A. Faye, M. Dièye, Pape Bilal Diakhaté, A. Beye, M. Sall, M. Diop
Located in West Africa, Senegal is classified as a least-developed country that has historically had political stability and slow economic growth compared to the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, from 2012 onward, a new government has adopted new policies (infrastructure investments, liberalization of the groundnut sector and opening of the energy sector) to enhance economic growth and governance. Senegal thus experienced significant improvements in the period from 2012 to 2015. Future economic growth in Senegal can be significantly shaped by the energy sector regarding the recent oil and gas discoveries if the common resource curse can be avoided.
The country is characterized by a poverty rate of 38 percent and fairly stable food security, with only 7.2 percent of the population being food insecure. However, some localized pockets of acute food needs remain. This is in part linked to agricultural production (the main source of income and labor), which depends highly on climatic hazards. Moreover, production resources such as land are highly vulnerable to climatic and anthropogenic factors. The country has a good access rate to electricity and safe water. However, access to electricity is unequal, with rural lagging behind urban areas.
The country thus faces many challenges that threaten its economic growth: climate change and ensuring the accessibility and affordability of energy and land, which are key inputs to the main sectors of the economy such as agriculture. This report aims at investigating these interlinked challenges through a critical literature review. Results show that concerning land, its use and cover have hardly evolved over the past, except for agricultural land, which has significantly evolved from 1975 to 2013. However, the land has degraded a lot in the past several decades with up to 63-67 percent of the arable land being subject to land degradation due to climate hazards and its uses (e.g. population growth, Agro-sylvo-pastoral practices, wind and water erosion, salinization, bush fires...). Land degradation has multiple consequences, as it impacts livelihoods by limiting the availability of vital ecosystem services, increases the risk of poverty and translates into economic losses. Land degradation is estimated to cost 9 percent of the GDP annually (996 million USD). Concerning climate change, Senegal’s climate is of the Sudano-Sahelian type, marked by the alternation of a rainy season and a dry season, whose duration varies according to the region. Rainfall and its characteristics (onset and duration) and air temperature are two factors that have changed significantly since the early 1950s and 1970s. Decreased rainfall, delayed onset of rains, reduced duration of wintering and higher temperatures have adversely affected agricultural production systems and have put some risks on food security, health and livelihoods. Projections in 2035 and 2050 will accentuate the negative impacts already observe
{"title":"Senegal - Land, Climate, Energy, Agriculture and Development: A Study in the Sudano-Sahel Initiative for Regional Development, Jobs, and Food Security","authors":"A. Faye, M. Dièye, Pape Bilal Diakhaté, A. Beye, M. Sall, M. Diop","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.308808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.308808","url":null,"abstract":"Located in West Africa, Senegal is classified as a least-developed country that has historically had political stability and slow economic growth compared to the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, from 2012 onward, a new government has adopted new policies (infrastructure investments, liberalization of the groundnut sector and opening of the energy sector) to enhance economic growth and governance. Senegal thus experienced significant improvements in the period from 2012 to 2015. Future economic growth in Senegal can be significantly shaped by the energy sector regarding the recent oil and gas discoveries if the common resource curse can be avoided.<br><br>The country is characterized by a poverty rate of 38 percent and fairly stable food security, with only 7.2 percent of the population being food insecure. However, some localized pockets of acute food needs remain. This is in part linked to agricultural production (the main source of income and labor), which depends highly on climatic hazards. Moreover, production resources such as land are highly vulnerable to climatic and anthropogenic factors. The country has a good access rate to electricity and safe water. However, access to electricity is unequal, with rural lagging behind urban areas.<br><br>The country thus faces many challenges that threaten its economic growth: climate change and ensuring the accessibility and affordability of energy and land, which are key inputs to the main sectors of the economy such as agriculture. This report aims at investigating these interlinked challenges through a critical literature review. Results show that concerning land, its use and cover have hardly evolved over the past, except for agricultural land, which has significantly evolved from 1975 to 2013. However, the land has degraded a lot in the past several decades with up to 63-67 percent of the arable land being subject to land degradation due to climate hazards and its uses (e.g. population growth, Agro-sylvo-pastoral practices, wind and water erosion, salinization, bush fires...). Land degradation has multiple consequences, as it impacts livelihoods by limiting the availability of vital ecosystem services, increases the risk of poverty and translates into economic losses. Land degradation is estimated to cost 9 percent of the GDP annually (996 million USD).<br>Concerning climate change, Senegal’s climate is of the Sudano-Sahelian type, marked by the alternation of a rainy season and a dry season, whose duration varies according to the region. Rainfall and its characteristics (onset and duration) and air temperature are two factors that have changed significantly since the early 1950s and 1970s. Decreased rainfall, delayed onset of rains, reduced duration of wintering and higher temperatures have adversely affected agricultural production systems and have put some risks on food security, health and livelihoods. Projections in 2035 and 2050 will accentuate the negative impacts already observe","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74521816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Heffron, Marc Körner, Jonathan Wagner, Martin Weibelzahl, G. Fridgen
Many countries have a clear policy objective of increasing their share of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, a major impediment to higher RES penetration often lies in the historically grown structures of a country’s electricity sector. In Indonesia, policy makers have relied on cheap fossil fuels and state control to provide the population with access to both reliable and affordable electricity. However, this focus on only two of the three horns of the energy trilemma, namely energy security and energy equity (and not sustainability), may put Indonesia at risk of missing its ambitious RES targets. In this context, a number of small-scale reform attempts to promote RES integration in recent years have proved to be relatively unsuccessful. Like many other countries, Indonesia needs clear policy directions to avoid an unsustainable lock-in into a fossil fuel future. In the last decades, several other countries have successfully restructured their electricity sectors, for example by introducing a wholesale market for electricity under different electricity pricing systems, including nodal, zonal, or uniform pricing. These countries may hold valuable experiences of overcoming the historically grown barriers to successful RES integration through a greater role for market mechanisms. We develop three generic models that allow policy makers to analyze the impact of introducing either a nodal, a zonal, or a uniform pricing system on the three horns of the energy trilemma in their country. We evaluate our model using a simplified network representation of the Indonesian electricity sector. Our results indicate that each of the pricing systems is able to foster specific horns of the energy trilemma. Considering that any major reform intended to improve energy sustainability in Indonesia will only be a success if it also addresses energy security and energy equity, we also discuss our results from the perspective of energy justice and the need to balance the country’s energy trilemma. Ultimately, we illustrate a transformation pathway for a more sustainable and just transition to a low-carbon economy in Indonesia.
{"title":"How Different Electricity Pricing Systems Affect the Energy Trilemma: Assessing Indonesia’s Electricity Market Transition","authors":"R. Heffron, Marc Körner, Jonathan Wagner, Martin Weibelzahl, G. Fridgen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3807059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3807059","url":null,"abstract":"Many countries have a clear policy objective of increasing their share of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, a major impediment to higher RES penetration often lies in the historically grown structures of a country’s electricity sector. In Indonesia, policy makers have relied on cheap fossil fuels and state control to provide the population with access to both reliable and affordable electricity. However, this focus on only two of the three horns of the energy trilemma, namely energy security and energy equity (and not sustainability), may put Indonesia at risk of missing its ambitious RES targets. In this context, a number of small-scale reform attempts to promote RES integration in recent years have proved to be relatively unsuccessful. Like many other countries, Indonesia needs clear policy directions to avoid an unsustainable lock-in into a fossil fuel future. In the last decades, several other countries have successfully restructured their electricity sectors, for example by introducing a wholesale market for electricity under different electricity pricing systems, including nodal, zonal, or uniform pricing. These countries may hold valuable experiences of overcoming the historically grown barriers to successful RES integration through a greater role for market mechanisms. We develop three generic models that allow policy makers to analyze the impact of introducing either a nodal, a zonal, or a uniform pricing system on the three horns of the energy trilemma in their country. We evaluate our model using a simplified network representation of the Indonesian electricity sector. Our results indicate that each of the pricing systems is able to foster specific horns of the energy trilemma. Considering that any major reform intended to improve energy sustainability in Indonesia will only be a success if it also addresses energy security and energy equity, we also discuss our results from the perspective of energy justice and the need to balance the country’s energy trilemma. Ultimately, we illustrate a transformation pathway for a more sustainable and just transition to a low-carbon economy in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87765404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В работе рассматриваются вопросы организации и деятельности Особого Совещания о нуждах сельскохозяйственной промышленности, созданного в России в 1902 году по инициативе и под председательством С.Ю.Витте. English Abstract: The paper deals with the organization and activities of the Special Meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry, created in Russia in 1902 on the initiative and chaired by S.Yu. Witte.
{"title":"Особое Совещание о нуждах сельскохозяйственной промышленности как механизм формирования экономической политики России начала XX века (Special Meeting on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry and as a Mechanism of Economic Policy in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century)","authors":"Sergei Bespalov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3860888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3860888","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В работе рассматриваются вопросы организации и деятельности Особого Совещания о нуждах сельскохозяйственной промышленности, созданного в России в 1902 году по инициативе и под председательством С.Ю.Витте. English Abstract: The paper deals with the organization and activities of the Special Meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry, created in Russia in 1902 on the initiative and chaired by S.Yu. Witte.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81758287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Different types of bean cultivars are cultivated by farmers worldwide, but some of these cultivars are capable of dual-purpose cultivation with the aim of simultaneously harvesting dry grains and green pods in one growing season. So, in order to assess the possibility of dual-purpose cultivation of beans, determine the yield of green pods, dry grain yield, product value and Marginal Gross Benefit, 9 lines were evaluated in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 in the seed and plant improvement institute, Karaj, Iran. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the lines for the studied traits. In dual-purpose cultivation of beans, line KS940144 had the highest yield (6983 kg ha-1) and value (2444 US$) of green pods. Line KS920159 had the highest yield (2068 kg ha-1) and value (2440 US$) of dry grains. In view point of the value of the product (green pods and dry grains), although the Dorsa cultivar showed the highest yield and value than dual-purpose cultivation of lines, but, because of climate change and high production risk for cultivating single-purpose cultivars, the dual-purpose cultivation of some of selected lines, for example KS940144 and KS10073 lines, could be have an appropriate income and sustainability for farmers.
世界各地的农民种植着不同类型的豆类品种，但其中一些品种能够双重种植，目的是在一个生长季节同时收获干粒和绿豆荚。因此，为了评估豆类双用途栽培的可能性，确定青荚产量、干粒产量、产品价值和边际毛效益，我们于2016年和2017年在伊朗卡拉杰种子和植物改良研究所，采用随机完全区组设计，进行了3个重复的分割小区试验，对9个品系进行了评价。结果表明，所研究性状在不同系间存在显著差异。在双重用途栽培中，品系KS940144产量最高(6983 kg ha-1)，绿荚价值最高(2444美元)。品系KS920159的干粒产量最高(2068 kg hm -1)，价值最高(2440美元)。从产品价值(绿豆荚和干粒)来看，虽然Dorsa品种的产量和价值高于双用途栽培品系，但由于气候变化和单用途栽培的生产风险高，部分选育品系，如KS940144和KS10073品系的双用途栽培可以为农民提供适当的收入和可持续性。
{"title":"Dual-Purpose Cultivation as an Agro-Economic Approach for Farmers. A Case Study of Beans","authors":"A. Ghanbari, H. Asadi, S. H. Mousavi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3909879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3909879","url":null,"abstract":"Different types of bean cultivars are cultivated by farmers worldwide, but some of these cultivars are capable of dual-purpose cultivation with the aim of simultaneously harvesting dry grains and green pods in one growing season. So, in order to assess the possibility of dual-purpose cultivation of beans, determine the yield of green pods, dry grain yield, product value and Marginal Gross Benefit, 9 lines were evaluated in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 in the seed and plant improvement institute, Karaj, Iran. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the lines for the studied traits. In dual-purpose cultivation of beans, line KS940144 had the highest yield (6983 kg ha-1) and value (2444 US$) of green pods. Line KS920159 had the highest yield (2068 kg ha-1) and value (2440 US$) of dry grains. In view point of the value of the product (green pods and dry grains), although the Dorsa cultivar showed the highest yield and value than dual-purpose cultivation of lines, but, because of climate change and high production risk for cultivating single-purpose cultivars, the dual-purpose cultivation of some of selected lines, for example KS940144 and KS10073 lines, could be have an appropriate income and sustainability for farmers.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79044069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Goat raising in Thailand is not different in practices from other types of agriculture in terms of its small-scale household owned and diversity of activities. This study was conducted on 5 farmers practiced different 5 systems in Satun province, Thailand. Many farmers have built economic resilience in the agricultural farming systems under risks and uncertainties brought by changing government policies. This study seeks to examine the resilience of the economy through the scenario building in an integrated goat-other agricultural activities farming system adapted by farmers when facing external threats. This study found that the total annual margin of raising goats, with large diversity from 2.27 to 30.51 percent and in terms of cost and benefits of 5 plots in 2018 showed a gross margin of between 49,002 to 306,313 baht per year and plot 2 was an interesting farming system with higher net profits than the other plots. Since, the goat has low operation cost, it plays an important role as source of income to compensate for the lower margin when the economic crop price is low and in times when goat price is also low, farmers adjust management to reduce costs to offset lower margins. This research revealed values of economic resilience in the goat farming system which could be important to an integrated goat with other agricultural activities development.
{"title":"Simulation Modeling of Raising Meat Goat Farming System: Case Study of Farms in Satun, Thailand","authors":"Thitinan Sorabut, Vichot Jongrungrot, P. Chanjula","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3898598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3898598","url":null,"abstract":"Goat raising in Thailand is not different in practices from other types of agriculture in terms of its small-scale household owned and diversity of activities. This study was conducted on 5 farmers practiced different 5 systems in Satun province, Thailand. Many farmers have built economic resilience in the agricultural farming systems under risks and uncertainties brought by changing government policies. This study seeks to examine the resilience of the economy through the scenario building in an integrated goat-other agricultural activities farming system adapted by farmers when facing external threats. This study found that the total annual margin of raising goats, with large diversity from 2.27 to 30.51 percent and in terms of cost and benefits of 5 plots in 2018 showed a gross margin of between 49,002 to 306,313 baht per year and plot 2 was an interesting farming system with higher net profits than the other plots. Since, the goat has low operation cost, it plays an important role as source of income to compensate for the lower margin when the economic crop price is low and in times when goat price is also low, farmers adjust management to reduce costs to offset lower margins. This research revealed values of economic resilience in the goat farming system which could be important to an integrated goat with other agricultural activities development.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83386054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject to the dual constraints of energy and climate, wind energy has become a major development trend in the world as a renewable energy next only to hydropower. In this paper, the effects of wind energy industry policy are evaluated based on fixed-effect model, and the regional heterogeneity of wind energy industry policy is discussed based on wind resources. It is concluded that the implementation of wind energy industry policy can significantly increase wind power output without regard to the the regional differences in wind resources. In terms of the effectiveness of policy, demand-oriented policy instruments play a most important role, supply-oriented policy instruments play the second role, and environment-oriented policy instruments play the weakest role. Considering the regional differences in wind resources, the effect of the same policy varies greatly in areas with different wind resources: Supply-oriented policy instruments are slightly more effective in areas with rich wind resources, demand-oriented policy instruments are more effective in areas with poor wind resources, and environment-oriented policy instruments are significantly more effective in areas with poor wind resources.
{"title":"Analysis of the Effects and Regional Heterogeneity of Wind Energy Industry Policy in China","authors":"Yan Chen, Caihong Tian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3880846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3880846","url":null,"abstract":"Subject to the dual constraints of energy and climate, wind energy has become a major development trend in the world as a renewable energy next only to hydropower. In this paper, the effects of wind energy industry policy are evaluated based on fixed-effect model, and the regional heterogeneity of wind energy industry policy is discussed based on wind resources. It is concluded that the implementation of wind energy industry policy can significantly increase wind power output without regard to the the regional differences in wind resources. In terms of the effectiveness of policy, demand-oriented policy instruments play a most important role, supply-oriented policy instruments play the second role, and environment-oriented policy instruments play the weakest role. Considering the regional differences in wind resources, the effect of the same policy varies greatly in areas with different wind resources: Supply-oriented policy instruments are slightly more effective in areas with rich wind resources, demand-oriented policy instruments are more effective in areas with poor wind resources, and environment-oriented policy instruments are significantly more effective in areas with poor wind resources.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"14 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79655646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
April Joy Acierto, D. Vargas, F. Porciuncula, Orden Maria. Excelsis
The Community-based Upland PalayCheck System under the Upland Rice Development Program was used as a platform of implementation. It has eight (8) KeyChecks as farmers’ best practices and technologies in upland rice production.
The study described the socio-demographic profile, institutional factors, biophysical factors, and economic factors of the farmer respondents. Moreover, it described the perceived effectiveness of Farmers’ Field School (FFS) on Upland PalayCheck System, upland community seed banking, and community-based upland palayamanan. Also, the relevance, comparability, traceability, and ease of the practice of the technologies and practices under the Upland PalayCheck System were determined. Also, respondents’ rice production practices and the percentage of adoption under the Upland PalayCheck System were assessed. Furthermore, factors that influence the level of adoption of the Upland PalayChck System were determined.
Barangay Kilig and Caragasan were selected as the locale of the study because these were the pilot site of the project in the municipality. The study was conducted through a survey questionnaire and focus group discussions. Respondents were active participants of FFS on the Upland PalayCheck System. Qualitative data were analyzed through SPSS, however, thematic analysis was done to analyzed the reasons of respondents.
The result shows that there were more female farmers in the area. Thus, the introduction of technologies should be more gender sensitive. Moreover, the majority of them were elementary level and have limited access to training except for the said FFS. These farmers were mostly owners of their land and the majority manage more than 2 ha. Thus, they need more capital in their farm operation. Also, they get their capital from cooperatives and microfinance which may bring them deep indebtedness if they do not get a good yield. Also, farming was their major source of income in the area. Therefore, they should have given other ventures in agriculture for a living. Furthermore, they get technical advice mostly from technical experts radio and leaflets. However, extension contact was only at least once a month due to the large proportion of extension workers over a number of farmers. Furthermore, the majority of the upland areas of the farmers were low soil fertility. Also, the majority of their field received low precipitation resulting in drought. Nevertheless, upland rice farming can be considered as a good alternative crop in the uplands because of its promising higher average selling price at 25.48% of premium varieties. However, seldom of them were selling their products because it is more for their food consumption. The latest average yield (2.40 t/ha) of farmer respondents was greater than the previous average yield in the municipality (>1.0/ha).
Farmers Field School (FFS) on the Upland Community-based Palayaman System was used as a platform to disseminate the objectives o
{"title":"Farmers’ Adoption of Upland PalayCheck System under Upland Rice Development Program (URDP) Implementation In Northern Philippines","authors":"April Joy Acierto, D. Vargas, F. Porciuncula, Orden Maria. Excelsis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3756669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756669","url":null,"abstract":"The Community-based Upland PalayCheck System under the Upland Rice Development Program was used as a platform of implementation. It has eight (8) KeyChecks as farmers’ best practices and technologies in upland rice production. <br><br>The study described the socio-demographic profile, institutional factors, biophysical factors, and economic factors of the farmer respondents. Moreover, it described the perceived effectiveness of Farmers’ Field School (FFS) on Upland PalayCheck System, upland community seed banking, and community-based upland palayamanan. Also, the relevance, comparability, traceability, and ease of the practice of the technologies and practices under the Upland PalayCheck System were determined. Also, respondents’ rice production practices and the percentage of adoption under the Upland PalayCheck System were assessed. Furthermore, factors that influence the level of adoption of the Upland PalayChck System were determined. <br><br>Barangay Kilig and Caragasan were selected as the locale of the study because these were the pilot site of the project in the municipality. The study was conducted through a survey questionnaire and focus group discussions. Respondents were active participants of FFS on the Upland PalayCheck System. Qualitative data were analyzed through SPSS, however, thematic analysis was done to analyzed the reasons of respondents.<br><br>The result shows that there were more female farmers in the area. Thus, the introduction of technologies should be more gender sensitive. Moreover, the majority of them were elementary level and have limited access to training except for the said FFS. These farmers were mostly owners of their land and the majority manage more than 2 ha. Thus, they need more capital in their farm operation. Also, they get their capital from cooperatives and microfinance which may bring them deep indebtedness if they do not get a good yield. Also, farming was their major source of income in the area. Therefore, they should have given other ventures in agriculture for a living. Furthermore, they get technical advice mostly from technical experts radio and leaflets. However, extension contact was only at least once a month due to the large proportion of extension workers over a number of farmers. Furthermore, the majority of the upland areas of the farmers were low soil fertility. Also, the majority of their field received low precipitation resulting in drought. Nevertheless, upland rice farming can be considered as a good alternative crop in the uplands because of its promising higher average selling price at 25.48% of premium varieties. However, seldom of them were selling their products because it is more for their food consumption. The latest average yield (2.40 t/ha) of farmer respondents was greater than the previous average yield in the municipality (>1.0/ha). <br><br>Farmers Field School (FFS) on the Upland Community-based Palayaman System was used as a platform to disseminate the objectives o","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87589858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In January-September 2020, exports of energy commodities and other minerals decreased by 36.5% (45% of the level seen in 2013) on the relevant period of the previous year. Non-oil and gas exports increased by 1.8% following a six-fold increase in gold sales. Without including gold exports, non-oil and gas exports contracted by 8.0%. A decrease in exports of energy commodities, metals, chemical products and timber was driven by an unfavorable pricing environment. Exports of high-tech goods fell by 17% because of reduction in export volumes. In January-September 2020, imports decreased by 6.9%.
{"title":"Russian Foreign Trade in 2020: Preliminary Outcomes","authors":"A. Knobel, Alexander Firanchuk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3749414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3749414","url":null,"abstract":"In January-September 2020, exports of energy commodities and other minerals decreased by 36.5% (45% of the level seen in 2013) on the relevant period of the previous year. Non-oil and gas exports increased by 1.8% following a six-fold increase in gold sales. Without including gold exports, non-oil and gas exports contracted by 8.0%. A decrease in exports of energy commodities, metals, chemical products and timber was driven by an unfavorable pricing environment. Exports of high-tech goods fell by 17% because of reduction in export volumes. In January-September 2020, imports decreased by 6.9%.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82138699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-14DOI: 10.2499/p15738coll2.134191
S. Kapoor, B. Pal, Aditi Singhal, K. Anantha
Technology adoption has been advocated as an important way to improve agricultural productivity and welfare of farmers in the semi-arid regions across the globe. The Government of Karnataka implemented the Bhoosamrudhi program in four districts of the state (Bidar, Chikballapur, Dharwad, and Udupi) as a pilot project to increase the crop yield and income of smallholder farmers. This program was launched on the theme of technology adoption along with convergence among different departments of agriculture. Farmers have been classified into five categories based on their levels of technology intensification to assess the impact of different levels of technology intensification on their welfare. The research is built on a primary survey conducted in pilot districts of the state in 2018 over a sample of 1,465 farmer households. The results generated using econometric methods of propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighted with regression adjustment (IPWRA) highlight that the higher the intensification, the higher the net returns to the farmers. The results state that non-adopters would receive a benefit of an additional Rs.3200 per month if they adopt at least one level of technology intensification. Hence, this program turned out to be a successful model for smallholder farmers in semi-arid regions of India. Steps should be taken to maintain and expand the momentum of adoption to ensure food and livelihood security in the economy.
{"title":"Technology Intensification and Farmers’ Welfare: A Case Study from Karnataka, a Semi-arid State of India","authors":"S. Kapoor, B. Pal, Aditi Singhal, K. Anantha","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.134191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134191","url":null,"abstract":"Technology adoption has been advocated as an important way to improve agricultural productivity and welfare of farmers in the semi-arid regions across the globe. The Government of Karnataka implemented the Bhoosamrudhi program in four districts of the state (Bidar, Chikballapur, Dharwad, and Udupi) as a pilot project to increase the crop yield and income of smallholder farmers. This program was launched on the theme of technology adoption along with convergence among different departments of agriculture. Farmers have been classified into five categories based on their levels of technology intensification to assess the impact of different levels of technology intensification on their welfare. The research is built on a primary survey conducted in pilot districts of the state in 2018 over a sample of 1,465 farmer households. The results generated using econometric methods of propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighted with regression adjustment (IPWRA) highlight that the higher the intensification, the higher the net returns to the farmers. The results state that non-adopters would receive a benefit of an additional Rs.3200 per month if they adopt at least one level of technology intensification. Hence, this program turned out to be a successful model for smallholder farmers in semi-arid regions of India. Steps should be taken to maintain and expand the momentum of adoption to ensure food and livelihood security in the economy.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84117437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-11DOI: 10.2499/p15738coll2.134190
V. Slavchevska, C. Doss, Erdgin Mane, S. Kaaria, Anuja Kar, V. Villa
In Nepal, as in many developing countries, male outmigration from rural areas is significant and is rapidly transforming the sending communities. Using primary data collected from households in rural Nepali communities, this study analyzes the effects of male out-migration from rural agricultural areas on women’s and men’s work on and off the farm. Using an instrumental variable approach to correct for endogeneity related to outmigration, the study finds differential impacts on agricultural labor for the men and women who remain. Men reduce labor in non-farm work without significantly increasing their labor allocation to other activities. Women, on the other hand, increase their work on the farm taking on new responsibilities and moving from contributing family workers to primary farmers. Despite their growing roles as primary farmers, women in households with a migrant do not increase their work in higher value activities, and remain predominantly concentrated in producing staple grains. The analysis highlights the importance of recognizing the changing roles of rural women, especially with respect to the management of the family farm, but it also raises questions about the sustainability and resilience of rural livelihoods to shocks in remittance incomes.
{"title":"Rural Outmigration and the Gendered Patterns of Agricultural Labor in Nepal","authors":"V. Slavchevska, C. Doss, Erdgin Mane, S. Kaaria, Anuja Kar, V. Villa","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.134190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134190","url":null,"abstract":"In Nepal, as in many developing countries, male outmigration from rural areas is significant and is rapidly transforming the sending communities. Using primary data collected from households in rural Nepali communities, this study analyzes the effects of male out-migration from rural agricultural areas on women’s and men’s work on and off the farm. Using an instrumental variable approach to correct for endogeneity related to outmigration, the study finds differential impacts on agricultural labor for the men and women who remain. Men reduce labor in non-farm work without significantly increasing their labor allocation to other activities. Women, on the other hand, increase their work on the farm taking on new responsibilities and moving from contributing family workers to primary farmers. Despite their growing roles as primary farmers, women in households with a migrant do not increase their work in higher value activities, and remain predominantly concentrated in producing staple grains. The analysis highlights the importance of recognizing the changing roles of rural women, especially with respect to the management of the family farm, but it also raises questions about the sustainability and resilience of rural livelihoods to shocks in remittance incomes.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86843747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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