While the short run negative effect of adverse climate shocks on economic outcomes is undisputed, our understanding of their long run institutional impact is limited. To clarify this issue, we propose a time inconsistency theory of state-building and we document that, in the world’s most agricultural countries, severe droughts pushed the elites to grant a more inclusive political process. This reform convinced the nonelites that a sufficient part of the returns on joint farming investments would be shared via public good provision and, thus, to cooperate. To elaborate, the severity of droughts has a negative and short run direct effect on agricultural output, whereas its institutional impact is positive and persistent. Moreover, reforms towards more inclusive political institutions shift the allocation of tax revenues from military to education expenditures and, thus, exert a positive and delayed impact on agricultural output. These results suggest that policymakers should: (a) consider short and long run effects of climate change; (b) calibrate climate-related policies according to the degree of complementarity of group-specific input/skills; (c) avoid the unfettered transplantation of strong political rights in all developing countries. Finally, our analysis emphasizes the need of combining natural and social sciences to inform policy intervention.
{"title":"Climate Change and State-Building in the World’s Most Agricultural Countries","authors":"Giacomo Benati, C. Guerriero","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3868082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3868082","url":null,"abstract":"While the short run negative effect of adverse climate shocks on economic outcomes is undisputed, our understanding of their long run institutional impact is limited. To clarify this issue, we propose a time inconsistency theory of state-building and we document that, in the world’s most agricultural countries, severe droughts pushed the elites to grant a more inclusive political process. This reform convinced the nonelites that a sufficient part of the returns on joint farming investments would be shared via public good provision and, thus, to cooperate. To elaborate, the severity of droughts has a negative and short run direct effect on agricultural output, whereas its institutional impact is positive and persistent. Moreover, reforms towards more inclusive political institutions shift the allocation of tax revenues from military to education expenditures and, thus, exert a positive and delayed impact on agricultural output. These results suggest that policymakers should: (a) consider short and long run effects of climate change; (b) calibrate climate-related policies according to the degree of complementarity of group-specific input/skills; (c) avoid the unfettered transplantation of strong political rights in all developing countries. Finally, our analysis emphasizes the need of combining natural and social sciences to inform policy intervention.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80335642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farmland near cities can provide diverse non-market benefits, such as recreational open space, landscape appeal, local food production, ecological habitat, and water regulation, which risk being underprovided by markets in the absence of intervention. The rapid loss of farmland to development has long been a concern of conservation non-profits and policymakers in the U.S. and globally, which has recently gained traction due to President Biden's decision to include farmlands in the federal goal to protect 30% of U.S. land by 2030. Agricultural conservation easements are a widespread policy tool to protect farmland from conversion to development in the long term. However, the extent to which these easements causally reduce farmland loss to development within their boundaries is rarely studied at the spatial scale at which easement adoption decisions are made: the individual parcel. Here we estimate the impacts of agricultural conservation easements on farmland loss at the parcel level at a large spatial scale and over a long time horizon. Our case study from six New England states uses a rich dataset of 1.97 million parcels, novel estimates of annual parcel-level land cover change from 1988 to 2016, and quasi-experimental counterfactual estimation strategies to estimate the extent to which 3,959 farmland easements causally avoided conversion of cropland to development. Our results suggest that agricultural conservation easements have significantly reduced farmland loss to development. However, the overall magnitude of avoided rates of farmland loss on easements is very small (0.0067% ± 0.0019% of parcel area per annum), largely because of a low background rate of farmland loss across New England (0.0027% of total area per annum). A spatial allocation of agricultural easements towards more rapidly urbanizing counties (with farmland loss rates of up to 0.0281% of county area per annum) would increase the causal impacts of this instrument. Overall, our findings suggest that the spatial allocation of farmland easements has historically not prioritized the highest-threat locations where impacts would be most noticeable, indicating that allocation is driven by a variety of goals in addition to avoiding farmland loss.
{"title":"The heterogeneous effects of agricultural conservation easements on the loss of farmland to development in New England","authors":"Kai Lee, C. Nolte","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3944928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3944928","url":null,"abstract":"Farmland near cities can provide diverse non-market benefits, such as recreational open space, landscape appeal, local food production, ecological habitat, and water regulation, which risk being underprovided by markets in the absence of intervention. The rapid loss of farmland to development has long been a concern of conservation non-profits and policymakers in the U.S. and globally, which has recently gained traction due to President Biden's decision to include farmlands in the federal goal to protect 30% of U.S. land by 2030. Agricultural conservation easements are a widespread policy tool to protect farmland from conversion to development in the long term. However, the extent to which these easements causally reduce farmland loss to development within their boundaries is rarely studied at the spatial scale at which easement adoption decisions are made: the individual parcel. Here we estimate the impacts of agricultural conservation easements on farmland loss at the parcel level at a large spatial scale and over a long time horizon. Our case study from six New England states uses a rich dataset of 1.97 million parcels, novel estimates of annual parcel-level land cover change from 1988 to 2016, and quasi-experimental counterfactual estimation strategies to estimate the extent to which 3,959 farmland easements causally avoided conversion of cropland to development. Our results suggest that agricultural conservation easements have significantly reduced farmland loss to development. However, the overall magnitude of avoided rates of farmland loss on easements is very small (0.0067% ± 0.0019% of parcel area per annum), largely because of a low background rate of farmland loss across New England (0.0027% of total area per annum). A spatial allocation of agricultural easements towards more rapidly urbanizing counties (with farmland loss rates of up to 0.0281% of county area per annum) would increase the causal impacts of this instrument. Overall, our findings suggest that the spatial allocation of farmland easements has historically not prioritized the highest-threat locations where impacts would be most noticeable, indicating that allocation is driven by a variety of goals in addition to avoiding farmland loss.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78110414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant-based meat is an innovative and sustainable type of food that has been received with enthusiasm by consumers and investors. It is also a threat for the demand of traditional meat, and for those crops used primarily as animal feed. In 2019, 59 % of global corn and 83 % of global soybean production were used as inputs for meat production. In this paper we consider plausible global plant-based meat adoption scenarios for 2030 and couple them with production, efficiency and price elasticity measures from the literature. We generate simulated corn and soybean negative demand shifts and their associated price change distributions, relative to a baseline scenario without plant-based meat. Expected (std. dev) declines for corn and soybean prices under low plant-based meat adoption scenarios are -13% (4%) and -21% (6%) respectively. For high adoption scenarios, corn and soybean price declines are -23% (5%) and -35% (8%). These projections are economically very significant. Permanent shocks of this magnitude are comparable, but of opposite sign, to that caused in 2005-2010 by the ethanol mandate on the price of corn and reported in the literature. Corn and soybean producers, at the farm and regional level, are at risk of suffering from technological displacement.
{"title":"Displacement Risk in Agricultural Commodity Markets: The Impact of Plant-Based Meat","authors":"Florencia Baldi, Nicolas Merener","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3940081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3940081","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-based meat is an innovative and sustainable type of food that has been received with enthusiasm by consumers and investors. It is also a threat for the demand of traditional meat, and for those crops used primarily as animal feed. In 2019, 59 % of global corn and 83 % of global soybean production were used as inputs for meat production. In this paper we consider plausible global plant-based meat adoption scenarios for 2030 and couple them with production, efficiency and price elasticity measures from the literature. We generate simulated corn and soybean negative demand shifts and their associated price change distributions, relative to a baseline scenario without plant-based meat. Expected (std. dev) declines for corn and soybean prices under low plant-based meat adoption scenarios are -13% (4%) and -21% (6%) respectively. For high adoption scenarios, corn and soybean price declines are -23% (5%) and -35% (8%). These projections are economically very significant. Permanent shocks of this magnitude are comparable, but of opposite sign, to that caused in 2005-2010 by the ethanol mandate on the price of corn and reported in the literature. Corn and soybean producers, at the farm and regional level, are at risk of suffering from technological displacement.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86835247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The US sugar program has long delivered significant subsidies to a concentrated group of sugar growers at the expense of American consumers. In 2013, however, an amendment in the House of Representatives attempted to seriously reduce those subsidies. The amendment narrowly lost. A similar amendment was proposed in 2018. It was voted down as well, but much more handily. In this paper, we show that “Big Sugar” increased real contributions to House incumbents in the interim by more than 50%. Using a district fixed effects logit model, we also show that these contributions significantly raised the probability that the targeted representative would vote against reforming the sugar subsidies. While many argue that money does not directly affect roll-call voting, we believe that in cases where the economic interest is clear and sizeable, and the researcher can use repeat votes to account for district level unobservables, the evidence shows a significant influence of money on votes.
{"title":"Interest Group Responses to Reform Efforts in the U.S. House of Representatives: The Case of Big Sugar","authors":"K. Grier, Robin M. Grier, Gor Mkrtchian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3941501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3941501","url":null,"abstract":"The US sugar program has long delivered significant subsidies to a concentrated group of sugar growers at the expense of American consumers. In 2013, however, an amendment in the House of Representatives attempted to seriously reduce those subsidies. The amendment narrowly lost. A similar amendment was proposed in 2018. It was voted down as well, but much more handily. In this paper, we show that “Big Sugar” increased real contributions to House incumbents in the interim by more than 50%. Using a district fixed effects logit model, we also show that these contributions significantly raised the probability that the targeted representative would vote against reforming the sugar subsidies. While many argue that money does not directly affect roll-call voting, we believe that in cases where the economic interest is clear and sizeable, and the researcher can use repeat votes to account for district level unobservables, the evidence shows a significant influence of money on votes.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90270434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper measures the extent of illegal and unreported fishing during the annual Chinese fishing ban and estimates compliance with the ban. We compare compliance estimates using official vessel broadcast positions with a new and more robust measure of fishing activity based on nighttime lights. While the former suggests an average reduction of fishing activity by 90 percent during the ban, we only find a reduction of around half that size when relying on nighttime lights, thereby demonstrating a considerable compliance estimation gap. Further results suggest that attractive income opportunities during the ban hamper compliance.
{"title":"Fishing under the Radar: Illuminating the Compliance Gap of Fishing Bans","authors":"Björn Bos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3871993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3871993","url":null,"abstract":"This paper measures the extent of illegal and unreported fishing during the annual Chinese fishing ban and estimates compliance with the ban. We compare compliance estimates using official vessel broadcast positions with a new and more robust measure of fishing activity based on nighttime lights. While the former suggests an average reduction of fishing activity by 90 percent during the ban, we only find a reduction of around half that size when relying on nighttime lights, thereby demonstrating a considerable compliance estimation gap. Further results suggest that attractive income opportunities during the ban hamper compliance.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"138 1-2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91470414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-06DOI: 10.47772/ijriss.2021.5813
Jake V. Rebualos, Jayson P. Vistal, Shiela Mae B. Sato, Jill C. Cano, James R. Camino, R. Dagohoy
The purpose of the Rice Tariffication Law implementation is to help consumers with rising prices of rice and supporting local farmers. In particular, this research looks on how farmers in the Municipality of Carmen, Davao del Norte perceive and react to the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law. The qualitative research method was applied in this study. Furthermore, data collection took place in Barangay Ising, Carmen Municipality, Davao del Norte, Philippines. This study employed Snowball sampling was used in this study, which included seven (7) rice farmers in the area who have been cultivating for more than five (5) years. For data collection, the researchers created an interview guide questionnaire. The findings highlighted eleven (11) emerging major themes gleaned from farmers' perspectives on the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law. The following are the emergent themes generated from the acquired data: 1) Provision of Seeds and Fertilizers, 2) Seminars and Training for Farmers, 3) Calamity Insurance 4) Imbalanced Price Level of Harvested Rice and Farm Inputs, 5) Bureaucratic Red Tape, 6) Conflict Against Imported Rice, 7) Farm Plan, 8) Farm Budgeting, 9) Autarky, 10) Farmer's Outcry to the Government, and 11) Farmer's Perspectives on the Effects of the RTL to the Consumers. The outcomes assist the community and government in comprehending underlying implications of the Rice Tariffication Law on the farmers.
{"title":"Rice Tariffication Law through the Lens of the Farmers: A Case in the Municipality of Carmen","authors":"Jake V. Rebualos, Jayson P. Vistal, Shiela Mae B. Sato, Jill C. Cano, James R. Camino, R. Dagohoy","doi":"10.47772/ijriss.2021.5813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2021.5813","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the Rice Tariffication Law implementation is to help consumers with rising prices of rice and supporting local farmers. In particular, this research looks on how farmers in the Municipality of Carmen, Davao del Norte perceive and react to the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law. The qualitative research method was applied in this study. Furthermore, data collection took place in Barangay Ising, Carmen Municipality, Davao del Norte, Philippines. This study employed Snowball sampling was used in this study, which included seven (7) rice farmers in the area who have been cultivating for more than five (5) years. For data collection, the researchers created an interview guide questionnaire. The findings highlighted eleven (11) emerging major themes gleaned from farmers' perspectives on the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law. The following are the emergent themes generated from the acquired data: 1) Provision of Seeds and Fertilizers, 2) Seminars and Training for Farmers, 3) Calamity Insurance 4) Imbalanced Price Level of Harvested Rice and Farm Inputs, 5) Bureaucratic Red Tape, 6) Conflict Against Imported Rice, 7) Farm Plan, 8) Farm Budgeting, 9) Autarky, 10) Farmer's Outcry to the Government, and 11) Farmer's Perspectives on the Effects of the RTL to the Consumers. The outcomes assist the community and government in comprehending underlying implications of the Rice Tariffication Law on the farmers.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72847817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Albuquerque, Bruno C. Araújo, Luis Brandão-Marques, Gerivásia Mosse, Pippy Vletter, Helder Zavale
This paper uses data on farmers' price expectations from a survey of randomly sampled smallholder farmers in Mozambique. Survey data show that across all crops most interviewed farmers expect prices to be higher in the lean season. Yet, farmers report selling most of their output shortly after harvest when prices are lower. We find that higher expected prices and lower current sale prices are associated with increased storage for liquidity constrained farmers versus unconstrained farmers. We develop an intertemporal model of market timing in the presence of liquidity constraints that is consistent with these findings and discuss other model predictions.
{"title":"Market Timing, Farmer Expectations, and Liquidity Constraints","authors":"R. Albuquerque, Bruno C. Araújo, Luis Brandão-Marques, Gerivásia Mosse, Pippy Vletter, Helder Zavale","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3856672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3856672","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses data on farmers' price expectations from a survey of randomly sampled smallholder farmers in Mozambique. Survey data show that across all crops most interviewed farmers expect prices to be higher in the lean season. Yet, farmers report selling most of their output shortly after harvest when prices are lower. We find that higher expected prices and lower current sale prices are associated with increased storage for liquidity constrained farmers versus unconstrained farmers. We develop an intertemporal model of market timing in the presence of liquidity constraints that is consistent with these findings and discuss other model predictions.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82556951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Krah, A. Maertens, W. Mhango, H. Michelson, Vesall Nourani
This paper documents the role of village fairness norms in land markets. We establish a strong and robust relationship between experimentally elicited village-level fairness norms and land rental markets across 250 villages in Malawi. Stronger fairness norms correlate with a tighter range in rental rates. Fairness norms for tenants predominate and land-rental price ranges tend to be constrained through a price ceiling. Strong norms correlate with reduced market participation of landlords, and rented-in fields are of lower agronomic quality than owner-cultivated fields. Using nationally-representative secondary data we show that land rental rate adjustments to weather shocks are confined to villages where evidence suggests fairness norms are weak.
{"title":"Village Fairness Norms and Land Rental Markets","authors":"K. Krah, A. Maertens, W. Mhango, H. Michelson, Vesall Nourani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3910008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3910008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the role of village fairness norms in land markets. We establish a strong and robust relationship between experimentally elicited village-level fairness norms and land rental markets across 250 villages in Malawi. Stronger fairness norms correlate with a tighter range in rental rates. Fairness norms for tenants predominate and land-rental price ranges tend to be constrained through a price ceiling. Strong norms correlate with reduced market participation of landlords, and rented-in fields are of lower agronomic quality than owner-cultivated fields. Using nationally-representative secondary data we show that land rental rate adjustments to weather shocks are confined to villages where evidence suggests fairness norms are weak.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84799941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drinking water is already a scarce resource in India as the estimated per capita availability of freshwater is 1545 m3/year (2011 census) that falls below the benchmark of minimum requirement. As India owns about 16 percent of the world's population as compared to only 4 percent of its water resources, such water stress is likely to assume magnanimous proportions over the coming decade. However, water supply policy in India has a tendency to put more emphasis on supply side measures. To make the water supply initiatives more successful more information is required about preference of the households regarding water source. In this paper we attempt to model the choice of drinking water source in urban India using a nationally representative data of urban households from Indian Human Development Survey (2005). Our results suggest that ability to pay and awareness regarding the benefits of safe water might be the major drivers of exclusion from public water supply networks in India. We also find evidence that media exposure might induce reduction in usage of ground water sources. Given the fact that government has been emphasizing the role of media campaigns for awareness generation regarding safe water and sanitation benefits this finding assures them of the social returns from investments in awareness campaigns.
{"title":"Fetching Pails of Water: Examining Households Choice of Drinking Water Sources in India","authors":"S. Paul","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3907814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3907814","url":null,"abstract":"Drinking water is already a scarce resource in India as the estimated per capita availability of freshwater is 1545 m3/year (2011 census) that falls below the benchmark of minimum requirement. As India owns about 16 percent of the world's population as compared to only 4 percent of its water resources, such water stress is likely to assume magnanimous proportions over the coming decade. However, water supply policy in India has a tendency to put more emphasis on supply side measures. To make the water supply initiatives more successful more information is required about preference of the households regarding water source. In this paper we attempt to model the choice of drinking water source in urban India using a nationally representative data of urban households from Indian Human Development Survey (2005). Our results suggest that ability to pay and awareness regarding the benefits of safe water might be the major drivers of exclusion from public water supply networks in India. We also find evidence that media exposure might induce reduction in usage of ground water sources. Given the fact that government has been emphasizing the role of media campaigns for awareness generation regarding safe water and sanitation benefits this finding assures them of the social returns from investments in awareness campaigns.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74873189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marathi Abstract: 1 जानेवारी 1995 रोजी WTO ची स्थापना होवून भारताने या करारावर सही करून GAAT चा स्विकार केलेला आहे. या करारात मुक्त अर्थव्यवस्थेचा स्विकार करण्यात आलेला असून त्याचाच एक भाग म्हणून बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकाराचा समावेशWTO कारारात करण्यात आलेला आहे. भारताने स्वातंत्र्यानंतर 1948 साली टेकचंद समीती,1957 मध्ये अय्यंगार समीती, 1965 व 1967 मध्ये संयुक्त संसदीय समीती मार्फत पेटंट प्रश्नांचा सखोल अभ्यास करून सन 1970 मध्ये भारतीय पेटंट कायदा तयार केला होता. त्या 1970 च्या कायदîामध्ये बदल करून 2005 मध्ये नविन पेटंट कायदा तयार करण्यात आला, जो 5 मे 2006 पासून सुधारित कायदा म्हणून प्रभावीत आहे. English Abstract: Since the establishment of the WTO on 1 January 1995, India has ratified and ratified the WTO. The agreement recognizes a free economy and includes intellectual property rights as part of the WTO agreement. After India's independence, the Indian Patent Act was enacted in 1970 after a thorough study of patent issues through the Tekchand Committee in 1948, the Iyengar Committee in 1957, and the Joint Parliamentary Committee in 1965 and 1967. New patent law was enacted in 2005 to amend that 1970 law, which has been in force since May 5, 2006.
{"title":"बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकार: औषधी आणि कृषी (Intellectual Property Rights: Medicines & Agriculture)","authors":"Dr. Rakshit Bagde","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3901783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3901783","url":null,"abstract":"Marathi Abstract: 1 जानेवारी 1995 रोजी WTO ची स्थापना होवून भारताने या करारावर सही करून GAAT चा स्विकार केलेला आहे. या करारात मुक्त अर्थव्यवस्थेचा स्विकार करण्यात आलेला असून त्याचाच एक भाग म्हणून बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकाराचा समावेशWTO कारारात करण्यात आलेला आहे. भारताने स्वातंत्र्यानंतर 1948 साली टेकचंद समीती,1957 मध्ये अय्यंगार समीती, 1965 व 1967 मध्ये संयुक्त संसदीय समीती मार्फत पेटंट प्रश्नांचा सखोल अभ्यास करून सन 1970 मध्ये भारतीय पेटंट कायदा तयार केला होता. त्या 1970 च्या कायदîामध्ये बदल करून 2005 मध्ये नविन पेटंट कायदा तयार करण्यात आला, जो 5 मे 2006 पासून सुधारित कायदा म्हणून प्रभावीत आहे. English Abstract: Since the establishment of the WTO on 1 January 1995, India has ratified and ratified the WTO. The agreement recognizes a free economy and includes intellectual property rights as part of the WTO agreement. After India's independence, the Indian Patent Act was enacted in 1970 after a thorough study of patent issues through the Tekchand Committee in 1948, the Iyengar Committee in 1957, and the Joint Parliamentary Committee in 1965 and 1967. New patent law was enacted in 2005 to amend that 1970 law, which has been in force since May 5, 2006.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"1995 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88117010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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