Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)最新文献

Background: Ruminal disorders are a major threat to the health and welfare of animals worldwide especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, there is no recent published report on ruminal disorders and the possible management methods at veterinary clinics in Gondar town. The aim of this study was to identify the common ruminal disorders and treatments given to manage these disorders.

Methods: A retrospective study was carried out to identify the common ruminal disorders and their therapeutic management of ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat). Data on 127 cases of animals treated for ruminal disorders in three veterinary clinics were collected from case registration books. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software and descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data.

Results: Ruminal disorders including simple indigestion, ruminal acidosis, free gas bloat and frothy bloat were identified. From these, 44.1% ruminal acidosis, 26% frothy bloat, 15.7% free gas bloat and 14.2% simple indigestion were identified. Of the total ruminal disorders, 67.7%, 8.6% and 23.6% occurred in bovine, caprine and ovine, respectively. Eighty-six point six percent and thirteen point four percent of ruminal disorders were in young and adult, respectively. The highest rate of ruminal disorders was seen at University of Gondar veterinary clinic. With regard to season, the highest prevalence of these disorders were reported in winter (31.1%) and spring (31.1%). The highest cases were treated using a combination of indigestion powder and antimicrobial (24.4%), followed by a combination of liquid paraffin and indigestion powder (23.6%). All cases were diagnosed empirically, without getting definitive diagnosis.

Conclusion: The findings had shown that ruminal disorders are the major challenges for livestock production in the study areas. Drug prescription without correct diagnosis was also observed. Therefore, accurate veterinary diagnosis and proper management of ruminal disorders as well as proper animal husbandry and feeding management are important to reduce the impact of ruminal disorders.

Brucellosis is an infectious and widespread zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and can induce considerable human suffering and huge economic losses in animals. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in Ethiopia. PubMed, Science Direct, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar were used to search the articles. All references were screened and articles, which reported seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in Ethiopia were included in the study. Meta-analysis using random-effects models was made to calculate the pooled seroprevalence of brucellosis. This review included 15 papers. The estimated pooled seroprevalence of brucellosis was found to be 3.0% (95% CI: 2.0, 4.0). The subgroup analysis showed that there was a statistically significant association between the disease and geographical location, setting, laboratory technique employed and study years. Also, there was some evidence of publication bias (Egger's test, p = 0.0003) on studies reporting the prevalence of brucellosis in Ethiopia. This review proves a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in the country and appropriate control strategies are recommended. Moreover, further study on the risk factors is also required to develop cost-effective preventive strategies.

Background: Animals tend to increase in body weight and body condition score (BCS) with aging. Serum diagnostic markers related to energy metabolism may show changes even in healthy cats with aging.

Materials and methods: Seventy domestic cats were recruited for this study. Based upon the modified AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines, animals were divided into six groups: Junior (7 months-2 years), Prime (3 -6 years), Mature (7-10 years), Senior (11-14 years), Geriatric-obese (15 years ≤) and Geriatric-thin (15 years ≤). Their body condition scores (BCS) ranged from 3/9 to 9/9. Changes in metabolites, inflammatory markers, hormone concentrations and enzyme activities related to energy metabolism were investigated in serum of 70 domestic cats of various ages.

Results: Serum glucose (GLU) concentrations in the Mature, Senior, and Geriatric-obese groups were significantly higher than those in the Junior group. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in the Geriatric-thin group were significantly increased compared with the Junior group. SAA concentrations in the Geriatric-obese group tended to increase although there were no statistically significant differences. In the Mature, Senior, Geriatric-obese and Geriatric-thin groups, malate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase (M/L) ratio, an energy metabolic indicator, tended to decrease compared with the Junior group. In the Senior group, triglyceride (TG) concentrations were significantly increased compared with the Junior group. In the Geriatric-obese and Geriatric-thin groups, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were significantly increased compared with the Junior group. In the Geriatric-obese group, albumin (ALB) concentrations were decreased compared with the Junior group.

Conclusion: Aged domestic cats tend to increase in body weight and BCS. In addition, serum GLU, TG, SAA, and BUN concentrations increased and serum ALB concentrations and M/L ratio decreased. These diagnostic markers may be useful to detect small changes related to energy metabolism with aging that may cause obesity with light inflammation in healthy cats.

Introduction: Rift Valley fever (RVF) and West Nile fever (WNF) are re-emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic diseases that cause public health and economic crises. Ethiopia shares borders with South Sudan and Kenya, where these diseases are often documented. The free movement of animals and humans across these borders expects to increase the spread of these diseases. The current study was conducted to assess the occurrence of these diseases in the Gambella region of Ethiopia.

Methodology: We collected a total of 368 cattle serum samples from the Lare district on the border of South Sudan and measured the presence of IgG antibody against RVF and WNF virus infections using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Results: The prevalence of anti-RVF virus IgG antibody was 7.6% (95% CI: 5.3-10.82%), while that of anti-WNF virus IgG antibody was 5.4% (95% CI: 3.52-8.29%). In this study higher seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to RVF virus infection was observed comparing to the WNF virus in cattle. There was no significant association between the prevalence and the cattle age, sex or sampled locations.

Conclusion: The detection of IgG antibody to RVF and WNF virus infections in the Gambella region warrants further study of active case findings and the dynamics of transmission.

Introduction: The present trial aimed to investigate invitro anthelminthic activities of selected tropical tanniferous plant extract on egg hatchability and larval development inhibition of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. In view of that, three tropical tanniferous plants Rhus glutinosa, Syzygium guineensa and Albizia gumifera, were selected based on their relative high content of condensed tannins.

Methods: In this study, eggs were collected from artificially infected with H. contortus. Then the egg was directly subjected to invitro assay with these condensed tannin-enriched extracts using egg hatchability assay and inhibition of larval development assay.

Results: The result showed that extracts from all three tropical tanniferous plants demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0.05) dosedependent inhibition of both egg hatchability and larval development. According to IC₅₀ and IC₉₀ values, the condensed tannin-enriched extracts inhibiting egg hatching and larval development most potently were Rhus glutinosa followed in descending order of activity by Syzygium guineensa and Albizia gumifera.

Discussion: The result of this study showed that these condensed tanninenriched extracts were effective in inhibiting egg hatchability as well as larval development. Therefore, condensed tannin might be recommended as one of the options for the control of H. contortus in sheep.

Introduction: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes negative impacts on global food security, the livestock trade, national economies, and farming-family livelihoods, particularly in resource-poor developing countries with inadequate biosecurity and low levels of vaccination from inadequate veterinary services. As smallholder farmers have limited understanding of disease-risk management, their focus in FMD outbreaks is on accessing clinically effective therapies. However, most are provided inappropriate traditional treatments and/or topical or parenteral antibiotics, often delivered by paraveterinarians inadequately trained in antimicrobial custodianship. This results in negative financial impacts on livelihoods plus risks of food safety and development of antimicrobial resistance. We report the use of a novel pain-relief therapy for FMD.

Methods: Clinical examinations in an outbreak of suspected FMD in April 2019 in Muang Khay village in Luang Prabang province, Laos confirmed signs and lesions of severe, subacute, ulcerative glossitis and interdigital dermatitis, typical of FMD. All affected buffalo (n=99) and cattle (n=37) presented for treatment in a population of 238 large ruminants, from 15 of 136 households, were administered a topical anesthetic pain-relief product (PRP) wound gel by spray-on (10-30 mL per animal) formulation developed for aversive husbandry procedures (Tri-Solfen, Animal Ethics, Australia).

Results: Treatment with PRP resulted in immediate improvement in demeanor and locomotion, and no adverse events were observed. On follow-up interview, all owners confirmed that their animals were eating within 2 days and lesions had healed within 5 days. Having experienced the positive clinical impacts of PRP on affected animals, these and surrounding farmers were keen to purchase the PRP for future use. The veterinary authorities rapidly registered the PRP for FMD therapy in Laos due to the observed efficacy.

Discussion: These findings suggest a potential paradigm shift from treating FMD with expensive antimicrobials, which risks antimicrobial resistance, to a new, less expensive therapeutic approach that reduces animal suffering and may motivate farmers to report disease to access treatment. Use of the PRP is suggested as an innovation that may improve future FMD management, particularly in developing countries.

Background: The epidemiology of cattle abortion and its association with brucellosis is not well understood in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude, associated risk factors of abortion, and its association with brucellosis in cattle of Jimma zone, Ethiopia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from October 2018 to October 2019 in Jimma zone. A total of 484 pregnant cattle were randomly selected from two districts based on the composition of the cattle population. Besides, blood samples were collected from a total of 484 randomly selected cattle to assess the presence of Brucella antibody. The presence of an antibody against Brucella organism was first tested by the Rose Bengal Plate test, and then positive serum was confirmed using the complement fixation test.

Results: An overall 14.30% cumulative incidence rate of abortion was recorded in study areas. In this study, breed, herd size, method of breeding, previous history of abortion, accessibility of dog to cattle and season were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of cattle abortion. Higher cumulative incidence of abortion (31.82%) was observed in Brucella antibody positive cattle than those of antibody negative cattle (13.42%). However, the difference noted was not statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion: It is important to create awareness about the impact of the abortion on cattle production and the applicable control technique of abortion should be aimed and implemented. Moreover, further investigation should be conducted to identify the specific cause of abortion and the associated loss in the study areas.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and contagious respiratory disease of cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm). In this review, basic epidemiological features of CBPP, complicated by existing different strains of Mycoplasmas with similar biochemical characteristics, with preference to Sub-Saharan Africa are discussed. Many sub-Saharan African countries are challenged by variable gaps that include diagnostic tools and control strategies. Science-based issues on diagnostic procedures, vaccination, treatment, and other control strategies are discussed. Participatory epidemiology (PE), a diagnostic technique used in the identification and solving of animal health problems in rural communities, was also discussed. PE application, in conjunction with conventional diagnostic tools, will improve CBPP identification in pastoral rural communities and promote control of the disease in Africa. Furthermore, adequate CBPP control can be achieved through stronger political commitments from governments by prioritizing the disease among major diseases of high economic importance to the livestock industry for surveillance and control. Investment in CBPP control in endemic African countries will assure food security, livelihoods and the general well-being of people, and international trade.

Purpose: To evaluate whole blood chloride concentration and hospital-acquired AKI in hospitalized canine patients. Secondary outcome measures included the volume-adjusted chloride load, in-hospital mortality and length of ICU stay.

Patients and methods: This is a prospective, observational study. Sixty dogs admitted to the ICU and receiving IV fluid therapy for >24 hours from February 2018 to July 2019. Corrected chloride and creatinine concentrations were obtained twice daily. Total volume of IV fluid and total chloride load were recorded. Volume-adjusted chloride load (VACL) was calculated by dividing the chloride administered by the volume of fluid administered. Hospital-acquired AKI was defined as an increase in creatinine of ≥26.5 μmol/L (0.3 mg/dL) or 150% from baseline to maximum. Survival to hospital discharge or non-survival and ICU length of stay were also recorded.

Results: Fifteen out of 60 patients developed hospital-acquired AKI. Maximum corrected chloride was significantly different in AKI group (median 122.3 mmol/L) vs non-AKI group (median 118.1 mmol/L; p=0.0002). Six out of 60 patients developed hyperchloremia. Hyperchloremic patients were significantly more likely to develop in-hospital AKI (p=0.03). Patients hospitalized ≥2 days had a significantly higher [Cl^-]_max compared to those with shorter ICU stay (121.8 ± 5.9 mmol/L vs 117.5 ± 4.3 mmol/L; p=0.002). Eight out of 60 patients were non-survivors. Maximum corrected chloride and creatinine concentrations were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. VACL was not significantly different between AKI or mortality groups.

Conclusion: Maximum corrected chloride concentration was significantly higher in dogs with hospital-acquired AKI, even amongst dogs without hyperchloremia. Additionally, maximum corrected chloride concentrations were significantly higher in dogs hospitalized in the ICU longer compared to those hospitalized for fewer than two days. There was no significant difference in VACL in any of the outcome groups. Results from this study suggest alterations in chloride may be observed alongside the development of acute kidney injuries. Future studies in critically ill dogs are warranted.

Purpose: The use of veterinary low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis sativa (ie, hemp) products has increased in popularity for a variety of pet ailments. Low-THC Cannabis sativa is federally legal for sale and distribution in the USA, and the rise in internet commerce has provided access to interested consumers, with minimal quality control.

Materials and methods: We performed an internet word search of "hemp extract and dog" or "CBD product and dog" and analyzed 29 products that were using low-THC Cannabis sativa extracts in their production of supplements. All products were tested for major cannabinoids including cannabidiol (CBD), ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabigerol (CBG), and other minor cannabinoids, as well as their carboxylic acid derivatives (CBDA, THCA, CBGA) using an ISO/IEC 17025 certified laboratory. Products were also tested for major terpenes and heavy metals to understand constituents in the hemp plants being extracted and distributed.

Results: All products were below the federal limit of 0.3% THC with variable amounts of CBD (0-88 mg/mL or g). Only two products did not supply a CBD or total cannabinoid concentration on their packaging or website, while 22/29 could supply a certificate of analysis (COA) from a third-party laboratory. Ten of the 27 products were within 10% of the total cannabinoid concentrations of their label claim with a median concentration of 93% of claims (0-154%). Heavy metal contamination was found in 4/29 products, with lead being the most prevalent contaminant (3/29).

Conclusion: The products analyzed had highly variable concentrations of CBD or total cannabinoids with only 18 of 29 being appropriately labeled according to current FDA non-medication, non-dietary supplement or non-food guidelines. Owners and veterinarians wanting to utilize CBD-rich Cannabis sativa products should be aware of low-concentration products and should obtain a COA enabling them to fully discuss the implications of use and calculated dosing before administering to pets.