the spatio-temporal assessment of mercury pollution of the sedimentary environment of Lake Ahémé in southwestern Benin Republic. Sediment samples were taken from 32 sites in July 2018 and then in December 2019, covering the two major climatic seasons of the southern area of the country. Sampling was done according to a grid design of the entire area of the ecosystem. The surface sediment samples were collected at a depth between 0 and 5 cm in three takes at each site with a Van Veen grab. Samples were frozen, lyophilized at -40°C, crushed, sieved and homogenized. The fraction less than 63 μm in size was collected for the mercury determination by a Direct Mercury Analyser (DMA) operating by atomic absorption according to the US EPA 7473 method. The results obtained reveal that, in 2018, mercury is more concentrated in the northern and central part of the lake varying from 109 μg/Kg (center) to 132 μg/Kg (north) while in 2019, the central and southern zones of the lake were more concentrated in mercury, with 162 and 87 μg/Kg respectively. However, the values of the geo-cumulation index Igéo varies from 0 to 1, showing that Lake Ahémé is slightly polluted at these sites.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81015335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2021.64.70
A. Hossain, M. M. Uddin
Corresponding Author: ABM Sharif Hossain Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Applied Science, Dammam University, KSA, Saudi Arabia Email: hossainsharif41@gmail.com Abstract: The objective of the review study was carried out from different research data to find out the innovative latest information on the waste water treatment in agro, industrial and municipal areas. From the review study, it has been noted that cellulase, peroxidage, lignage, tyrosinase, pactinase and amylase have been widely used for waste water treatment. Besides, microbial enzymes such as microbial dioxygenase, oxygenase, laccase, peroxidase, lipase, cellulase, protease and fungal laccase have been applied for the waste water treatment in industrial and municipal areas and found effective results. Different techniques of application have been discussed using different hydrolytic and microbial enzymes. Therefore it seems that enzymatic treatments keep a significant role in waste water treatment from agro-food processing industries having low cost of production and treatment management process.
{"title":"Study of Different Types of Enzymes for Biological, Agro-Food Processing and Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview","authors":"A. Hossain, M. M. Uddin","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2021.64.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2021.64.70","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: ABM Sharif Hossain Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Applied Science, Dammam University, KSA, Saudi Arabia Email: hossainsharif41@gmail.com Abstract: The objective of the review study was carried out from different research data to find out the innovative latest information on the waste water treatment in agro, industrial and municipal areas. From the review study, it has been noted that cellulase, peroxidage, lignage, tyrosinase, pactinase and amylase have been widely used for waste water treatment. Besides, microbial enzymes such as microbial dioxygenase, oxygenase, laccase, peroxidase, lipase, cellulase, protease and fungal laccase have been applied for the waste water treatment in industrial and municipal areas and found effective results. Different techniques of application have been discussed using different hydrolytic and microbial enzymes. Therefore it seems that enzymatic treatments keep a significant role in waste water treatment from agro-food processing industries having low cost of production and treatment management process.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79024107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2021.92.100
Nesrine Turki, N. Boujelben, Zaineb Bakari, J. Bouzid
Corresponding Author: Nesrine Turki Laboratory of Environment and Ecotechnology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, ENIS, Street of Soukra km 3.5. BP 1173 CP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia Email: nesrineturkighorbel@gmail.com Abstract: In this study, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and BET surface area (SBET) methods were employed to characterize the adsorbent. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was consider as a good method to assess Ni adsorption treatment and BoxBehnken design was used to examine simultaneous the effects of different experimental variables (pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time). Experimental results showed high adsorption efficiency. Statistical analysis showed a high correlation coefficient (R value 0.9578). It was showed that adsorption efficiency raised as contact time and adsorbent dosage raised. The best results were acquired with optimum conditions. A contact time of 120 min and an adsorbent dose of 0.5 mg L give the highest adsorption capacity. The similarity between observed and predicted values sustains the relevance of the model to estimate the adsorption process. It was suggested that Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fitted for Nickel adsorption process (R values ranged between 0.92 and 0.99). The results showed that adsorption efficiency increased as temperature increase. Mostly, Tunisian clay may be assessed as powerful adsorbent for the adsorption of Nickel from aqueous solution.
通讯作者:Nesrine Turki环境与生态技术实验室，Sfax-Tunisia大学，ENIS, Street of Soukra km 3.5。摘要:本研究采用扫描电镜(SEM)、x射线衍射(xrd)和BET表面积(SBET)等方法对吸附剂进行表征。响应面法(RSM)被认为是评估Ni吸附处理效果的好方法，并采用BoxBehnken设计同时考察不同实验变量(pH、吸附剂用量、接触时间)的影响。实验结果表明，吸附效率高。统计分析显示相关系数高(R值0.9578)。结果表明，吸附效率随着接触时间和吸附剂用量的增加而提高。在最佳条件下，获得了最佳效果。接触时间为120min，吸附剂用量为0.5 mg L时吸附量最大。观测值和预测值之间的相似性维持了模型估计吸附过程的相关性。结果表明，Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型适用于镍吸附过程(R值为0.92 ~ 0.99)。结果表明，吸附效率随温度升高而升高。大多数情况下，突尼斯粘土可以被评价为从水溶液中吸附镍的强力吸附剂。
{"title":"Use of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Nickel Adsorption in an Aqueous Solution by Clay","authors":"Nesrine Turki, N. Boujelben, Zaineb Bakari, J. Bouzid","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2021.92.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2021.92.100","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Nesrine Turki Laboratory of Environment and Ecotechnology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, ENIS, Street of Soukra km 3.5. BP 1173 CP 3038, Sfax, Tunisia Email: nesrineturkighorbel@gmail.com Abstract: In this study, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and BET surface area (SBET) methods were employed to characterize the adsorbent. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was consider as a good method to assess Ni adsorption treatment and BoxBehnken design was used to examine simultaneous the effects of different experimental variables (pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time). Experimental results showed high adsorption efficiency. Statistical analysis showed a high correlation coefficient (R value 0.9578). It was showed that adsorption efficiency raised as contact time and adsorbent dosage raised. The best results were acquired with optimum conditions. A contact time of 120 min and an adsorbent dose of 0.5 mg L give the highest adsorption capacity. The similarity between observed and predicted values sustains the relevance of the model to estimate the adsorption process. It was suggested that Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fitted for Nickel adsorption process (R values ranged between 0.92 and 0.99). The results showed that adsorption efficiency increased as temperature increase. Mostly, Tunisian clay may be assessed as powerful adsorbent for the adsorption of Nickel from aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79104229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2021.43.48
C. Prakash, S. Srivastav
Corresponding Author: Sunil Kumar Srivastav Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur, University Gorakhpur273009, U.P., India Email: sunilsrivastav@hotmail.com Abstract: Microcystin-LR (2.5 μg/25 g) was injected intraperitoneally to the fish Heteropneustes fossilis on day 1, 10 and 20 kept in either freshwater or freshwater containing ZnCl2. The fishes were killed on day 5, 10, 20 and 30 day. The serum calcium levels was estimated and ultimobranchial glands were processed for routine histology. Microcystin-LR administration to fish Heteropneustes fossilis induced hypocalcemia and ultimobranchial gland exhibit decreased nuclear volume of the ultimobranchial cells. Degenerative ultimobranchial gland cells were obtained after day 20. While the fish injected with MC-LR kept in ZnCl2 has shown no change in serum calcium levels as well as in histology of ultimobranchial gland cells.
{"title":"Microcystin-LR Affects Ultimobranchial Gland of Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis","authors":"C. Prakash, S. Srivastav","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2021.43.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2021.43.48","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Sunil Kumar Srivastav Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur, University Gorakhpur273009, U.P., India Email: sunilsrivastav@hotmail.com Abstract: Microcystin-LR (2.5 μg/25 g) was injected intraperitoneally to the fish Heteropneustes fossilis on day 1, 10 and 20 kept in either freshwater or freshwater containing ZnCl2. The fishes were killed on day 5, 10, 20 and 30 day. The serum calcium levels was estimated and ultimobranchial glands were processed for routine histology. Microcystin-LR administration to fish Heteropneustes fossilis induced hypocalcemia and ultimobranchial gland exhibit decreased nuclear volume of the ultimobranchial cells. Degenerative ultimobranchial gland cells were obtained after day 20. While the fish injected with MC-LR kept in ZnCl2 has shown no change in serum calcium levels as well as in histology of ultimobranchial gland cells.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83131195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2021.23.30
Nur Shahirah Abd Rahim, A. Yahya, W. Mahiyuddin
Corresponding Author: Nur Nabila Abd Rahim Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: nurnabila@gmail.com Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the association between particulate matter (PM10) exposure and cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and develop a time series model for cardiorespiratory hospital admissions in Johor, Malaysia. Retrospective time series analysis was utilised to study cardiorespiratory hospital admissions for the study period 2015-2016. Over-dispersed Poisson generalized linear models with parametric smoothing functions were used to examine the association between cardiorespiratory admissions and PM10 exposure. Male patients have a higher mean age at admission compared to female patients for cardiovascular admissions. Correlations were weak between PM10 concentration and meteorological data. Time series analysis yielded insignificant results in establishing the association between PM10 and both cardiorespiratory hospitalisations after adjusting for long-term trend, seasonal patterns and meteorological covariates. The findings from this study contribute to the heterogeneity of existing literature on this subject. More studies need to be conducted with the use of multipollutant models and adjustments for more confounding variables. The methodology used here is proposed as a way to explore reproducibility of air pollution effects on risk of cardiorespiratory hospitalisations of urban and suburban populations in Johor, Malaysia.
通讯作者:Nur Nabila Abd Rahim马来西亚吉隆坡马来亚大学医学院社会与预防医学系Email: nurnabila@gmail.com摘要:本研究旨在评估颗粒物(PM10)暴露与心肺住院之间的关系，并建立马来西亚柔佛心肺住院的时间序列模型。回顾性时间序列分析用于研究2015-2016年期间的心肺住院情况。使用参数平滑函数的过分散泊松广义线性模型来检验心肺入院与PM10暴露之间的关系。男性患者在入院时的平均年龄高于女性患者的心血管入院。PM10浓度与气象数据相关性较弱。在调整了长期趋势、季节模式和气象协变量后，时间序列分析在建立PM10与心肺住院之间的关联方面得出了不显著的结果。本研究的发现有助于对这一主题的现有文献的异质性。需要使用多污染物模型进行更多的研究，并对更多的混杂变量进行调整。本文提出的方法是为了探索空气污染对马来西亚柔佛州城市和郊区人口心肺疾病住院风险影响的可重复性。
{"title":"Association Between Particulate Matter (PM10) Exposure and Cardiorespiratory Hospital Admissions: A Time Series Analysis","authors":"Nur Shahirah Abd Rahim, A. Yahya, W. Mahiyuddin","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2021.23.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2021.23.30","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Nur Nabila Abd Rahim Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: nurnabila@gmail.com Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the association between particulate matter (PM10) exposure and cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and develop a time series model for cardiorespiratory hospital admissions in Johor, Malaysia. Retrospective time series analysis was utilised to study cardiorespiratory hospital admissions for the study period 2015-2016. Over-dispersed Poisson generalized linear models with parametric smoothing functions were used to examine the association between cardiorespiratory admissions and PM10 exposure. Male patients have a higher mean age at admission compared to female patients for cardiovascular admissions. Correlations were weak between PM10 concentration and meteorological data. Time series analysis yielded insignificant results in establishing the association between PM10 and both cardiorespiratory hospitalisations after adjusting for long-term trend, seasonal patterns and meteorological covariates. The findings from this study contribute to the heterogeneity of existing literature on this subject. More studies need to be conducted with the use of multipollutant models and adjustments for more confounding variables. The methodology used here is proposed as a way to explore reproducibility of air pollution effects on risk of cardiorespiratory hospitalisations of urban and suburban populations in Johor, Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76280745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2021.82.91
A. Hossain, M. M. Uddin
Corresponding Author: ABM Sharif Hossain Biotechnology Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: abm.hossain@uoh.edu.sa Abstract: Bio-waste from food industry is a significant component to pollute the environment. Bioproducts like biomaterials, biofuel can be produced from biowaste and pollution can be reduced. The study was conducted to evaluate the quality of bioethanol production and investigate the bioethanol for bioelectricity generation using rambutan fruit biowaste. Bioethanol yield was the highest in 2 days incubation period of fermentation. The highest bioethanol yield was found at 30°C having pH 5.0 compared to the 28 and 35°C. With enzymatic hydrolysis, yeast exhibited more effective as compare to the amylase and cellulose for producing bioethanol. However, the glucose content was lowest in the bioethanol produced at 2 days incubation period. In addition, viscosity and acid value were exhibited well at 2 days incubation period followed by the ASTM standards. Similarly, the metal element contents (P, Ca, Si, Fe, Cu and Pb) were found satisfactory within the limit of the ASTM standards. The Si, Cu and Pb showed the value zero which was of good for energy generation. Bioelectricity represented by Voltage (mV) using bioethanol was monitored in fuel cell and found the Voltage (269.23 and 233.84 mV) at 100% ethanol and 100% bioethanol. The rotation of the fan in the fuel cell was observed and exhibited 510 and 450 RPM at 100% ethanol and 100% bioethanol. Voltage decreased while incubation time increased in bioethanol based fuel cell. Therefore, it was found from the results that bioethanol produced was of good quality where conversion rate was 97.2% and optimized at 30°C having pH 5.0, 2 days incubation period and 4g/l yeast concentration as well as bioelectricity represented by voltage (mV) was generated successfully using the bioethanol produced and fuel cell as an innovative technology in the field of renewable energy.
{"title":"Fruit Bio-Waste Derived Bio-Ethanol Production and Bioelectricity Generation as Renewable Energy","authors":"A. Hossain, M. M. Uddin","doi":"10.3844/ajessp.2021.82.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2021.82.91","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: ABM Sharif Hossain Biotechnology Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: abm.hossain@uoh.edu.sa Abstract: Bio-waste from food industry is a significant component to pollute the environment. Bioproducts like biomaterials, biofuel can be produced from biowaste and pollution can be reduced. The study was conducted to evaluate the quality of bioethanol production and investigate the bioethanol for bioelectricity generation using rambutan fruit biowaste. Bioethanol yield was the highest in 2 days incubation period of fermentation. The highest bioethanol yield was found at 30°C having pH 5.0 compared to the 28 and 35°C. With enzymatic hydrolysis, yeast exhibited more effective as compare to the amylase and cellulose for producing bioethanol. However, the glucose content was lowest in the bioethanol produced at 2 days incubation period. In addition, viscosity and acid value were exhibited well at 2 days incubation period followed by the ASTM standards. Similarly, the metal element contents (P, Ca, Si, Fe, Cu and Pb) were found satisfactory within the limit of the ASTM standards. The Si, Cu and Pb showed the value zero which was of good for energy generation. Bioelectricity represented by Voltage (mV) using bioethanol was monitored in fuel cell and found the Voltage (269.23 and 233.84 mV) at 100% ethanol and 100% bioethanol. The rotation of the fan in the fuel cell was observed and exhibited 510 and 450 RPM at 100% ethanol and 100% bioethanol. Voltage decreased while incubation time increased in bioethanol based fuel cell. Therefore, it was found from the results that bioethanol produced was of good quality where conversion rate was 97.2% and optimized at 30°C having pH 5.0, 2 days incubation period and 4g/l yeast concentration as well as bioelectricity represented by voltage (mV) was generated successfully using the bioethanol produced and fuel cell as an innovative technology in the field of renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88048498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2021.1.13
M. B. Kebre, F. Ouedraogo, B. Naon, F. Cherblanc, F. Zougmore
Analysis of Non-Equilibrium Phase Change in Transfers at Low Water Content by Considering the Film Flow. Abstract: In this study, we analyze the effect of non-equilibrium phase change on transfer at low water content in a sandy soil by considering the contribution of film flow in the motion of liquid water. Indeed, most of the non-equilibrium study methods use for hydraulic conductivity, the van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) capillary model which does not consider the film flow occurred at low water contents. Thus, we conduct a theoretical study by using an unidirectional non-equilibrium two phase flow model to simulate water transfers by filtration of liquid water and diffusion of water vapour coupled by liquid/gas phase change. We then compare the results of the non-equilibrium with the classical model of VGM for hydraulic conductivity function and another model considering the film flows. The numerical simulation is based on a column of sandy soil exposed to a controlled atmosphere. We observe that the shapes of the profiles of fluxes (liquid water, liquid/vapour non-equilibrium phase change) simulated using the capillary model are very different from those obtained with the model considering the film flow. In this last case, the liquid/gas nonequilibrium is not noticeable as in the case of the capillary model. It seems that the film flows occult the water vapour diffusion by delaying the phase change process, therefore a lower concentration of water vapour into the soil than in the case where the capillary flow alone has been considered.
{"title":"Analysis of Non-Equilibrium Phase Change in Transfers at Low Water Content by Considering the Film Flow","authors":"M. B. Kebre, F. Ouedraogo, B. Naon, F. Cherblanc, F. Zougmore","doi":"10.3844/AJESSP.2021.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJESSP.2021.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of Non-Equilibrium Phase Change in Transfers at Low Water Content by Considering the Film Flow. Abstract: In this study, we analyze the effect of non-equilibrium phase change on transfer at low water content in a sandy soil by considering the contribution of film flow in the motion of liquid water. Indeed, most of the non-equilibrium study methods use for hydraulic conductivity, the van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) capillary model which does not consider the film flow occurred at low water contents. Thus, we conduct a theoretical study by using an unidirectional non-equilibrium two phase flow model to simulate water transfers by filtration of liquid water and diffusion of water vapour coupled by liquid/gas phase change. We then compare the results of the non-equilibrium with the classical model of VGM for hydraulic conductivity function and another model considering the film flows. The numerical simulation is based on a column of sandy soil exposed to a controlled atmosphere. We observe that the shapes of the profiles of fluxes (liquid water, liquid/vapour non-equilibrium phase change) simulated using the capillary model are very different from those obtained with the model considering the film flow. In this last case, the liquid/gas nonequilibrium is not noticeable as in the case of the capillary model. It seems that the film flows occult the water vapour diffusion by delaying the phase change process, therefore a lower concentration of water vapour into the soil than in the case where the capillary flow alone has been considered.","PeriodicalId":7487,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76309646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.3844/AJESSP.2021.14.22
P. Jafari, Afrooz Botshekan
Corresponding Author: Afrooz Botshekan Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Email: Afrooz.Botshekan@gmail.com Abstract: One of the most important issues of these days is an environmental pollution. Environmental problems such as air pollution and climate changes in urban areas are the results of human behavior. Only change in human behavior can reduce these environmental problems. Thus, studying attitude and behavior of people is a precondition to change this situation. This study aimed to examine relationships between personal factors, attitude, knowledge and people's environmental behavior. This research has been carried out in the social marketing framework and focused on air pollution reduction policies in Tehran. The method of collecting research data was a questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed randomly among Tehran citizens and data were analyzed by SPSS software, factor analysis and linear regression analysis. It is emerged from the present study that marital status, having alive grandparents, education, gender, family member with the specific disease, the way of spending free time (inside or outside), traveling abroad, occupational status, having regular exercise programs as well as two variables of attitude and awareness of air pollution consequences, were identified as the most effective factors on willingness to observe air pollution reduction policies. Results of this study showed that citizens' priority to implement air pollution policies is paying city tax. This research also suggested that air pollution policies need to be addressed more rigorously for the targeted population. All these together can influence on people's behavior to reduce air pollution.
通讯作者:Afrooz Botshekan Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch，德黑兰，伊朗Email: Afrooz.Botshekan@gmail.com摘要:环境污染是当今最重要的问题之一。城市地区的空气污染和气候变化等环境问题是人类行为的结果。只有改变人类的行为才能减少这些环境问题。因此，研究人们的态度和行为是改变这种状况的先决条件。本研究旨在探讨个人因素、态度、知识与人们环境行为之间的关系。这项研究是在社会营销框架下进行的，重点是德黑兰的空气污染减少政策。研究资料的收集方法为问卷调查。随机对德黑兰市民发放问卷，采用SPSS软件、因子分析和线性回归分析对数据进行分析。本研究发现，婚姻状况、祖父母是否在世、受教育程度、性别、患有特定疾病的家庭成员、在室内或室外度过空闲时间的方式、出国旅行、职业状况、定期锻炼计划以及对空气污染后果的态度和意识这两个变量是影响遵守空气污染减少政策意愿的最有效因素。本研究结果表明，市民执行大气污染政策的优先事项是缴纳城市税。这项研究还表明，空气污染政策需要更严格地针对目标人群。所有这些都可以影响人们减少空气污染的行为。
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Pub Date : 2020-09-02DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.79.84
B. Luc, Doumounia Ali, Kohio Niéssan, Ouédraogo Soumaila, F. Zougmore
The study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in landfill soils. The soils samples were collected in some selected landfill, at Ouagadougou. Determinations of heavy metal concentrations, calculation of contamination factor and pollution load index of heavy metal in landfill soil were undertaken. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) in the soils samples. The results showed that the average concentrations of chromium, lead and zinc determined in soils exceed the limits recommended by AFNOR NF U 44-04 and the recommended values proposed by CCME. This study showed that the soils from landfill sites were polluted by heavy metal.
本研究旨在评价垃圾填埋场土壤中重金属的浓度。土壤样本是在瓦加杜古选定的一些垃圾填埋场收集的。进行了填埋场土壤重金属浓度测定、污染系数计算和重金属污染负荷指数计算。采用原子吸收分光光度计测定土壤样品中重金属(Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)的浓度。结果表明，土壤中铬、铅、锌的平均浓度超过了AFNOR NF U 44-04的推荐限值和CCME的推荐值。研究表明，垃圾填埋场土壤受到重金属的严重污染。
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Pub Date : 2020-08-17DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2020.55.67
Md. Faruque Hossain, A. Kamal, Monera Akhter Eva, S Mosaddeq Ahmed, Z. Parveen
The actual quantity of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stored in wetlands can only be estimated within a broad range of uncertainty. An accurate assessment of the size and distribution of the SOC storages in wetland resources is very difficult to obtain, therefore, the proposed research objective is to measure SOC storage and its pool on wetland soils of Arial beel in Bangladesh. Initial results of Arial beel soil profiles indicates SOC concentrations are high in surface soils ranges from 1.67 to 1.95% but its concentrations are decreasing with depth whereas SOC stock in kg C m-2 is increased with depth due to increse soil bulk density with depth. However, carbon in deeper layers may be more stable than that in surface soils due to difference in source, composition and environmental conditions. Soil organic C stored in the three different locations of wetlands soils to 1 m depth such as 16.47, 18.27 and 17.22 kg C m-2, respectively with an average of 17.32 kg C m-2. On the other hand, SOC stored in upland soils to 1m depth such as 11.24 kg C m-2, significantly less than the wetland soils, which indicates that wetland soils serve as a major source of SOC. However, this SOC act as a conditioner to enhance fertility status while combating with climatic extremes, not only that it is a vital component of soil with important effects on the functioning of terrestial ecosystems. For SOC pool, different extraction methods are used such as, highly labile fraction of SOC extracted with hot water (about 3-8% of toal SOC), water soluble fraction of SOC extracted with water (about 1% of total SOC), labile fraction is extracted using CaCl2 (about 1% of total SOC), moderately labile fraction extracted by pyrophosphate (about 4-10% of total SOC), polyaromatic SOC is extracted using toluene + methanol (trace amount of total SOC), microbial biomass C extracted by K2SO4 (about 2-5%) and the resistant fraction remaining after extraction. However, the SOC concentration is high in surface layer but with depth concentration decreases. In addition, soil bulk density and thickness values increase with depth, as a result deeper layers stored more carbon than surface layer in Arial beel soils. There is increasing evidence from the results that wetlands have an important and under-estimated role in carbon storage and its pool the regualation of greenhouse gas emission. Some types of wetlands play a particularly key role as C stores, these include forested wetlands and vegetated inter-tidal wetlands and hence, Sundarban mangrove forest and Tengarchar SOC stocks and pools measurement are an urgent issue for the Climate Change researchers and policy makers.
湿地中土壤有机碳(SOC)的实际储量只能在广泛的不确定性范围内估算。湿地资源中有机碳储量的大小和分布很难得到准确的评估，因此，提出的研究目标是测量孟加拉国Arial beel湿地土壤的有机碳储量及其库。Arial beel土壤剖面的初步结果表明，表层土壤有机碳浓度较高，在1.67 ~ 1.95%之间，但其浓度随深度而降低，而kg C m-2有机碳储量则随深度而增加，这是由于土壤容重随深度增加而增加。然而，由于来源、组成和环境条件的差异，深层土壤中的碳可能比表层土壤中的碳更稳定。湿地土壤3个不同位置1 m深度土壤有机碳储量分别为16.47、18.27和17.22 kg C - m-2，平均为17.32 kg C - m-2。另一方面，高原土壤在1m深度的有机碳储量为11.24 kg C - m-2，显著低于湿地土壤，表明湿地土壤是有机碳的主要来源。然而，这种有机碳不仅是土壤的重要组成部分，对陆地生态系统的功能有重要影响，而且在应对极端气候的同时，还可以作为提高土壤肥力状况的调理剂。对于SOC池，采用不同的提取方法，如热水提取的SOC高不稳定部分(约占总SOC的3-8%)、水提取的SOC水溶性部分(约占总SOC的1%)、CaCl2提取的SOC不稳定部分(约占总SOC的1%)、焦磷酸盐提取的中度不稳定部分(约占总SOC的4-10%)、甲苯+甲醇提取的多芳香SOC(痕量总SOC)。用K2SO4提取的微生物生物量C(约2-5%)和提取后残留的抗性部分。土壤有机碳浓度在表层较高，但随深度降低。此外，土壤容重和厚度随深度增加而增加，表明Arial beel土壤深层碳储量大于表层碳储量。越来越多的证据表明，湿地在碳储存和碳库、温室气体排放调节等方面发挥着重要而被低估的作用。某些类型的湿地在碳储存方面发挥着特别关键的作用，这些湿地包括森林湿地和潮间带植被湿地，因此，孙德班红树林和登加尔查尔湿地的碳储量和库的测量是气候变化研究者和决策者迫切需要解决的问题。
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