Over the course of the first ten months of 2019, Russia’s exports of fuel and energy resources in money terms dropped relative to the same period of the previous year by 8.1%, to $ 217.4bn (or 77% of the pre-crisis level registered in 2013). The value of other exports declined to $ 128.0bn (-1.9%), thus returning to its pre-crisis level (105%). The drop in the value of Russia’s exports of fuel and energy resources, metals, chemical products, and timber was caused by a considerable deterioration in pricing which took place against the background of relatively stable export volumes. The export of high-tech products (the commodity groups Machines and Equipment and Other Commodities’) remained unchanged.
{"title":"Russia’s Foreign Trade in 2019: Preliminary Results","authors":"Alexander Firanchuk, A. Knobel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3547874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3547874","url":null,"abstract":"Over the course of the first ten months of 2019, Russia’s exports of fuel and energy resources in money terms dropped relative to the same period of the previous year by 8.1%, to $ 217.4bn (or 77% of the pre-crisis level registered in 2013). The value of other exports declined to $ 128.0bn (-1.9%), thus returning to its pre-crisis level (105%). The drop in the value of Russia’s exports of fuel and energy resources, metals, chemical products, and timber was caused by a considerable deterioration in pricing which took place against the background of relatively stable export volumes. The export of high-tech products (the commodity groups Machines and Equipment and Other Commodities’) remained unchanged.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88705844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High transaction costs and thin participation plague water quality trading and prevent markets from delivering expected efficiency gains. Little prior work explores the relationship between transactions costs and market performance. We develop a model of point–nonpoint trading that includes transactions costs. Point sources (PS) generate a single pollutant, whereas nonpoint sources (NPS) generate multiple, complementary pollutants. Trading occurs via bilateral negotiation: regulated PS must find and contract with unregulated NPS to obtain pollution offsets. Each PS bears search and contracting costs that depend on the number of potential trading partners. The NPS sector does not pay search costs but may incur some contracting costs. These costs may affect participation decisions. Transactions costs may generate strategic complementarities that lead to multiple equilibria, characterized by large or small levels of market participation. The equilibrium at which the market arrives depends on sources' expectations about others' participation. We explore the effect of different market structures on trading outcomes. Allowing NPS to participate in multiple, distinct markets for each pollutant they abate may have little effect on the basin of attraction for trading. In contrast, integrated markets—in which regulated polluters can meet their caps by holding permits generated from abatement of either pollutant—can reduce transactions costs for both sources. This generates a larger basin of attraction around the full‐participation equilibrium and thus may improve the efficiency of pollution trading.
{"title":"When the Levee Breaks: Can Multi‐Pollutant Markets Break the Dam on Point–Nonpoint Market Participation?","authors":"Carson J. Reeling, R. Horan, Cloé Garnache","doi":"10.1002/ajae.12005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajae.12005","url":null,"abstract":"High transaction costs and thin participation plague water quality trading and prevent markets from delivering expected efficiency gains. Little prior work explores the relationship between transactions costs and market performance. We develop a model of point–nonpoint trading that includes transactions costs. Point sources (PS) generate a single pollutant, whereas nonpoint sources (NPS) generate multiple, complementary pollutants. Trading occurs via bilateral negotiation: regulated PS must find and contract with unregulated NPS to obtain pollution offsets. Each PS bears search and contracting costs that depend on the number of potential trading partners. The NPS sector does not pay search costs but may incur some contracting costs. These costs may affect participation decisions. Transactions costs may generate strategic complementarities that lead to multiple equilibria, characterized by large or small levels of market participation. The equilibrium at which the market arrives depends on sources' expectations about others' participation. We explore the effect of different market structures on trading outcomes. Allowing NPS to participate in multiple, distinct markets for each pollutant they abate may have little effect on the basin of attraction for trading. In contrast, integrated markets—in which regulated polluters can meet their caps by holding permits generated from abatement of either pollutant—can reduce transactions costs for both sources. This generates a larger basin of attraction around the full‐participation equilibrium and thus may improve the efficiency of pollution trading.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80359854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) primary function is to touch all aspects of rural economy. Apart from providing financial support to the underserved population of the country, the institution also monitors the functioning and regulation of banks. NABARD have been a boon to millions of rural families across the country.This Paper aims to understand the financial initiatives taken by the NABARD in the rural area.
{"title":"A Study on Financial Initiatives Taken By Nabard To Empoweer Rural Economy","authors":"J. Anitha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3531601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531601","url":null,"abstract":"National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) primary function is to touch all aspects of rural economy. Apart from providing financial support to the underserved population of the country, the institution also monitors the functioning and regulation of banks. NABARD have been a boon to millions of rural families across the country.This Paper aims to understand the financial initiatives taken by the NABARD in the rural area.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90713670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agropreneur is defined as an entrepreneur who uses agriculture to build a business. The term "agropreneurship" reminds us that even the smallest-scale farmers are business-people.Dollinger (2003) defines entrepreneurship in agriculture as the creation of innovative economic organization for the purpose of growth or gain under conditions of risk and uncertainty in agriculture. Women have very hectic life. Her work starts from dawn and ends at dusk. The daily routine work begins from house cleaning, fetching drinking water, dish washing, laundry, preparing food for family, care of children, tailoring and sewing clothes. She manages these activities very smartly and actively. This paper attempts to find the mettle power of women as a agropreneur Ms. Sivaranjani the promoter of, Amoto – A handmade organic skincare products followed with direct interview method, to identify the interest of women in carrying out a own enterprise with the factor inducing her to start a business in agricultural components, and to recapitulate her socio-economic status. The sampling design used for the study is, Expert sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique that is used when your research needs to glean knowledge from individuals that have particular expertise. At the end of the report the researcher concluded the study as agropreneurs who can work on preeminence can be encouraged more to show the taste of agropreneurship.
{"title":"Role of Women Entrepreneurship in Agriculture - A Case of Agropreneur","authors":"G. Sukumar, M. John, Magesh Kuttalam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3531611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531611","url":null,"abstract":"Agropreneur is defined as an entrepreneur who uses agriculture to build a business. The term \"agropreneurship\" reminds us that even the smallest-scale farmers are business-people.Dollinger (2003) defines entrepreneurship in agriculture as the creation of innovative economic organization for the purpose of growth or gain under conditions of risk and uncertainty in agriculture. Women have very hectic life. Her work starts from dawn and ends at dusk. The daily routine work begins from house cleaning, fetching drinking water, dish washing, laundry, preparing food for family, care of children, tailoring and sewing clothes. She manages these activities very smartly and actively. This paper attempts to find the mettle power of women as a agropreneur Ms. Sivaranjani the promoter of, Amoto – A handmade organic skincare products followed with direct interview method, to identify the interest of women in carrying out a own enterprise with the factor inducing her to start a business in agricultural components, and to recapitulate her socio-economic status. The sampling design used for the study is, Expert sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique that is used when your research needs to glean knowledge from individuals that have particular expertise. At the end of the report the researcher concluded the study as agropreneurs who can work on preeminence can be encouraged more to show the taste of agropreneurship.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81429862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: With a view to finding a method for Spanish wine to open up a wider market in China, this paper analyses the opportunities and threats that Spanish wine faces in the Chinese market in order to understand the Chinese and Spanish wine market, and analyses how Spanish wine exporters export wine to China.
Methodology: Data analysis, bibliographical search and case study. The main source of data on the wine market in China and Spain was the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV). For the information on the case, the company Torres, this was obtained mainly from the content published on their official website.
Results: The study revealed that the main competitors of Spanish wine in the Chinese wine market are France, Chile and Australia. Economic relations and trade policies between countries have a major impact on the wine trade. In addition, Spanish wine exporters need to pay attention to consumer characteristics in the Chinese market, so that Spanish wine can create a clear image for Chinese consumers, combining multiple online and offline distribution channels to improve their performance in the Chinese market.
Limitations: The study identifies different factors that influence the export of Spanish wine to the Chinese market, but lacks more specific figures, coupled with information to be able to analyse in depth the different degrees of importance of these factors.
{"title":"Analysis of the Chinese Wine Market and Sales of Spanish Wine to China: The Case of Torres China","authors":"Song Yujia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3535515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3535515","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: With a view to finding a method for Spanish wine to open up a wider market in China, this paper analyses the opportunities and threats that Spanish wine faces in the Chinese market in order to understand the Chinese and Spanish wine market, and analyses how Spanish wine exporters export wine to China.<br><br>Methodology: Data analysis, bibliographical search and case study. The main source of data on the wine market in China and Spain was the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV). For the information on the case, the company Torres, this was obtained mainly from the content published on their official website.<br><br>Results: The study revealed that the main competitors of Spanish wine in the Chinese wine market are France, Chile and Australia. Economic relations and trade policies between countries have a major impact on the wine trade. In addition, Spanish wine exporters need to pay attention to consumer characteristics in the Chinese market, so that Spanish wine can create a clear image for Chinese consumers, combining multiple online and offline distribution channels to improve their performance in the Chinese market.<br><br>Limitations: The study identifies different factors that influence the export of Spanish wine to the Chinese market, but lacks more specific figures, coupled with information to be able to analyse in depth the different degrees of importance of these factors.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72954838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates how distortions in oil contract allocation can alter a government official’s decisions and shows that corruption enlarges the parameter space over which multinational oil companies win the contract against the smaller companies. It is found that corruption superficially creates an equilibrium outcome that looks efficient even when it is not, and diminishes the official’s concern for environmental damage by weighing damage to the public less and oil revenues more. Sensitivity analyses show that for all levels of environmental damage and corruptibility, multinational oil companies always win the contract. An important policy implication is that corruption distorts optimal decisions and causes oil contract allocation decisions to be based primarily on monetary benefit than social welfare.
{"title":"Distortions in Oil Contract Allocation and Environmental Damage in the Presence of Corruption","authors":"Henry Ogadinma Akaeze","doi":"10.1111/rode.12629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12629","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates how distortions in oil contract allocation can alter a government official’s decisions and shows that corruption enlarges the parameter space over which multinational oil companies win the contract against the smaller companies. It is found that corruption superficially creates an equilibrium outcome that looks efficient even when it is not, and diminishes the official’s concern for environmental damage by weighing damage to the public less and oil revenues more. Sensitivity analyses show that for all levels of environmental damage and corruptibility, multinational oil companies always win the contract. An important policy implication is that corruption distorts optimal decisions and causes oil contract allocation decisions to be based primarily on monetary benefit than social welfare.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81711742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Domestic trade costs are anecdotally high in the Philippines, and yet a systematic and spatially comparable metric of trade costs is unavailable. This paper fills this gap by estimating province border effects, or a province’s tendency to trade with itself rather than with other provinces. Subsequently, the effects of a maritime transport program based on roll-on roll-off (RORO) ships on province border effects are assessed. Using two novel datasets—the starting dates of RORO shipping services by route, and the intraprovince trade of agricultural products—this study finds that province border effects are substantial, with a typical province trading 51 times more with itself than with other provinces. The RORO transport program is associated with an average reduction of 35% of this home province bias. However, the border effect reductions are unevenly distributed, with the largest reductions concentrated in provinces near the biggest demand centers.
{"title":"Over Land and Over Sea: Domestic Trade Frictions in the Philippines","authors":"Eugenia C. Go","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3590945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590945","url":null,"abstract":"Domestic trade costs are anecdotally high in the Philippines, and yet a systematic and spatially comparable metric of trade costs is unavailable. This paper fills this gap by estimating province border effects, or a province’s tendency to trade with itself rather than with other provinces. Subsequently, the effects of a maritime transport program based on roll-on roll-off (RORO) ships on province border effects are assessed. Using two novel datasets—the starting dates of RORO shipping services by route, and the intraprovince trade of agricultural products—this study finds that province border effects are substantial, with a typical province trading 51 times more with itself than with other provinces. The RORO transport program is associated with an average reduction of 35% of this home province bias. However, the border effect reductions are unevenly distributed, with the largest reductions concentrated in provinces near the biggest demand centers.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79502277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economists often default to the assumption that cash is always preferable to an in-kind transfer. Do beneficiaries feel the same way? This paper addresses this issue using longitudinal household data from Ethiopia where a large-scale social safety net intervention (PSNP) operates. Even though most payments are made in cash, and even though the (temporal) transaction costs associated with food payments are higher than payments received as cash, most beneficiaries stated that they prefer their payments only or partly in food. Higher food prices induce shifts in stated preferences towards in-kind transfers. More food secure households, those closer to food markets and to financial services are more likely to prefer cash. Though shifts occur, the stated preference for food is dominant: In no year do more than 17 percent of households prefer only cash. There is suggestive evidence that stated preferences for food are also driven by self-control concerns.
{"title":"Beneficiary Views on Cash and In-Kind Payments: Evidence from Ethiopia's Productive Safety","authors":"Kalle Hirvonen, J. Hoddinott","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-9125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9125","url":null,"abstract":"Economists often default to the assumption that cash is always preferable to an in-kind transfer. Do beneficiaries feel the same way? This paper addresses this issue using longitudinal household data from Ethiopia where a large-scale social safety net intervention (PSNP) operates. Even though most payments are made in cash, and even though the (temporal) transaction costs associated with food payments are higher than payments received as cash, most beneficiaries stated that they prefer their payments only or partly in food. Higher food prices induce shifts in stated preferences towards in-kind transfers. More food secure households, those closer to food markets and to financial services are more likely to prefer cash. Though shifts occur, the stated preference for food is dominant: In no year do more than 17 percent of households prefer only cash. There is suggestive evidence that stated preferences for food are also driven by self-control concerns.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85356560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In-group bias can be detrimental for communities and economic development. We study the causal effect of financial constraints on in-group bias in prosocial behaviors – cooperation, norm enforcement, and sharing – among low-income rice farmers in rural Thailand, who cultivate and harvest rice once a year. We use a between-subjects design – randomly assigning participants to experiments either before harvest (more financially constrained) or after harvest. Farmers interacted with either in-group or out-group partners at village level. We find that in-group bias in cooperation and norm enforcement exist only after harvest, that is, when people are less financially constrained.
{"title":"The Effect of Financial Constraints on In-Group Bias: Evidence from Rice Farmers in Thailand","authors":"S. Boonmanunt, Stephan Meier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3525247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3525247","url":null,"abstract":"In-group bias can be detrimental for communities and economic development. We study the causal effect of financial constraints on in-group bias in prosocial behaviors – cooperation, norm enforcement, and sharing – among low-income rice farmers in rural Thailand, who cultivate and harvest rice once a year. We use a between-subjects design – randomly assigning participants to experiments either before harvest (more financially constrained) or after harvest. Farmers interacted with either in-group or out-group partners at village level. We find that in-group bias in cooperation and norm enforcement exist only after harvest, that is, when people are less financially constrained.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79722416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Doss, J. Heckert, E. Myers, Audrey Pereira, A. Quisumbing
The transition to adulthood is marked by interrelated changes in the areas of education, employment and family formation. Using frameworks on gendered transitions to adulthood and links between assets and livelihoods, we analyse nationally representative, sex-disaggregated data from 42 countries to characterize rural youths’ transition to adulthood by gender and according to a four-category typology of low and high levels of structural and rural transformation. Overall, we find that young women and men experience the transition to adulthood differently according to the structural and rural transformation classification of the countries where they live. Across all structural and rural transformation categories, young women are more likely to be married and living with their spouses or in-laws, less likely to be in school or employed, and less likely to own land solely. Gender gaps in secondary school education favour young women only in countries with higher levels of structural and rural transformation, and favour young men in the other three categories. Moreover, a larger proportion of young women than young men are not in education, employment, or training (NEET), but many NEET youth, especially young women, have transitioned into domestic and reproductive roles (i.e. are more likely to be married and/or have children.) Additionally, we review impact evaluations of interventions targeting youth. We find limited evidence on the gendered impacts of such programmes, and these programmes seldom consider how constraints differ for young men and young women. Addressing gaps in programmes and building an evidence base on the gendered impact of interventions can provide insights into how gender roles can simultaneously limit options and offer opportunities to young rural women and men in the context of structural and rural transformation.
{"title":"IFAD RESEARCH SERIES 44 Gender, Rural Youth and Structural Transformation: Evidence to Inform Innovative Youth Programming","authors":"C. Doss, J. Heckert, E. Myers, Audrey Pereira, A. Quisumbing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3520616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3520616","url":null,"abstract":"The transition to adulthood is marked by interrelated changes in the areas of education, employment and family formation. Using frameworks on gendered transitions to adulthood and links between assets and livelihoods, we analyse nationally representative, sex-disaggregated data from 42 countries to characterize rural youths’ transition to adulthood by gender and according to a four-category typology of low and high levels of structural and rural transformation. Overall, we find that young women and men experience the transition to adulthood differently according to the structural and rural transformation classification of the countries where they live. Across all structural and rural transformation categories, young women are more likely to be married and living with their spouses or in-laws, less likely to be in school or employed, and less likely to own land solely. Gender gaps in secondary school education favour young women only in countries with higher levels of structural and rural transformation, and favour young men in the other three categories. Moreover, a larger proportion of young women than young men are not in education, employment, or training (NEET), but many NEET youth, especially young women, have transitioned into domestic and reproductive roles (i.e. are more likely to be married and/or have children.) Additionally, we review impact evaluations of interventions targeting youth. We find limited evidence on the gendered impacts of such programmes, and these programmes seldom consider how constraints differ for young men and young women. Addressing gaps in programmes and building an evidence base on the gendered impact of interventions can provide insights into how gender roles can simultaneously limit options and offer opportunities to young rural women and men in the context of structural and rural transformation.","PeriodicalId":7501,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics eJournal","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87711694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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