China has successfully created value and wealth, by integrating its industrial and technological development with Global Value Chains through deployment of economic zones. This paper looks at Hainan Special Economic Zone (‘HSEZ’), which was established as the largest special economic zone in China and has grown into second largest contributor of Natural Rubber (‘NR’) production in China. HSEZ has played a key role in design and development of socio-economic policies by acting as a ‘greenhouse’ to test these policies, and in process delivering extraordinary results. The application of triple helix structure to design policies, utilize institutions and implement initiatives by the HSEZ has allowed it to develop some key clusters within the zone where NR ecosystem is regarded as a great accomplishment. This paper identifies the output variables for socio-economic impact rendered by the HSEZ, and output variables of the local NR ecosystem. It then correlates and regresses them to gain insight on the synergies and linkages between the HSEZ’s vibrant environment and the local NR ecosystem. It also looks into new technologies and innovations that are being diffused from universities and research centers with the help of the private sector, under liberal but protective regulations instituted by the government agencies, and seamlessly flowing into the local NR ecosystem. These innovations are helping to address challenges and transforming this traditional but strategic agricultural industry in China, thereby opening venues for its growth and sustainability. This study builds up on primary data collected from visit to the province, discussions with stakeholders in Hainan and analysis of secondary data from various public sources. The results show that HSEZ, has successfully created a ‘collaborative and conducive environment’ that binds key ingredients of the natural rubber ecosystem together. On one hand, NR based entrepreneurial ecosystem has formed significant linkages within the HSEZ thereby influencing its gross regional product, government revenue, employment, investments, trade and innovation. On the other hand, NR based entrepreneurial ecosystem retains its uniqueness, and strengthens its contribution to the global and regional trade supply chains.
Keywords: Trade & Environment, Government Policy, Agriculture, Technological Change
{"title":"Assessing Synergies, Linkages and the Role of Hainan Special Economic Zone in Development of Natural Rubber Ecosystem","authors":"Azam Pasha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3518822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3518822","url":null,"abstract":"China has successfully created value and wealth, by integrating its industrial and technological development with Global Value Chains through deployment of economic zones. This paper looks at Hainan Special Economic Zone (‘HSEZ’), which was established as the largest special economic zone in China and has grown into second largest contributor of Natural Rubber (‘NR’) production in China. HSEZ has played a key role in design and development of socio-economic policies by acting as a ‘greenhouse’ to test these policies, and in process delivering extraordinary results. The application of triple helix structure to design policies, utilize institutions and implement initiatives by the HSEZ has allowed it to develop some key clusters within the zone where NR ecosystem is regarded as a great accomplishment. This paper identifies the output variables for socio-economic impact rendered by the HSEZ, and output variables of the local NR ecosystem. It then correlates and regresses them to gain insight on the synergies and linkages between the HSEZ’s vibrant environment and the local NR ecosystem. It also looks into new technologies and innovations that are being diffused from universities and research centers with the help of the private sector, under liberal but protective regulations instituted by the government agencies, and seamlessly flowing into the local NR ecosystem. These innovations are helping to address challenges and transforming this traditional but strategic agricultural industry in China, thereby opening venues for its growth and sustainability. This study builds up on primary data collected from visit to the province, discussions with stakeholders in Hainan and analysis of secondary data from various public sources. The results show that HSEZ, has successfully created a ‘collaborative and conducive environment’ that binds key ingredients of the natural rubber ecosystem together. On one hand, NR based entrepreneurial ecosystem has formed significant linkages within the HSEZ thereby influencing its gross regional product, government revenue, employment, investments, trade and innovation. On the other hand, NR based entrepreneurial ecosystem retains its uniqueness, and strengthens its contribution to the global and regional trade supply chains.<br><br>Keywords: Trade & Environment, Government Policy, Agriculture, Technological Change<br><br>JEL: F18, L78, O13, O33<br>","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73603713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper, forthcoming in the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, summarizes the common-pool problem faced in oil and gas production under the rule of capture. It defines unitization as a solution to the problem and then describes the bargaining issues involved in arriving at a unitization agreement. Legal issues and cases are included.
{"title":"Unitization","authors":"G. Libecap","doi":"10.18356/dda9d618-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/dda9d618-en","url":null,"abstract":"This paper, forthcoming in the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, summarizes the common-pool problem faced in oil and gas production under the rule of capture. It defines unitization as a solution to the problem and then describes the bargaining issues involved in arriving at a unitization agreement. Legal issues and cases are included.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75287345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When left unattended, natural resources tend to inch toward depletion, overuse, spoilage, or pollution. Common pastures get overgrazed; lakes are overfished; rivers are polluted, and so on. In the case of water, some may wonder how overuse or depletion is possible, as water is a renewable natural resource. In spite of this, depletion and overuse can occur in a practical sense and on a local level. The reasons for this overuse are often related to the "tragedy of the commons," a situation where individual users of a common resource pursue their self-interest without coordination and thus behave collectively in ways that are not optimal for the resource as a whole. This note explores the concept of the tragedy of the commons in relation to water, considering especially the implications of water's status as an unprotected open-access resource. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0174 Dec. 16, 2019 The Tragedy of the (Water) Commons Across the board, natural resources share certain characteristics. When left unattended, they tend to inch toward depletion, overuse, spoilage, or pollution. Common pastures get overgrazed; lakes are overfished; rivers are polluted, and so on. In the case of water, some may wonder how overuse or depletion is possible, as water is a renewable natural resource. Driven by solar energy and gravity, the global water cycle circulates water indefinitely through the atmosphere, over continents, and in oceans. As such, the total amount of water on earth does not change. In spite of this, depletion can occur in a practical sense, because on a more local level, water can have more of a nonrenewable character. The Aral Sea between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is an iconic illustration of this phenomenon. Once one of the largest lakes in the world, it has shrunk to a very small fraction of its original size. While there are many reasons for overuse, they are often related to the "tragedy of the commons," a situation where individual users of a common resource pursue their self-interest without coordination and thus behave collectively in ways that are not optimal for the resource as a whole. We may not always think about it, but economic transactions and exchanges are possible because of property rights. To be explicit, before a transaction can take place, someone has to own something and the right to transfer it. The particular nature of these property rights and how well they are defined often determines the efficiency of transactions. In particular, the specific nature of the property rights that govern access to natural resources very much determines how resources such as water are withdrawn. . . .
{"title":"The Tragedy of the (Water) Commons","authors":"P. Debaere","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3682604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3682604","url":null,"abstract":"When left unattended, natural resources tend to inch toward depletion, overuse, spoilage, or pollution. Common pastures get overgrazed; lakes are overfished; rivers are polluted, and so on. In the case of water, some may wonder how overuse or depletion is possible, as water is a renewable natural resource. In spite of this, depletion and overuse can occur in a practical sense and on a local level. The reasons for this overuse are often related to the \"tragedy of the commons,\" a situation where individual users of a common resource pursue their self-interest without coordination and thus behave collectively in ways that are not optimal for the resource as a whole. This note explores the concept of the tragedy of the commons in relation to water, considering especially the implications of water's status as an unprotected open-access resource. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0174 Dec. 16, 2019 The Tragedy of the (Water) Commons Across the board, natural resources share certain characteristics. When left unattended, they tend to inch toward depletion, overuse, spoilage, or pollution. Common pastures get overgrazed; lakes are overfished; rivers are polluted, and so on. In the case of water, some may wonder how overuse or depletion is possible, as water is a renewable natural resource. Driven by solar energy and gravity, the global water cycle circulates water indefinitely through the atmosphere, over continents, and in oceans. As such, the total amount of water on earth does not change. In spite of this, depletion can occur in a practical sense, because on a more local level, water can have more of a nonrenewable character. The Aral Sea between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is an iconic illustration of this phenomenon. Once one of the largest lakes in the world, it has shrunk to a very small fraction of its original size. While there are many reasons for overuse, they are often related to the \"tragedy of the commons,\" a situation where individual users of a common resource pursue their self-interest without coordination and thus behave collectively in ways that are not optimal for the resource as a whole. We may not always think about it, but economic transactions and exchanges are possible because of property rights. To be explicit, before a transaction can take place, someone has to own something and the right to transfer it. The particular nature of these property rights and how well they are defined often determines the efficiency of transactions. In particular, the specific nature of the property rights that govern access to natural resources very much determines how resources such as water are withdrawn. . . .","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89026851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food security is a critical global issue, forest land conversion also plays a fundamental role in compromising food security. It is imperative to purposeful comprehend the relationship between forest land conversion, biodiversity and food security for Ethiopia. Forest land conversion is primarily steered by availing land for among other reasons, mainly agriculture. One would hope that this would preach positives towards potential mitigation of the impending food security issues affecting these nations. Biodiversity is a key factor for the achievement of food security. All food systems depend on biodiversity and a broad range of ecosystem services that support agricultural productivity, soil fertility, and water quality and supply. However, the country faces multitude of critical challenges especially the issues of food and broader livelihood insecurity and environmental problems. Forest governance can have a major impact on local people’s livelihoods and food security. Therefore, the nexus approach is used to examine the inter dependencies of forest land conversion, biodiversity and food security to investigate the complex system that influences one of the other single components. In conclusion, this review paper shows that, forests are a major repository of food and other resources that play a crucial role in food security. In addition, maintaining diversity in agricultural production systems leads to increased resilience to shocks particularly in the context of a changing climate.
{"title":"Forest Land Conversion, Biodiversity and Food Security Nexus in Ethiopia: Critical Review","authors":"M. Y. Bikila, Amelework Biresaw","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3510591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3510591","url":null,"abstract":"Food security is a critical global issue, forest land conversion also plays a fundamental role in compromising food security. It is imperative to purposeful comprehend the relationship between forest land conversion, biodiversity and food security for Ethiopia. Forest land conversion is primarily steered by availing land for among other reasons, mainly agriculture. One would hope that this would preach positives towards potential mitigation of the impending food security issues affecting these nations. Biodiversity is a key factor for the achievement of food security. All food systems depend on biodiversity and a broad range of ecosystem services that support agricultural productivity, soil fertility, and water quality and supply. However, the country faces multitude of critical challenges especially the issues of food and broader livelihood insecurity and environmental problems. Forest governance can have a major impact on local people’s livelihoods and food security. Therefore, the nexus approach is used to examine the inter dependencies of forest land conversion, biodiversity and food security to investigate the complex system that influences one of the other single components. In conclusion, this review paper shows that, forests are a major repository of food and other resources that play a crucial role in food security. In addition, maintaining diversity in agricultural production systems leads to increased resilience to shocks particularly in the context of a changing climate.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88895930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of the author was to critically analyze the effect of a rise in MSP rates of Kharif crops on farmers, on the performance of the Indian economy, the effect of the same on various sectors of the Indian society, and on various other aspects. The methods of doing so have been through readings of secondary data (case studies, news articles), and primary sources such as questionnaires, interviews with knowledgeable individuals. Some key findings are that the hike in MSP can result in inflation due to which, although farmers enjoy a higher income, they may not have greater saving due to the rise in the price of other necessities, the other sectors are set to benefit from this move of the government, this move will add an additional burden on the government of 150 million USD and that this move only helps 7% of the Indian farmers while the rest are unaffected by this. This study also deciphers public opinion on the subject, showing that about 70% of the respondents believe that the policy was beneficial to the economy. The paper critically evaluates this move by the government showing its implications on the economy, farmers, etc.
{"title":"The Effect of Incrementation in the MSP of the Kharif Crops on the Indian Economy","authors":"Gaurang Asopa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3667704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3667704","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the author was to critically analyze the effect of a rise in MSP rates of Kharif crops on farmers, on the performance of the Indian economy, the effect of the same on various sectors of the Indian society, and on various other aspects. The methods of doing so have been through readings of secondary data (case studies, news articles), and primary sources such as questionnaires, interviews with knowledgeable individuals. Some key findings are that the hike in MSP can result in inflation due to which, although farmers enjoy a higher income, they may not have greater saving due to the rise in the price of other necessities, the other sectors are set to benefit from this move of the government, this move will add an additional burden on the government of 150 million USD and that this move only helps 7% of the Indian farmers while the rest are unaffected by this. This study also deciphers public opinion on the subject, showing that about 70% of the respondents believe that the policy was beneficial to the economy. The paper critically evaluates this move by the government showing its implications on the economy, farmers, etc.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90252577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health shocks are common and have serious consequences for the rural poor in developing countries. In this study, we examine the impact of health shocks of household members on the household’s vulnerability to poverty. We also analyze the role of natural resource extraction in dealing with health shocks to smooth household consumption. We use a panel dataset of 550 households in 30 rural villages in Cambodia collected from two survey waves in 2013 and 2014. Our findings reveal that there is a significant association between health shocks and vulnerability to poverty and that the extraction of natural resources is important in consumption smoothing when rural households are faced with health shocks. We suggest that while maintaining natural resource stocks, there is a need to reduce pressures on such resources by developing irrigation systems and non-farm employment sectors.
{"title":"Health Shocks and Natural Resource Extraction in Cambodia","authors":"Trung-Thanh Nguyen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3507538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3507538","url":null,"abstract":"Health shocks are common and have serious consequences for the rural poor in developing countries. In this study, we examine the impact of health shocks of household members on the household’s vulnerability to poverty. We also analyze the role of natural resource extraction in dealing with health shocks to smooth household consumption. We use a panel dataset of 550 households in 30 rural villages in Cambodia collected from two survey waves in 2013 and 2014. Our findings reveal that there is a significant association between health shocks and vulnerability to poverty and that the extraction of natural resources is important in consumption smoothing when rural households are faced with health shocks. We suggest that while maintaining natural resource stocks, there is a need to reduce pressures on such resources by developing irrigation systems and non-farm employment sectors.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91224200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hotelling's Rule of non-renewable resource extraction was first proposed in 1931, but strong empirical evidence supporting Hotelling's predictions has been elusive. Recognizing the complications in natural resource markets, we test Hotelling's Rule using bitcoin rents. Bitcoin is similar to natural resources in that new coins enter the market solely through the efforts of individual agents expending computer resources to attain bitcoins, which can then be sold on exchanges for profit. Bitcoin has a fixed and known resource stock, can be accessed by anyone with a computer, exhibits a fairly homogeneous and easily modeled "mining'' technology, and extraction rates follow restricted and pre-determined patterns. Aspects of capital investment and mining returns are observable and can be tracked over time, making bitcoin an ideal test bed for Hotelling's Rule. We calculate the growth rate of the net asset price of Bitcoin, and compare it to the growth rate of several market indicies (GSPC, HYG) over the same time period. We test for and find evidence of a co-integrating relationship, providing support for Hotelling's rule in that any deviations from the theoretical price path bring economic forces to bear that restore the proper pricing relationship.
{"title":"Hotelling Meets Crypto-Currency: Do Bitcoin Rents Follow Hotelling's Rule?","authors":"C. Landry, Dylan Turner, J. Dorfman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3506730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3506730","url":null,"abstract":"Hotelling's Rule of non-renewable resource extraction was first proposed in 1931, but strong empirical evidence supporting Hotelling's predictions has been elusive. Recognizing the complications in natural resource markets, we test Hotelling's Rule using bitcoin rents. Bitcoin is similar to natural resources in that new coins enter the market solely through the efforts of individual agents expending computer resources to attain bitcoins, which can then be sold on exchanges for profit. Bitcoin has a fixed and known resource stock, can be accessed by anyone with a computer, exhibits a fairly homogeneous and easily modeled \"mining'' technology, and extraction rates follow restricted and pre-determined patterns. Aspects of capital investment and mining returns are observable and can be tracked over time, making bitcoin an ideal test bed for Hotelling's Rule. We calculate the growth rate of the net asset price of Bitcoin, and compare it to the growth rate of several market indicies (GSPC, HYG) over the same time period. We test for and find evidence of a co-integrating relationship, providing support for Hotelling's rule in that any deviations from the theoretical price path bring economic forces to bear that restore the proper pricing relationship.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79717889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Arsalan, D. Tschirley, Michael Dolislager, T. Reardon, Louise Fox, L. Liverpool‐Tasie, S. Christine
Despite a burgeoning literature on youth employment, little is known about the economic activities of rural youth, including whether rural transformation, seen through the lens of the agrifood system (AFS) will create new opportunities for youth. Using data on hours worked of 467,453 workingage individuals in four age cohorts (early youth, later youth, early adulthood, later adulthood) and a rural-urban gradient based on population density (rural hinterland, intermediate, peri-urban and urban zones) in 188,996 households in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, we provide empirical evidence on this gap in literature. We find that no region allocates more than 37 per cent of their labour hours to on-farm employment, but when including off-farm AFS self- and wage employment, total AFS accounts for half of all hours worked. Even in Latin America, off-farm AFS accounts for 21 per cent of hours worked, demonstrating the importance of pre- and postfarm value added for employment creation. Youth appear to access off-farm AFS opportunities more easily than non-AFS ones, especially wage employment in urban and peri-urban zones. These findings dispute the narrative that youth do not enter farming and cannot get wage jobs, as youth work substantial hours in both sectors with distinct spatial patterns.
{"title":"IFAD RESEARCH SERIES 43 Youth Agrifood System Employment in Developing Countries: A Gender-Differentiated Spatial Approach","authors":"A. Arsalan, D. Tschirley, Michael Dolislager, T. Reardon, Louise Fox, L. Liverpool‐Tasie, S. Christine","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3520554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3520554","url":null,"abstract":"Despite a burgeoning literature on youth employment, little is known about the economic activities of rural youth, including whether rural transformation, seen through the lens of the agrifood system (AFS) will create new opportunities for youth. Using data on hours worked of 467,453 workingage individuals in four age cohorts (early youth, later youth, early adulthood, later adulthood) and a rural-urban gradient based on population density (rural hinterland, intermediate, peri-urban and urban zones) in 188,996 households in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, we provide empirical evidence on this gap in literature. We find that no region allocates more than 37 per cent of their labour hours to on-farm employment, but when including off-farm AFS self- and wage employment, total AFS accounts for half of all hours worked. Even in Latin America, off-farm AFS accounts for 21 per cent of hours worked, demonstrating the importance of pre- and postfarm value added for employment creation. Youth appear to access off-farm AFS opportunities more easily than non-AFS ones, especially wage employment in urban and peri-urban zones. These findings dispute the narrative that youth do not enter farming and cannot get wage jobs, as youth work substantial hours in both sectors with distinct spatial patterns.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75794245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The market-driven agricultural transformation of the global food system requires all, directly and indirectly, participating actors to compete efficiently and to adapt to changes in consumer demand and buyer requirements. Regarding product quantity and quality, smallholders, in particular, have to increase their reliability in order to be able to compete within the agricultural markets. Thus, innovative institutions are needed that integrate and strengthen the sustainability and linkage of and between each technological, economic, social, or political component of the value chain in order to (further) include smallholder farmers within the transforming food system. By adapting their approach and service portfolio both to changing market requirements and to scientific findings from empowerment research, farmer organizations (FO) could become one of the innovative key actors, increasing the competitiveness of their members SMEs' and reducing poverty, its impacts and its costs. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to empirically test the previously constructed theoretical concept of empowerment and the applicability of the developed measuring scale. On the other hand, the study compares the current empowerment approaches of the surveyed FOs, in order to show by means of best practices, but also weak points, how applied empowerment approaches can be transferred and improved in the future. Theory-wise, the term "empowerment" is placed between the discussions of "repositioning" according to Bourdieu, the question of distribution and exercising economic, social, and political power according to Sen and recent findings from behavioral science on the changeability of mental models and thus behavior. By putting the theoretical findings into relation and into the context of agricultural development, the results are integrated into the broader discourse of reducing poverty and hunger. Thus, the overall objective of this study is to support the applied empowerment research and the interdisciplinary discourse on poverty and hunger reduction with some impulses for its further advancement.
{"title":"Empowering Smallholder Farmers through Farmer Organizations: Insights from Kenya and Burkina Faso","authors":"Eli Wortmann-Kolundzija","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3498199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3498199","url":null,"abstract":"The market-driven agricultural transformation of the global food system requires all, directly and indirectly, participating actors to compete efficiently and to adapt to changes in consumer demand and buyer requirements. Regarding product quantity and quality, smallholders, in particular, have to increase their reliability in order to be able to compete within the agricultural markets. Thus, innovative institutions are needed that integrate and strengthen the sustainability and linkage of and between each technological, economic, social, or political component of the value chain in order to (further) include smallholder farmers within the transforming food system. By adapting their approach and service portfolio both to changing market requirements and to scientific findings from empowerment research, farmer organizations (FO) could become one of the innovative key actors, increasing the competitiveness of their members SMEs' and reducing poverty, its impacts and its costs. \u0000 \u0000The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to empirically test the previously constructed theoretical concept of empowerment and the applicability of the developed measuring scale. On the other hand, the study compares the current empowerment approaches of the surveyed FOs, in order to show by means of best practices, but also weak points, how applied empowerment approaches can be transferred and improved in the future. \u0000 \u0000Theory-wise, the term \"empowerment\" is placed between the discussions of \"repositioning\" according to Bourdieu, the question of distribution and exercising economic, social, and political power according to Sen and recent findings from behavioral science on the changeability of mental models and thus behavior. By putting the theoretical findings into relation and into the context of agricultural development, the results are integrated into the broader discourse of reducing poverty and hunger. Thus, the overall objective of this study is to support the applied empowerment research and the interdisciplinary discourse on poverty and hunger reduction with some impulses for its further advancement.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83854820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Este paper describe la transicion energetica que ha tenido el Reino Unido para alcanzar una generacion mediante energias renovables del 25% en 2016 y reducir las emisiones per capita de CO2, las cuales pasaron de 10.744.1 kg CO2/pc en 1990 a 6.560.2 en 2016. Pero al mismo tiempo estudios empiezan a evidenciar que a pesar de que la reforma de este mercado electrico ha dado un gran paso hacia adelante, aun enfrenta serios desafios debido a la reduccion de los mecanismos de apoyo de la energia renovable y a la inestabilidad politica que ha tenido esta economia y, por tanto, los inversionistas han optado por concentrarse en la gestion de sus activos existentes en lugar de planear un mayor crecimiento.
{"title":"Transición energética en Reino Unido para la integración de fuentes no convencionales de energía y redes inteligentes (Energy Transition in the United Kingdom for the Integration of Nonconventional Energy Sources and Smart Grids)","authors":"J. Botero, J. Arbeláez, John Garcia Rendon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3525013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3525013","url":null,"abstract":"Este paper describe la transicion energetica que ha tenido el Reino Unido para alcanzar una generacion mediante energias renovables del 25% en 2016 y reducir las emisiones per capita de CO2, las cuales pasaron de 10.744.1 kg CO2/pc en 1990 a 6.560.2 en 2016. Pero al mismo tiempo estudios empiezan a evidenciar que a pesar de que la reforma de este mercado electrico ha dado un gran paso hacia adelante, aun enfrenta serios desafios debido a la reduccion de los mecanismos de apoyo de la energia renovable y a la inestabilidad politica que ha tenido esta economia y, por tanto, los inversionistas han optado por concentrarse en la gestion de sus activos existentes en lugar de planear un mayor crecimiento.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80276063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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