K. Hemanth, K. Sunil, Vakadi Spandana, Balavant Patil Sandeep
{"title":"Anticancer activity of terpenoid saponin extract of Psidium guajava on MCF-7 cancer cell line using DAPI and MTT assays","authors":"K. Hemanth, K. Sunil, Vakadi Spandana, Balavant Patil Sandeep","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43108880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation on the possibilities for ex vivo- and in vitro-derivation of initial myeloid and lymphoid precursors from hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells","authors":"Sainova Iskra, Kolyovska Vera, Ilieva Iliana, Drenska Desislava, Maslarov Dimitar, D. Ivanka, Nikolov Rumen, Markova Tzvetanka","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2021.5273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2021.5273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44284531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. O. Kwakye, K. Buabeng, N. A. M. Opare-Addo, E. Owusu-Dabo
Hypertension and diabetes co-morbidity are very common chronic diseases in today’s world. Patients with such conditions may have medication related problems. Assessment was made on the impact of clinical pharmacists’ led education and counselling in patients with co-morbid hypertension and diabetes in a hospital setting. This study was done at the medical outpatient department (OPD) of a Municipal Hospital in Tema in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. This was an intervention study conducted in patients with co-morbid hypertension and diabetes (n=338). Patients were randomized to the case group (n=144) and the control group (n=194). Patients in the case group received the education and counselling from the clinical pharmacists’, whilst patients in the control group had the usual care. Patients in the case group had a better knowledge (p<0.0001) and adhered (p<0.0001) to their medication than those in the control group. The case group had a significant reduction in body mass index (p=0.005), systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (p<0.0001) and fasting plasma blood glucose (p<0.0001). The clinical pharmacists’ led counselling and education to support the management of co-morbid hypertension and diabetes at the hospital helped improved patient outcomes.
{"title":"Clinical pharmacists education and counselling in patients with co-morbid hypertension and diabetes in a Municipal hospital in Ghana","authors":"A. O. Kwakye, K. Buabeng, N. A. M. Opare-Addo, E. Owusu-Dabo","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2021.5267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2021.5267","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension and diabetes co-morbidity are very common chronic diseases in today’s world. Patients with such conditions may have medication related problems. Assessment was made on the impact of clinical pharmacists’ led education and counselling in patients with co-morbid hypertension and diabetes in a hospital setting. This study was done at the medical outpatient department (OPD) of a Municipal Hospital in Tema in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. This was an intervention study conducted in patients with co-morbid hypertension and diabetes (n=338). Patients were randomized to the case group (n=144) and the control group (n=194). Patients in the case group received the education and counselling from the clinical pharmacists’, whilst patients in the control group had the usual care. Patients in the case group had a better knowledge (p<0.0001) and adhered (p<0.0001) to their medication than those in the control group. The case group had a significant reduction in body mass index (p=0.005), systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (p<0.0001) and fasting plasma blood glucose (p<0.0001). The clinical pharmacists’ led counselling and education to support the management of co-morbid hypertension and diabetes at the hospital helped improved patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46401388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst, an African widespread plant is known to be used for type 2 diabetes management in sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to summarize the findings for the pharmacology of S. birrea antidiabetic effects and its in vivo and in vitro toxicity. To collate data on S. birrea, various scientific search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Wiley Online, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect were consulted. The data collected on S. birrea were organized in line with antidiabetic pharmacology and toxicology. The plant has shown consistent hypoglycaemic effects attributed to the increase of insulin secretion, glycogenesis and digestive glucose uptake, along with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. The plant extracts were also associated with the reduction of lipids blood levels, reno- and cardio-protective effects in diabetes mellitus. The extracts exhibited a good safety profile with LD50 ranging from 600 to 3000 mg/kg of body weight depending on the parts used. Several compounds of the extract have been shown to target different receptors involved in glycaemic homeostasis. S. birrea which has demonstrated consistent antidiabetic effects and a good safety profile could be investigated in humans in the reverse pharmacology pattern. Key words: Sclerocarya birrea, type 2 diabetes, antidiabetic, toxicity.
硬壳菌(A. Rich.)Hochst是一种非洲广泛分布的植物，已知用于撒哈拉以南非洲的2型糖尿病管理。本文综述了金针梅抗糖尿病的药理作用及其体内和体外毒性研究进展。为了整理S. birrea的数据，我们咨询了各种科学搜索引擎，如PubMed、Scopus、Scifinder、b谷歌Scholar、Web of Science、Wiley Online、SpringerLink和ScienceDirect。根据抗糖尿病药理学和毒理学的要求，对所收集的资料进行整理。由于胰岛素分泌、糖生成和消化葡萄糖摄取的增加，以及α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制，该植物显示出一致的降糖作用。该植物提取物还与降低血脂、糖尿病患者的肾和心脏保护作用有关。该提取物具有良好的安全性，根据所使用部位的不同，LD50在600至3000 mg/kg体重之间。提取物的几种化合物已被证明针对参与血糖稳态的不同受体。具有一致的抗糖尿病作用和良好的安全性的S. birrea可以在人体中进行反向药理学研究。关键词:硬核菌，2型糖尿病，抗糖尿病，毒性
{"title":"Sclerocarya birrea: Review of the pharmacology of its antidiabetic effects and toxicity","authors":"Gafar Victoir Coulidiaty Abdul, Noëla Hoho Youl Estelle, Marceline Yaméogo Téné","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2021.5251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2021.5251","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst, an African widespread plant is known to be used for type 2 diabetes management in sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to summarize the findings for the pharmacology of S. birrea antidiabetic effects and its in vivo and in vitro toxicity. To collate data on S. birrea, various scientific search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Wiley Online, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect were consulted. The data collected on S. birrea were organized in line with antidiabetic pharmacology and toxicology. The plant has shown consistent hypoglycaemic effects attributed to the increase of insulin secretion, glycogenesis and digestive glucose uptake, along with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. The plant extracts were also associated with the reduction of lipids blood levels, reno- and cardio-protective effects in diabetes mellitus. The extracts exhibited a good safety profile with LD50 ranging from 600 to 3000 mg/kg of body weight depending on the parts used. Several compounds of the extract have been shown to target different receptors involved in glycaemic homeostasis. S. birrea which has demonstrated consistent antidiabetic effects and a good safety profile could be investigated in humans in the reverse pharmacology pattern. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Sclerocarya birrea, type 2 diabetes, antidiabetic, toxicity.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71126744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Muhammed, Laurat Halilu Abdullah, A. Afodun, Mujeeb Salaam
Rohypnol is hypnotics that are commonly used to treat insomnia, anxiety and seizure disorders. It has been abused by both sexes and club men often drop the tablets into women's drinks to create a potential rape situation. Thirty-six animals (Wistar rats) were used for this study. They were grouped into three (N=12); Group 1 (Control) received 0.04 ml/kg body weight (bwt) of distilled water, Group 2 (Normal dose) received 0.04 mg/kg bwt of rohypnol and Group 3 (overdose) received 0.08 mg/kg bwt of rohypnol. The exposure was done once every week for three weeks, and three animals per group were sacrificed every 24 h post-administration. Blood samples were collected at every time of the sacrifice for hormonal assessment and the ovaries and uterus were removed and preserved for histological analysis. The last batch of animals was sacrificed 3 weeks after the third exposure. The results obtained from the hormonal analysis showed statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in estrogen production for all groups 2 and 3 animals at a repeated normal dose (2nd and 3rd exposures) when compared with the control. The group of animals that received the overdose and repeated overdose of rohypnol showed high statistically significant decrease in all the analyzed reproductive hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone, Luteinizing and Follicle-stimulating hormones); while the hormonal pattern of the last batch of animals across all groups, showed a perfect correlation with the control. Histology of the ovary and the uterus, however, showed no pathological changes in all the groups. This work has concluded that repeated uses and the overdose of the drug can disrupt the normal hormonal profile of the female reproductive system which may be corrected naturally on stoppage of exposure. Key words: Rohypnol, hormones, sedatives, overdose, histology.
{"title":"The Date Rape drug abuse: Implications on the female reproductive system","authors":"A. Muhammed, Laurat Halilu Abdullah, A. Afodun, Mujeeb Salaam","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5178","url":null,"abstract":"Rohypnol is hypnotics that are commonly used to treat insomnia, anxiety and seizure disorders. It has been abused by both sexes and club men often drop the tablets into women's drinks to create a potential rape situation. Thirty-six animals (Wistar rats) were used for this study. They were grouped into three (N=12); Group 1 (Control) received 0.04 ml/kg body weight (bwt) of distilled water, Group 2 (Normal dose) received 0.04 mg/kg bwt of rohypnol and Group 3 (overdose) received 0.08 mg/kg bwt of rohypnol. The exposure was done once every week for three weeks, and three animals per group were sacrificed every 24 h post-administration. Blood samples were collected at every time of the sacrifice for hormonal assessment and the ovaries and uterus were removed and preserved for histological analysis. The last batch of animals was sacrificed 3 weeks after the third exposure. The results obtained from the hormonal analysis showed statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in estrogen production for all groups 2 and 3 animals at a repeated normal dose (2nd and 3rd exposures) when compared with the control. The group of animals that received the overdose and repeated overdose of rohypnol showed high statistically significant decrease in all the analyzed reproductive hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone, Luteinizing and Follicle-stimulating hormones); while the hormonal pattern of the last batch of animals across all groups, showed a perfect correlation with the control. Histology of the ovary and the uterus, however, showed no pathological changes in all the groups. This work has concluded that repeated uses and the overdose of the drug can disrupt the normal hormonal profile of the female reproductive system which may be corrected naturally on stoppage of exposure. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Rohypnol, hormones, sedatives, overdose, histology.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44651686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Londo, Jean-Jeannot Juakali Skv, Francine Nsuadi Manga
The objective of this study was to contribute to the improvement of medical prescription of antimalarials at Kisangani University Clinics. This a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection, based on 200 medical prescriptions from patients aged 3 days to 80 years, treated for malaria from March to December 2019. The study took place between March and May, 2020. Sixty one percent of patients suffered from uncomplicated malaria and 39% from severe malaria. Information on the total quantity of medicines to be taken, the dose, the rate of administration and the duration of the treatment were not mentioned respectively in 6.5, 15.5, 5.5 and 14.5% of prescriptions. No prescription mentioned the qualification of the prescriber or his phone number. The prescribed antimalarial was not appropriate in 15.5% of prescriptions in that artesunate and artemether were used to treat uncomplicated malaria. Artesunate was slightly more prescribed than quinine for severe malaria (55.4 versus 44.6%). The prescribed dose and duration of treatment were inadequate in 4.7 and 0.6% of the prescriptions, respectively. Twenty point seven percent (20.7%) of the overall prescriptions were found to be non-compliant. The medical prescriptions of antimalarial drugs issued to patients at the university clinics of Kisangani do not always comply with national regulations and directives in this area. Although these deficiencies appear to be minimal, they might lead to ineffective treatment, treatment failures and recurrence of malaria. Prescribers should be regularly retrained as to this. Key words: Malaria, prescription practices, antimalarials, treatment guidelines, policy adherence, Tshopo, Democratic Republic of Congo.
{"title":"Prescription of antimalarials at Kisangani University Clinics, Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Sarah Londo, Jean-Jeannot Juakali Skv, Francine Nsuadi Manga","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2021.5245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2021.5245","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to contribute to the improvement of medical prescription of antimalarials at Kisangani University Clinics. This a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection, based on 200 medical prescriptions from patients aged 3 days to 80 years, treated for malaria from March to December 2019. The study took place between March and May, 2020. Sixty one percent of patients suffered from uncomplicated malaria and 39% from severe malaria. Information on the total quantity of medicines to be taken, the dose, the rate of administration and the duration of the treatment were not mentioned respectively in 6.5, 15.5, 5.5 and 14.5% of prescriptions. No prescription mentioned the qualification of the prescriber or his phone number. The prescribed antimalarial was not appropriate in 15.5% of prescriptions in that artesunate and artemether were used to treat uncomplicated malaria. Artesunate was slightly more prescribed than quinine for severe malaria (55.4 versus 44.6%). The prescribed dose and duration of treatment were inadequate in 4.7 and 0.6% of the prescriptions, respectively. Twenty point seven percent (20.7%) of the overall prescriptions were found to be non-compliant. The medical prescriptions of antimalarial drugs issued to patients at the university clinics of Kisangani do not always comply with national regulations and directives in this area. Although these deficiencies appear to be minimal, they might lead to ineffective treatment, treatment failures and recurrence of malaria. Prescribers should be regularly retrained as to this. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Malaria, prescription practices, antimalarials, treatment guidelines, policy adherence, Tshopo, Democratic Republic of Congo.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47888008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clement C Kabakama, Rangadham Pydimarri, S. Ponnusankar
Drug-drug interaction or simply term drug interactions may be defined as the combining of two or more drugs such that the potency or efficiency of one drug is significantly modified by the presence of another. Potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are concern for patients and providers, as multiple medication use is becoming more common to manage complex diseases. The consequences of DDIs can range from no untoward effects to drug-related morbidity and mortality. The study was prospective conducted for a period of twelve months in Government Headquarters Hospital Ooty (GHQH) and four community pharmacies that were located in Southern India, Tamilnadu. A total number of 1,066 prescriptions were collected from the patients. A copy of prescription was taken from the patients and data collected included age and sex of the patients, their primary diagnoses presence or absence of comorbidities and the list of medications prescribed concurrently. The potential DDIs were determined through IBM Micromedex Database. However, 147 DDIs were followed up for clinically drug interactions which were found not to be significant. Among the total numbers of prescriptions analyzed 402 (38%) prescriptions showed 462 DDIs and 664 (62.2%) total number of prescriptions collected from inpatient department, GHQH showed 147 DDIs. The DDIs were classified based on the mechanism of interactions, severity of interactions, drug causing DDIs and top combination of drugs and which were determined. This study emphasized on understanding about the most prone age group and the common mechanism that can cause drug interactions which will help in the safety and efficacy of prescribed drugs followed by its management. Key words: Drug-Drug interactions, prescriptions, prevalence, severity, management.
{"title":"A prospective study on assessment of clinically potential drug-drug interactions in hospital and community pharmacy prescriptions","authors":"Clement C Kabakama, Rangadham Pydimarri, S. Ponnusankar","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5213","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-drug interaction or simply term drug interactions may be defined as the combining of two or more drugs such that the potency or efficiency of one drug is significantly modified by the presence of another. Potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are concern for patients and providers, as multiple medication use is becoming more common to manage complex diseases. The consequences of DDIs can range from no untoward effects to drug-related morbidity and mortality. The study was prospective conducted for a period of twelve months in Government Headquarters Hospital Ooty (GHQH) and four community pharmacies that were located in Southern India, Tamilnadu. A total number of 1,066 prescriptions were collected from the patients. A copy of prescription was taken from the patients and data collected included age and sex of the patients, their primary diagnoses presence or absence of comorbidities and the list of medications prescribed concurrently. The potential DDIs were determined through IBM Micromedex Database. However, 147 DDIs were followed up for clinically drug interactions which were found not to be significant. Among the total numbers of prescriptions analyzed 402 (38%) prescriptions showed 462 DDIs and 664 (62.2%) total number of prescriptions collected from inpatient department, GHQH showed 147 DDIs. The DDIs were classified based on the mechanism of interactions, severity of interactions, drug causing DDIs and top combination of drugs and which were determined. This study emphasized on understanding about the most prone age group and the common mechanism that can cause drug interactions which will help in the safety and efficacy of prescribed drugs followed by its management. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Drug-Drug interactions, prescriptions, prevalence, severity, management.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48046456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahedi HassanTusher Mohammad, Asrafuzzaman Mohammad, Hafizur Rahman Mohammad, Jayed Mahmud Shuvo Mohammad, Mahbub Ali Mohammad, Mosihuzzaman M., R. Begum
Grape seeds (GSs) have been claimed for antidiabetic effects since long. Due to its rich phytochemical potential, current study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of GSs powder (GSP) (OPC 95%) on neonatal streptozotocin (nSTZ) induced T2DM rats. STZ (90 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in 48 h old rat pups. After 3 months, 24 T2DM rats were selected by OGTT for 28-days experiment and divided into four groups (n=6) group I: Normal water control [NWC], group II: Diabetic water control [DWC] (10 mL ddH2O/kg bw) group III: Gliclazide treated [GT] (20 mg/kg bw) and group IV: GSP treated group (1.25 g/kg/ bw). Blood were collected by tail cut and cardiac puncture method during the begging and end of the experiment respectively and thereafter serum was separated. Liver was also collected and all samples stored at -20°C freezer until the measurement of fasting serum glucose (FSG), lipid profile, insulin level and liver glycogen content by following standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed considering one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. Oral consumption of GSP significantly (P<0.009) reduced FSG and increased serum insulin (p<0.001) compared with base line value. GT group also ameliorated FSG significantly (p<0.001) compared to DWC group. Moreover, liver glycogen content was also improved by 16% compared with DWC group. Additionally, TG, TC and LDL were significantly reduced (p<0.002, p<0.01, p<0.05 respectively), HDL was increased by 4% through consecutive GSP treatment. Current results suggest that GSP possesses a significant hypoglycemic effect in T2DM rats. Key words: Grape seed powder, T2DM, streptozotocin, glycemic status.
{"title":"Antidiabetic effect of grape seed (OPC 95%) powder on nSTZ-induced type 2 diabetic model rats","authors":"Mahedi HassanTusher Mohammad, Asrafuzzaman Mohammad, Hafizur Rahman Mohammad, Jayed Mahmud Shuvo Mohammad, Mahbub Ali Mohammad, Mosihuzzaman M., R. Begum","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2021.5247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2021.5247","url":null,"abstract":"Grape seeds (GSs) have been claimed for antidiabetic effects since long. Due to its rich phytochemical potential, current study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of GSs powder (GSP) (OPC 95%) on neonatal streptozotocin (nSTZ) induced T2DM rats. STZ (90 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in 48 h old rat pups. After 3 months, 24 T2DM rats were selected by OGTT for 28-days experiment and divided into four groups (n=6) group I: Normal water control [NWC], group II: Diabetic water control [DWC] (10 mL ddH2O/kg bw) group III: Gliclazide treated [GT] (20 mg/kg bw) and group IV: GSP treated group (1.25 g/kg/ bw). Blood were collected by tail cut and cardiac puncture method during the begging and end of the experiment respectively and thereafter serum was separated. Liver was also collected and all samples stored at -20°C freezer until the measurement of fasting serum glucose (FSG), lipid profile, insulin level and liver glycogen content by following standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed considering one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. Oral consumption of GSP significantly (P<0.009) reduced FSG and increased serum insulin (p<0.001) compared with base line value. GT group also ameliorated FSG significantly (p<0.001) compared to DWC group. Moreover, liver glycogen content was also improved by 16% compared with DWC group. Additionally, TG, TC and LDL were significantly reduced (p<0.002, p<0.01, p<0.05 respectively), HDL was increased by 4% through consecutive GSP treatment. Current results suggest that GSP possesses a significant hypoglycemic effect in T2DM rats. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Grape seed powder, T2DM, streptozotocin, glycemic status.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42464729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Monirul Islam, S. Shahriar, F. Koly, Shaila Kabir, A. Choudhury, J. A. Chowdhury, Md. Rafat Tahsin, Md. Shah Amran
The COVID-19 disease has triggered the death of millions of people worldwide and has been the cause of 4,281 deaths in Bangladesh since 8th March 2020 till 31st August 2020. This cross-sectional study was aimed at discerning the pattern of COVID-19 among the people of this country the testing response, the recovery pattern of the patients and the effect of co-existing conditions on their recovery. An online questionnaire was made and distributed among 565 randomly selected patients for their responses and statistical analysis was performed on those responses. Each participant described multiple symptoms and the most frequently described symptoms were fever, cough and loss of smell (described by 446, 225 and 171 participants, respectively). The majority of the participants (47.16) received their test reports within 3 to 5 days whereas 27.01, 10.76 and 15.07% participants got their reports within 1-2 , 6-10 and in more than 10 days, respectively and their residence area did not affect this time interval in getting the report. Overall 90% recovery rate was found which was different in different age groups being lowest in the group of people aged 70 years or more. Recovery seemed to be influenced by educational level, but not influenced by gender, residence level or professional educational background. Co-morbidities increased the likelihood of getting the disease and some of them (diabetes, hypertension, kidney diseases, cancer and HIV) interfered with the normal recovery process. More extensive studies with larger sample sizes are needed to conclusively discern the COVID-19 disease pattern among Bangladeshi people. Key words: COVID-19, cross-sectional study, sign and symptom, convalescent, co-morbidity, Bangladesh
{"title":"A cross-sectional pilot study on COVID-19 disease pattern, recovery status and effect of co-morbidities in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Monirul Islam, S. Shahriar, F. Koly, Shaila Kabir, A. Choudhury, J. A. Chowdhury, Md. Rafat Tahsin, Md. Shah Amran","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2021.5228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2021.5228","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 disease has triggered the death of millions of people worldwide and has been the cause of 4,281 deaths in Bangladesh since 8th March 2020 till 31st August 2020. This cross-sectional study was aimed at discerning the pattern of COVID-19 among the people of this country the testing response, the recovery pattern of the patients and the effect of co-existing conditions on their recovery. An online questionnaire was made and distributed among 565 randomly selected patients for their responses and statistical analysis was performed on those responses. Each participant described multiple symptoms and the most frequently described symptoms were fever, cough and loss of smell (described by 446, 225 and 171 participants, respectively). The majority of the participants (47.16) received their test reports within 3 to 5 days whereas 27.01, 10.76 and 15.07% participants got their reports within 1-2 , 6-10 and in more than 10 days, respectively and their residence area did not affect this time interval in getting the report. Overall 90% recovery rate was found which was different in different age groups being lowest in the group of people aged 70 years or more. Recovery seemed to be influenced by educational level, but not influenced by gender, residence level or professional educational background. Co-morbidities increased the likelihood of getting the disease and some of them (diabetes, hypertension, kidney diseases, cancer and HIV) interfered with the normal recovery process. More extensive studies with larger sample sizes are needed to conclusively discern the COVID-19 disease pattern among Bangladeshi people. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: COVID-19, cross-sectional study, sign and symptom, convalescent, co-morbidity, Bangladesh","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45353062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 is a novel viral disease with little known about its management. The Nairobi Hospital (TNH) has been involved in managing these patients. This study sought to describe the patients admitted in the hospital due to COVID-19, their management and outcomes. This was a retrospective review of COVID-19 patients admitted at TNH between March and October 2020. Demographic and clinical data, pharmacological management and outcomes of these patients was retrieved from the hospital electronic records, and analyzed. Results revealed that there were 326 study participants with a mean age (s.d.) of 47.1 (15.5) years, of whom 221(67.8%) were male. Those that were critically ill were 55(16.9%), while 186(57.1%) had mild/moderate disease. More than half of the participants had at least one co-morbidity, with hypertension and diabetes being predominant. Remdesivir was the commonest investigational drug and was administered to 39 patients. The patients were mainly managed with paracetamol (83.3%), ascorbic acid (79.8%), anticoagulants (64.4%), antihistamines and cough syrups (53.7%). Dexamethasone was the steroid of choice, having been used in 44% of the patients. Antibiotics were administered to 157 (48.4%) of the patients with Levofloxacin being the most prescribed. The mortality rate was 10% and was significantly associated with advanced age, having multiple comorbidities and severe illness. It was thus understood that management of COVID-19 inpatients at TNH was mainly supportive. There’s need to emphasize on prevention measures especially among the elderly and those with multiple comorbidities. Key words: COVID-19, Remdesivir, Investigational therapies.
{"title":"Characteristics and pharmacological management of COVID-19 patients admitted at a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya","authors":"M. Kizito, N. Angela, K. Carol","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2021.5233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2021.5233","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is a novel viral disease with little known about its management. The Nairobi Hospital (TNH) has been involved in managing these patients. This study sought to describe the patients admitted in the hospital due to COVID-19, their management and outcomes. This was a retrospective review of COVID-19 patients admitted at TNH between March and October 2020. Demographic and clinical data, pharmacological management and outcomes of these patients was retrieved from the hospital electronic records, and analyzed. Results revealed that there were 326 study participants with a mean age (s.d.) of 47.1 (15.5) years, of whom 221(67.8%) were male. Those that were critically ill were 55(16.9%), while 186(57.1%) had mild/moderate disease. More than half of the participants had at least one co-morbidity, with hypertension and diabetes being predominant. Remdesivir was the commonest investigational drug and was administered to 39 patients. The patients were mainly managed with paracetamol (83.3%), ascorbic acid (79.8%), anticoagulants (64.4%), antihistamines and cough syrups (53.7%). Dexamethasone was the steroid of choice, having been used in 44% of the patients. Antibiotics were administered to 157 (48.4%) of the patients with Levofloxacin being the most prescribed. The mortality rate was 10% and was significantly associated with advanced age, having multiple comorbidities and severe illness. It was thus understood that management of COVID-19 inpatients at TNH was mainly supportive. There’s need to emphasize on prevention measures especially among the elderly and those with multiple comorbidities. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: COVID-19, Remdesivir, Investigational therapies.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"53 5","pages":"92-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41265784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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