Ammar A. Alrawi, Essam M. Rasheed, Kareem K. Mohammad
In this work, a total of 20 water samples were collected from various locations inside the city of Baghdad. Each sample consists of a volume of 1 litre of water which had been obtained from multiple geographical locations. There were twelve water samples representing pure tap water sourced from various locations additionally, eight samples of mineral water were obtained from several marketplaces in Baghdad. A total of six radionuclides were detected in the water samples using the HPGe detector. These radionuclides were identified as Bi 214, Ra 226, TI 208, Bi 212, Pb 212, and K 40. Among these, Bi 214 and Ra 226 are part of the U-238 series, while TI 208, Bi 212, and Pb 212 belong to the Th 232 series. Additionally, K 40 is a naturally occurring radionuclide. The observed minimum value for the average specific activity of radionuclides in pure tap water samples was Al-Yarmouk Pure tap water. However, the sample Hay Al-qahira pure tap water exhibited the highest recorded specific activity values of radionuclides in pure tap water. The observed minimum value for the average specific activity of radionuclides in mineral water samples was Bardaa mineral water. However, the sample (W15) exhibited the highest recorded values for the specific activity of radionuclides in mineral water. The measured external dosage of natural radioactivity in water samples from Baghdad was found to be relatively low, at 0.366 mSv.y-1. This value falls below the recommended limit the United Nations Scientific Committee set on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 1 mSv.y-1.
{"title":"Assessment of Radioactivity of Some Samples of Healthy Drinking Water and Liquefied Water in Some Areas of the Capital Baghdad Using HPGE Detector System","authors":"Ammar A. Alrawi, Essam M. Rasheed, Kareem K. Mohammad","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a total of 20 water samples were collected from various locations inside the city of Baghdad. Each sample consists of a volume of 1 litre of water which had been obtained from multiple geographical locations. There were twelve water samples representing pure tap water sourced from various locations additionally, eight samples of mineral water were obtained from several marketplaces in Baghdad. A total of six radionuclides were detected in the water samples using the HPGe detector. These radionuclides were identified as Bi 214, Ra 226, TI 208, Bi 212, Pb 212, and K 40. Among these, Bi 214 and Ra 226 are part of the U-238 series, while TI 208, Bi 212, and Pb 212 belong to the Th 232 series. Additionally, K 40 is a naturally occurring radionuclide. The observed minimum value for the average specific activity of radionuclides in pure tap water samples was Al-Yarmouk Pure tap water. However, the sample Hay Al-qahira pure tap water exhibited the highest recorded specific activity values of radionuclides in pure tap water. The observed minimum value for the average specific activity of radionuclides in mineral water samples was Bardaa mineral water. However, the sample (W15) exhibited the highest recorded values for the specific activity of radionuclides in mineral water. The measured external dosage of natural radioactivity in water samples from Baghdad was found to be relatively low, at 0.366 mSv.y-1. This value falls below the recommended limit the United Nations Scientific Committee set on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 1 mSv.y-1.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"43 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140267991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noor E. Mahrose, Firas A. Hassan, Jamel Jebali, Salam Mohammed
Glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase Enzymes have a significant role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. The objective of this article is to measure glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase enzymes in colorectal cancer patients and compare them with healthy subjects. Seventy newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients were enrolled in the present study and divided as follows; Group A: (n=32) with an age range (of 20-40 years); Group B: (n=38) with age range (41-60 years). For comparison, total of (30) healthy subjects were also inserted in the current study divided into patients in the same manner. Serum levels of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were measured for patients and controlled by the ELISA technique. The current study shows that serum glutathioneperoxidase levels varied significantly in (the 20-40 years) group when comparing the patient and control group (395.5 ng/ml vs. 71.61 ng/ml, p-value less than 0.0001) and also in (41-60 years) group with mean (469.4 ng/ml vs. 106.3 ng/ml, p-value less than 0.0001) for patients and control groups respectively. Antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were increased in colorectal cancer patients compared to healthy subjects, significantly. According to the current study, the evolution of these enzymes can be used to understand the pathophysiology of disease and also to diagnosethe colorectal cancer.
{"title":"Evaluation of Glutathione Peroxidase and Glutathione Reductase Enzymes in Iraqi Patients with Colorectal Cancer","authors":"Noor E. Mahrose, Firas A. Hassan, Jamel Jebali, Salam Mohammed","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase Enzymes have a significant role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. The objective of this article is to measure glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase enzymes in colorectal cancer patients and compare them with healthy subjects. Seventy newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients were enrolled in the present study and divided as follows; Group A: (n=32) with an age range (of 20-40 years); Group B: (n=38) with age range (41-60 years). For comparison, total of (30) healthy subjects were also inserted in the current study divided into patients in the same manner. Serum levels of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were measured for patients and controlled by the ELISA technique. The current study shows that serum glutathioneperoxidase levels varied significantly in (the 20-40 years) group when comparing the patient and control group (395.5 ng/ml vs. 71.61 ng/ml, p-value less than 0.0001) and also in (41-60 years) group with mean (469.4 ng/ml vs. 106.3 ng/ml, p-value less than 0.0001) for patients and control groups respectively. Antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were increased in colorectal cancer patients compared to healthy subjects, significantly. According to the current study, the evolution of these enzymes can be used to understand the pathophysiology of disease and also to diagnosethe colorectal cancer.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140271397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human Activity Recognition (HAR) stands at the intersection of machine learning, deep learning, and sensor technology, primarily focusing on leveraging inertial sensors in smartphones and wearable devices. This paper presents a comprehensive technical overview of HAR, examining the amalgamation of machine learning and deep learning systems while considering the data inputs from mobile and wearable inertial sensors. The review encompasses a broad spectrum of methodologies applied to HAR, ranging from classical machine learning algorithms to cutting-edge deep learning architectures. Emphasis is placed on the nuanced challenges and opportunities posed using inertial sensors in smartphones and wearables. This includes discussions on data preprocessing strategies, feature extraction methods, and model architectures, accounting for the unique characteristics of sensor data, such as noise, variability, and power consumption. The paper explores recent advancements, scrutinizing state-of-the-art approaches, innovative model architectures, and emerging trends in HAR. Through a comparative evaluation of various machine learning and deep learning techniques, the review aims to guide researchers and practitioners in selecting the most appropriate methods for HAR applications across diverse scenarios. In conclusion, this paper serves as an inclusive guide to the technical landscape of HAR, incorporating insights from both mobile and wearable inertial sensors. By synthesizing existing knowledge and addressing future research directions, it aims to propel advancements in developing robust and efficient systems for recognizing human activities, accommodating the evolving landscape of sensor technologies in mobile and wearable devices.
人类活动识别（HAR）是机器学习、深度学习和传感器技术的交叉领域，主要侧重于利用智能手机和可穿戴设备中的惯性传感器。本文对人的活动识别（HAR）进行了全面的技术综述，研究了机器学习和深度学习系统的融合，同时考虑了来自移动和可穿戴惯性传感器的数据输入。综述涵盖了应用于 HAR 的各种方法，从经典的机器学习算法到前沿的深度学习架构，不一而足。重点放在使用智能手机和可穿戴设备中的惯性传感器所带来的细微挑战和机遇上。这包括对数据预处理策略、特征提取方法和模型架构的讨论，同时考虑到传感器数据的独特性，如噪声、可变性和功耗。本文探讨了最近的进展，仔细研究了最先进的方法、创新的模型架构以及 HAR 的新兴趋势。通过对各种机器学习和深度学习技术进行比较评估，该综述旨在指导研究人员和从业人员为 HAR 应用选择最适合的方法，以适应各种不同的应用场景。总之，本文将移动惯性传感器和可穿戴惯性传感器的研究成果融会贯通，为 HAR 技术的发展提供了全面的指导。通过综合现有知识和探讨未来研究方向，本文旨在推动开发稳健高效的人类活动识别系统，同时适应移动和可穿戴设备中传感器技术的不断发展。
{"title":"Human Activity Recognition Using Inertial Sensors in a Smartphone: Technical Background(Review)","authors":"Hade Khalaf, Musaab Riyadh","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Human Activity Recognition (HAR) stands at the intersection of machine learning, deep learning, and sensor technology, primarily focusing on leveraging inertial sensors in smartphones and wearable devices. This paper presents a comprehensive technical overview of HAR, examining the amalgamation of machine learning and deep learning systems while considering the data inputs from mobile and wearable inertial sensors. The review encompasses a broad spectrum of methodologies applied to HAR, ranging from classical machine learning algorithms to cutting-edge deep learning architectures. Emphasis is placed on the nuanced challenges and opportunities posed using inertial sensors in smartphones and wearables. This includes discussions on data preprocessing strategies, feature extraction methods, and model architectures, accounting for the unique characteristics of sensor data, such as noise, variability, and power consumption. The paper explores recent advancements, scrutinizing state-of-the-art approaches, innovative model architectures, and emerging trends in HAR. Through a comparative evaluation of various machine learning and deep learning techniques, the review aims to guide researchers and practitioners in selecting the most appropriate methods for HAR applications across diverse scenarios. In conclusion, this paper serves as an inclusive guide to the technical landscape of HAR, incorporating insights from both mobile and wearable inertial sensors. By synthesizing existing knowledge and addressing future research directions, it aims to propel advancements in developing robust and efficient systems for recognizing human activities, accommodating the evolving landscape of sensor technologies in mobile and wearable devices.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"84 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140273946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shayma M. Ahmad, Zahraa S. Al-Taie, Mohammed H. Al-Mashhadani, Rana A.Hammza, Mulia Rahmansyah, Muna S. Bufaroosha, Emad Yousif
Azo compounds are a class of organic materials that have the group R-N=N-R' where the substitution group R and R' are aromatic or heterocyclic sides. The azo compounds have a variety of applications including dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. The preparation and characterization of different azo compounds is an important area of research in organic synthesis. The azo compound synthesis typically involves the diazotization process for coupling between an aromatic amine and another aromatic compound containing an activating group such as -OH, -NH2, or -NR2. The reaction conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent side reactions, such as the formation of unwanted byproducts. Once synthesized, azo compounds can be characterized using a variety of techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. UV-Vis spectroscopy is a commonly used technique for characterizing azo compounds. The absorption spectrum of an azo compound typically exhibits a strong absorption band in the visible region due to the delocalized π-electrons in the azo group. While in FTIR, the loss of the amine peak and showing a weak peak at about 1550 cm−1forthe (N=N) group, indicates the presence of Azo. The preparation and characterization of different azo compounds is a significant field of research in organic chemistry, which are applied as acid and base indicators, food coloring, optical switches, liquid crystal and in medicine. By carefully controlling the synthesis conditions and using a variety of characterization techniques, researchers can gain a better understanding of the properties and applications of these compounds.
{"title":"An Overview of Preparation for Different Azo Compounds","authors":"Shayma M. Ahmad, Zahraa S. Al-Taie, Mohammed H. Al-Mashhadani, Rana A.Hammza, Mulia Rahmansyah, Muna S. Bufaroosha, Emad Yousif","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"Azo compounds are a class of organic materials that have the group R-N=N-R' where the substitution group R and R' are aromatic or heterocyclic sides. The azo compounds have a variety of applications including dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. The preparation and characterization of different azo compounds is an important area of research in organic synthesis. The azo compound synthesis typically involves the diazotization process for coupling between an aromatic amine and another aromatic compound containing an activating group such as -OH, -NH2, or -NR2. The reaction conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent side reactions, such as the formation of unwanted byproducts. Once synthesized, azo compounds can be characterized using a variety of techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. UV-Vis spectroscopy is a commonly used technique for characterizing azo compounds. The absorption spectrum of an azo compound typically exhibits a strong absorption band in the visible region due to the delocalized π-electrons in the azo group. While in FTIR, the loss of the amine peak and showing a weak peak at about 1550 cm−1forthe (N=N) group, indicates the presence of Azo. The preparation and characterization of different azo compounds is a significant field of research in organic chemistry, which are applied as acid and base indicators, food coloring, optical switches, liquid crystal and in medicine. By carefully controlling the synthesis conditions and using a variety of characterization techniques, researchers can gain a better understanding of the properties and applications of these compounds.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"50 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140278591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zainab Haider Ameen, Farah Saad Al-Mukhtar, hsan Qahtan Ahmed, Ban N. Dhannoon
Cyberbullying is a new form of online violence that has emerged as a result of the social media industry's explosive expansion since it allows for indirect communication. Despite the usefulness of digital media, it has been used by weak people to threaten and bully others online. In the last ten years, research has shown that children and teenagers are increasingly experiencing cyberbullying as a concern. This paper examines the research conducted during the previous ten years, categorizes it, and presents statistical analyses of the data collected during that time. A table is used to present various data, including the dataset that was used, its size (number of samples, posts, or messages), the methods that were employed, and the metrics that were gathered from the examined research that was taken from the publications that were looked into. This survey will be helpful to everyone who wants to advance their understanding of how machine learning may be used to identify cyberbullying, and it may help create a social media environment that is safe and relatively healthy by automatically identifying bullying communications.
{"title":"A Review of the Past Decade's Research Outcomes on Classifying Cyberbullying","authors":"Zainab Haider Ameen, Farah Saad Al-Mukhtar, hsan Qahtan Ahmed, Ban N. Dhannoon","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Cyberbullying is a new form of online violence that has emerged as a result of the social media industry's explosive expansion since it allows for indirect communication. Despite the usefulness of digital media, it has been used by weak people to threaten and bully others online. In the last ten years, research has shown that children and teenagers are increasingly experiencing cyberbullying as a concern. This paper examines the research conducted during the previous ten years, categorizes it, and presents statistical analyses of the data collected during that time. A table is used to present various data, including the dataset that was used, its size (number of samples, posts, or messages), the methods that were employed, and the metrics that were gathered from the examined research that was taken from the publications that were looked into. This survey will be helpful to everyone who wants to advance their understanding of how machine learning may be used to identify cyberbullying, and it may help create a social media environment that is safe and relatively healthy by automatically identifying bullying communications.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"391 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140283370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zahraa M. Abdnoor, Nasreen R.Jber, Aliaa Saadoon Abdul-Razaq
The helicobacter pylori affected urease and pepsin enzymes in the stomach, so the object of this study is to screen the effect of bis 1,3,4-oxadiazole and bis 1,2,4, triazole derivatives compounds on h-pylori urease enzyme in vitro. The results show that urease was inhibited by all produced compounds when the concentration increased. The most effective urease inhibitor is determined to be the compounds (A3e, A3c, A3d and B3c). The clinical study involved studying the pepsin enzyme activity level in H-pyloripatients and control, the results found that the activity of pepsin elevated in h-pylori patients as compared with control. The prepared compounds were screened on pepsin enzyme in vitro and showed that all the prepared compounds decreased the pepsin activity as the concentration increased. The nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. This study concludes that nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds have an important future in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori disease.
{"title":"The Effect of 1,3,4-Oxadiazol and 1,2,4-Triazole Compounds on Urease and Pepsin Enzymes","authors":"Zahraa M. Abdnoor, Nasreen R.Jber, Aliaa Saadoon Abdul-Razaq","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"The helicobacter pylori affected urease and pepsin enzymes in the stomach, so the object of this study is to screen the effect of bis 1,3,4-oxadiazole and bis 1,2,4, triazole derivatives compounds on h-pylori urease enzyme in vitro. The results show that urease was inhibited by all produced compounds when the concentration increased. The most effective urease inhibitor is determined to be the compounds (A3e, A3c, A3d and B3c). The clinical study involved studying the pepsin enzyme activity level in H-pyloripatients and control, the results found that the activity of pepsin elevated in h-pylori patients as compared with control. The prepared compounds were screened on pepsin enzyme in vitro and showed that all the prepared compounds decreased the pepsin activity as the concentration increased. The nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. This study concludes that nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds have an important future in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori disease.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140268591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adedoyin T. Agbabiaka, Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye, Joseph A. Olagunju, Ikechukwu I. Okoye
Annona muricata fruit (i.e. Soursoup or custard apple a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit)has been attributed with numerous medicinal benefits (including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-ulcerogenic, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities) as well as some toxicological effects (neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration). Despite its ancestral use and wide applications in human health, scientific information on its oral safety remains scanty. In this study, the oral safety of 100 mg/kd/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of the aqueous fruit extract of Annona Muricata (AFAM) was evaluated in young adult, male and female white albino Wistar rats using standard acute and 42-days sub-chronic oral toxicity testing guidelines on anthropometric, biochemical, hematological and histo-pathological endpoints. In addition, preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of AFAM were undertaken using standard procedures. Results of the study showed that the estimated LD50 value for the acute oral toxicity study of AFAM calculated to be greater than 5 g/kg body weight/oral route although the testing was associated with transient but reversible behavioral toxicities. For its sub-chronic oral toxicity testing, AFAM treatment resulted in profound %weight gain, decreases in the serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enzymes. Similarly, prolonged oral AFAM treatments caused significant decrease and increase in the differential neutrophils and platelet counts, respectively while the hist-opathological features of hepatic steatos is and renal tubule collapse in the AFAM-treated livers and kidneys, respectively suggested possible increased intrahepatic lipids biosynthesis and nephrotoxicity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses of AFAM showed the presence and relative amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides, saponin, and reducing sugars while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy showed the relative abundance of thirteen compounds. Composite analyses conducted on the extract showed the presence of carbohydrate (64.65%), protein (2.14%), moisture content (8.07%), ash value (6.73%), lipid (14.22%) and fiber (4.19%). Overall, the study suggested that the prolonged AFAM oral treatments could predispose to the development of fatty liver disease from de novo intrahepatic biosynthesis of triglycerides, nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that prolonged consumption of AFAM should be with a great caution as it could pose serious health concerns.
{"title":"Oral Safety Evaluation of the Aqueous Fruit Extract of Annona Muricata in Wistar Rats","authors":"Adedoyin T. Agbabiaka, Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye, Joseph A. Olagunju, Ikechukwu I. Okoye","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.09","url":null,"abstract":"Annona muricata fruit (i.e. Soursoup or custard apple a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit)has been attributed with numerous medicinal benefits (including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-ulcerogenic, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities) as well as some toxicological effects (neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration). Despite its ancestral use and wide applications in human health, scientific information on its oral safety remains scanty. In this study, the oral safety of 100 mg/kd/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of the aqueous fruit extract of Annona Muricata (AFAM) was evaluated in young adult, male and female white albino Wistar rats using standard acute and 42-days sub-chronic oral toxicity testing guidelines on anthropometric, biochemical, hematological and histo-pathological endpoints. In addition, preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of AFAM were undertaken using standard procedures. Results of the study showed that the estimated LD50 value for the acute oral toxicity study of AFAM calculated to be greater than 5 g/kg body weight/oral route although the testing was associated with transient but reversible behavioral toxicities. For its sub-chronic oral toxicity testing, AFAM treatment resulted in profound %weight gain, decreases in the serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enzymes. Similarly, prolonged oral AFAM treatments caused significant decrease and increase in the differential neutrophils and platelet counts, respectively while the hist-opathological features of hepatic steatos is and renal tubule collapse in the AFAM-treated livers and kidneys, respectively suggested possible increased intrahepatic lipids biosynthesis and nephrotoxicity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses of AFAM showed the presence and relative amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides, saponin, and reducing sugars while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy showed the relative abundance of thirteen compounds. Composite analyses conducted on the extract showed the presence of carbohydrate (64.65%), protein (2.14%), moisture content (8.07%), ash value (6.73%), lipid (14.22%) and fiber (4.19%). Overall, the study suggested that the prolonged AFAM oral treatments could predispose to the development of fatty liver disease from de novo intrahepatic biosynthesis of triglycerides, nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that prolonged consumption of AFAM should be with a great caution as it could pose serious health concerns.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"588 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140281150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Layth Tawfeeq Ali, Hanaa H. Hussein, Salma Abdul Rudha Abbas
Manganese is essential for the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic issues in Diabetes type 2 (DMT2), which is a worldwide disease, Chronic metabolic disorders cause insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and complications like diabetic nephropathy. Arginase converts arginine to ornithine and urea. Increased arginase activity in DMT2 and diabetes nephropathy (DN)which has been linked to kidney damage, and arginase inhibitors can increase NO which is essential to vascular function. However, the molecular mechanisms of arginased is regulationare in DMT2 and DN are still unclear. This study examined the effect of manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn2O3NPs) on arginase activity inhibition inserum samples from DMT2 and DN patients. We hypothesized that Mn2O3NPs alter cell redox status and signaling pathways, affecting DMT2 and DN arginase activity. We used a colorimetric assay to measure arginase activity in 80 serum samples from DMT2 and DN patients treated with different MnO2 NP concentrations to test our hypothesis. The current study characterized nanoparticles using various techniques such as IR, SEM, AFM, XRD, and EDX, which found it within nanoscale nature. Our findings are that Mn2O3NPs modulate arginase activity specificity in DM2 samples. SuggestionsMn2O3NPs could be used to develop new treatments for these conditions.
{"title":"Synthesis of Mn2O3 Nanoparticles and Determination of Its Inhibition Effect On Sera of Iraqi Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type-2 and Diabetes Nephropathy","authors":"Layth Tawfeeq Ali, Hanaa H. Hussein, Salma Abdul Rudha Abbas","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Manganese is essential for the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic issues in Diabetes type 2 (DMT2), which is a worldwide disease, Chronic metabolic disorders cause insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and complications like diabetic nephropathy. Arginase converts arginine to ornithine and urea. Increased arginase activity in DMT2 and diabetes nephropathy (DN)which has been linked to kidney damage, and arginase inhibitors can increase NO which is essential to vascular function. However, the molecular mechanisms of arginased is regulationare in DMT2 and DN are still unclear. This study examined the effect of manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn2O3NPs) on arginase activity inhibition inserum samples from DMT2 and DN patients. We hypothesized that Mn2O3NPs alter cell redox status and signaling pathways, affecting DMT2 and DN arginase activity. We used a colorimetric assay to measure arginase activity in 80 serum samples from DMT2 and DN patients treated with different MnO2 NP concentrations to test our hypothesis. The current study characterized nanoparticles using various techniques such as IR, SEM, AFM, XRD, and EDX, which found it within nanoscale nature. Our findings are that Mn2O3NPs modulate arginase activity specificity in DM2 samples. SuggestionsMn2O3NPs could be used to develop new treatments for these conditions.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140271835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phospholipase D(PLD)catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid and hydroxyl compounds. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in animals and plants, often constituting nearly 50% of total complex lipids in animals and plants. However, Phosphatidylserine (PS) makes up around 5–10% of all phospholipids. This work includes the monitoring thermodynamic and kinetic of the enzymatic hydrolysis of PC and PS in both water and ethanol. All experiments were performedusing the Schlink line technique inN2present as an inert gas to prevent the oxidative stress. UV/Vis. spectrophotometer was used to observe the kinetic of all enzymatic reactions. In addition, the Origin 2019 software was used to analyze and find the kinetic parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions. The results show that the enzymatic hydrolys is reactions of PC in water and in ethanol occurredat the same conditions, enzymatic activity 1.752 U/mg, temperature 37 ᵒC, and pH =7. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions of PS in water occurred at different conditions than in ethanol. The enzymatic substitution reaction of PSinethanol was thermodynamic favorable reaction due to the value of the ∆G =_164.868 J, but in water was thermodynamically unfavorable ΔG = 65.048 J. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of PC in water was thermodynamically unfavorable ∆G = 345.319 Jaswellas in ethanol ∆G = 74.433 J. The study shows that there is clear impact of present nitrogen bases of PC and the environment of the hydrolysis on the activity of the enzymatic catalyzing.
{"title":"Hydrolysis of Phospholipids in Presence of Phospholipase D:Thrmodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Hydrolysis in Water and Alcoholic Environments","authors":"Ikram S. Hussein, Thaer M. M. Al-Rammahi","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"Phospholipase D(PLD)catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid and hydroxyl compounds. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in animals and plants, often constituting nearly 50% of total complex lipids in animals and plants. However, Phosphatidylserine (PS) makes up around 5–10% of all phospholipids. This work includes the monitoring thermodynamic and kinetic of the enzymatic hydrolysis of PC and PS in both water and ethanol. All experiments were performedusing the Schlink line technique inN2present as an inert gas to prevent the oxidative stress. UV/Vis. spectrophotometer was used to observe the kinetic of all enzymatic reactions. In addition, the Origin 2019 software was used to analyze and find the kinetic parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions. The results show that the enzymatic hydrolys is reactions of PC in water and in ethanol occurredat the same conditions, enzymatic activity 1.752 U/mg, temperature 37 ᵒC, and pH =7. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions of PS in water occurred at different conditions than in ethanol. The enzymatic substitution reaction of PSinethanol was thermodynamic favorable reaction due to the value of the ∆G =_164.868 J, but in water was thermodynamically unfavorable ΔG = 65.048 J. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of PC in water was thermodynamically unfavorable ∆G = 345.319 Jaswellas in ethanol ∆G = 74.433 J. The study shows that there is clear impact of present nitrogen bases of PC and the environment of the hydrolysis on the activity of the enzymatic catalyzing.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"172 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140272701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reem Husam Al-Tabra, Asia Abdul Lateef Mahdi, Mohammed Mahdi Al-Zubaidi, Halah Khalid Ibrahim Al-sammarraie, Asmaa A. jawad, Ban Ameen Abd el_Jabbar, Sura Nabil Hameed
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes found in humans and other mammals. It plays a crucial role in determining an individual's sex and contains genetic information that can be useful in forensic and human identity testing. Unlike autosomal DNA, which is inherited from both parents, the X chromosome is inherited differently in males and females, making it useful in certain types of analyses. In forensic investigations, the X chromosome can be used to determine the sex of an individual, which can be useful in identifying potential suspects or victims. Additionally, X chromosome analysis can be used to link evidence samples to a particular individual or to exclude individuals as potential contributors of the evidence. This can be particularly useful in cases where the evidence sample is a mixture of DNA from multiple individuals. In human identity testing, the X chromosome can be used in situations where other types of DNA analysis are not possible or inconclusive. For example, in cases where a potential parent is unavailable for testing, analysis of the X chromosome can be used to determine if a child is likely to be their biological offspring. Similarly, in cases where traditional autosomal DNA analysis is inconclusive, X chromosome analysis can be used to provide additional information about the biological relationship between individuals. However, there are some limitations to the use of X chromosome analysis in forensic and human identity testing. One limitation is that it is not as informative as autosomal DNA analysis, as it contains less genetic information. Additionally, the inheritance patterns of the X chromosome can be complex, particularly in cases where there are multiple generations involved. Therefore, X chromosome analysis should be interpreted in conjunction with other types of DNA analysis and other forms of evidence to ensure accurate and reliable results. Overall, the use of X chromosome analysis in forensic and human identity testing can provide important information in certain situations, particularly where traditional DNA analysis is not possible or inconclusive. As such, it is an important tool in the fields of forensic science and human identification.
X 染色体是人类和其他哺乳动物的两条性染色体之一。它在确定个体性别方面起着至关重要的作用，其中包含的遗传信息可用于法医和人类身份检测。与遗传自父母双方的常染色体 DNA 不同，X 染色体在男性和女性中的遗传方式不同，因此在某些类型的分析中非常有用。在法医调查中，X 染色体可用于确定一个人的性别，这对识别潜在嫌疑人或受害者非常有用。此外，X 染色体分析还可用于将证据样本与特定个人联系起来，或排除证据的潜在贡献者。这在证据样本由来自多人的 DNA 混合而成的情况下尤其有用。在人类身份检测中，X 染色体可用于其他类型的 DNA 分析无法进行或无法得出结论的情况。例如，在潜在父母无法接受检测的情况下，X 染色体分析可用于确定孩子是否可能是其亲生后代。同样，在传统的常染色体 DNA 分析无法得出结论的情况下，X 染色体分析也可用于提供有关个体间生物关系的额外信息。不过，X 染色体分析在法医和人类身份检测中的应用也有一些局限性。其中一个限制是，由于 X 染色体分析包含的遗传信息较少，因此其信息量不如常染色体 DNA 分析。此外，X 染色体的遗传模式可能很复杂，特别是在涉及多代人的情况下。因此，X 染色体分析应结合其他类型的 DNA 分析和其他形式的证据进行解释，以确保结果准确可靠。总之，在某些情况下，特别是在无法进行传统 DNA 分析或分析结果不确定的情况下，使用 X 染色体分析进行法医和人类身份检验可提供重要信息。因此，它是法医学和人类身份鉴定领域的重要工具。
{"title":"Forensic Applications of Markers Present on the X Chromosome","authors":"Reem Husam Al-Tabra, Asia Abdul Lateef Mahdi, Mohammed Mahdi Al-Zubaidi, Halah Khalid Ibrahim Al-sammarraie, Asmaa A. jawad, Ban Ameen Abd el_Jabbar, Sura Nabil Hameed","doi":"10.22401/anjs.27.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes found in humans and other mammals. It plays a crucial role in determining an individual's sex and contains genetic information that can be useful in forensic and human identity testing. Unlike autosomal DNA, which is inherited from both parents, the X chromosome is inherited differently in males and females, making it useful in certain types of analyses. In forensic investigations, the X chromosome can be used to determine the sex of an individual, which can be useful in identifying potential suspects or victims. Additionally, X chromosome analysis can be used to link evidence samples to a particular individual or to exclude individuals as potential contributors of the evidence. This can be particularly useful in cases where the evidence sample is a mixture of DNA from multiple individuals. In human identity testing, the X chromosome can be used in situations where other types of DNA analysis are not possible or inconclusive. For example, in cases where a potential parent is unavailable for testing, analysis of the X chromosome can be used to determine if a child is likely to be their biological offspring. Similarly, in cases where traditional autosomal DNA analysis is inconclusive, X chromosome analysis can be used to provide additional information about the biological relationship between individuals. However, there are some limitations to the use of X chromosome analysis in forensic and human identity testing. One limitation is that it is not as informative as autosomal DNA analysis, as it contains less genetic information. Additionally, the inheritance patterns of the X chromosome can be complex, particularly in cases where there are multiple generations involved. Therefore, X chromosome analysis should be interpreted in conjunction with other types of DNA analysis and other forms of evidence to ensure accurate and reliable results. Overall, the use of X chromosome analysis in forensic and human identity testing can provide important information in certain situations, particularly where traditional DNA analysis is not possible or inconclusive. As such, it is an important tool in the fields of forensic science and human identification.","PeriodicalId":7494,"journal":{"name":"Al-Nahrain Journal of Science","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140268583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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