Edited by: Niamh Nic Daeid, Editor. Abstract In this article, we consider the effectiveness of DNA analysis in criminal investigations. Through this investigative tool, unknown victims, suspects, and serial offenders have been identified. At the same time, wrongly charged and convicted individuals have been eliminated from investigations or released from custody following DNA testing. We know forensic DNA analysis is powerful in individual cases/certain crime types, but its aggregate contribution to criminal detections is low and questioned. There is little evidence to demonstrate its actual contribution. We examined the possible reasons for the low impact of forensic DNA, with some recommendations that may further maximize its utility. Available evidence demonstrates that there remains a need to ensure value for money in continued investment in forensic DNA analysis. An evaluation of trends in criminal activities and detection opportunities utilizing DNA evidence may help in identifying specific areas where DNA is most useful, and resources can be focused. Additionally, the potential of integrated multi-biometric analysis/systems and other evidence types should be explored.
编辑:Niamh Nic Daeid，编辑。摘要本文探讨了DNA分析在刑事侦查中的有效性。通过这一调查工具，身份不明的受害者、嫌疑人和连环罪犯已被确认。与此同时，被错误指控和定罪的个人已经被排除在调查之外，或者在DNA测试后被释放。我们知道法医DNA分析在个别案件或某些犯罪类型中是强大的，但它对刑事侦查的总体贡献很低，而且受到质疑。几乎没有证据证明它的实际贡献。我们研究了法医DNA影响低的可能原因，并提出了一些建议，可以进一步最大化其效用。现有证据表明，继续投资法医DNA分析仍然需要确保物有所值。对犯罪活动趋势和利用DNA证据的侦查机会进行评估，可能有助于确定DNA最有用的具体领域，从而集中资源。此外，应该探索综合多生物特征分析/系统和其他证据类型的潜力。
{"title":"The effectiveness of the current use of forensic\u0000 DNA\u0000 in criminal investigations in England and Wales","authors":"A. Amankwaa, C. McCartney","doi":"10.1002/WFS2.1414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/WFS2.1414","url":null,"abstract":"Edited by: Niamh Nic Daeid, Editor. Abstract In this article, we consider the effectiveness of DNA analysis in criminal investigations. Through this investigative tool, unknown victims, suspects, and serial offenders have been identified. At the same time, wrongly charged and convicted individuals have been eliminated from investigations or released from custody following DNA testing. We know forensic DNA analysis is powerful in individual cases/certain crime types, but its aggregate contribution to criminal detections is low and questioned. There is little evidence to demonstrate its actual contribution. We examined the possible reasons for the low impact of forensic DNA, with some recommendations that may further maximize its utility. Available evidence demonstrates that there remains a need to ensure value for money in continued investment in forensic DNA analysis. An evaluation of trends in criminal activities and detection opportunities utilizing DNA evidence may help in identifying specific areas where DNA is most useful, and resources can be focused. Additionally, the potential of integrated multi-biometric analysis/systems and other evidence types should be explored.","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86201251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forensic age estimation in migrants: Where do we stand?","authors":"Maisy Lossois, E. Baccino","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89450066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wrongful convictions and forensic science","authors":"Catherine L. Bonventre","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77917953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgina E. Meakin, B. Kokshoorn, R. V. Oorschot, B. Szkuta
{"title":"Evaluating forensic\u0000 DNA\u0000 evidence: Connecting the dots","authors":"Georgina E. Meakin, B. Kokshoorn, R. V. Oorschot, B. Szkuta","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89208031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Denis Werner, R. Berthod, Damien Rhumorbarbe, A. Gallusser
In the context of forensic cases involving firearms, a major issue to address is the identification of the firearm used to discharge questioned elements of ammunition – bullets or cartridge cases – found during the scene investigation. When a questioned firearm is available, reference bullets and cartridge cases are produced through controlled test-fires. The marks left on both the questioned and reference elements of ammunition are analysed before being compared. The processes used to manufacture the firearms tend to influence the type and frequency of some of these marks. Knowing how the questioned firearm was produced is a key element to identify the relevant marks for comparison purposes. Finding this information can be challenging, as it is not necessarily publicly available. After presenting the manufacturing processes used to produce the main parts of firearms in contact with the elements of ammunition, this review includes an updated list of processes used by specific manufacturers, relying not only on the literature. The results highlight the necessity to consider a wide range of sources when gathering information about the manufacturing processes. Apart from general and specialized forensic literature, the online content made available by the manufacturers themselves is also a valuable complementary source of information. Contacting the manufacturers or visiting their premises is sometimes necessary to understand the full extent of the processes and how they can influence the marks of forensic interest.
{"title":"Manufacturing of firearms parts: Relevant sources of information and contribution in a forensic context","authors":"Denis Werner, R. Berthod, Damien Rhumorbarbe, A. Gallusser","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1401","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of forensic cases involving firearms, a major issue to address is the identification of the firearm used to discharge questioned elements of ammunition – bullets or cartridge cases – found during the scene investigation. When a questioned firearm is available, reference bullets and cartridge cases are produced through controlled test-fires. The marks left on both the questioned and reference elements of ammunition are analysed before being compared. The processes used to manufacture the firearms tend to influence the type and frequency of some of these marks. Knowing how the questioned firearm was produced is a key element to identify the relevant marks for comparison purposes. Finding this information can be challenging, as it is not necessarily publicly available. After presenting the manufacturing processes used to produce the main parts of firearms in contact with the elements of ammunition, this review includes an updated list of processes used by specific manufacturers, relying not only on the literature. The results highlight the necessity to consider a wide range of sources when gathering information about the manufacturing processes. Apart from general and specialized forensic literature, the online content made available by the manufacturers themselves is also a valuable complementary source of information. Contacting the manufacturers or visiting their premises is sometimes necessary to understand the full extent of the processes and how they can influence the marks of forensic interest.","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79626266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The communication of forensic science within the criminal justice process has been highlighted as an issue in a series of high profile reports dating back more than a decade. A forensic scientist has to be able to effectively communicate complex scientific ideas across multidisciplinary borders including the police, lawyers, and jurors, while concurrently being restrained by processes and procedures which exist within the criminal justice process. Communication research has begun to be undertaken to try and clarify and identify what causes some of the problems in communicating forensic science, to suggest how these might be addressed and to assess the efficacy of new approaches. This article is categorized under: Jurisprudence and Regulatory Science
{"title":"Communication, forensic science, and the law","authors":"Lucina Hackman","doi":"10.1002/WFS2.1396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/WFS2.1396","url":null,"abstract":"The communication of forensic science within the criminal justice process has been highlighted as an issue in a series of high profile reports dating back more than a decade. A forensic scientist has to be able to effectively communicate complex scientific ideas across multidisciplinary borders including the police, lawyers, and jurors, while concurrently being restrained by processes and procedures which exist within the criminal justice process. Communication research has begun to be undertaken to try and clarify and identify what causes some of the problems in communicating forensic science, to suggest how these might be addressed and to assess the efficacy of new approaches. This article is categorized under: Jurisprudence and Regulatory Science","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77833543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wildlife forensic science in Hong Kong","authors":"C. E. Hatten, A. Whitfort, D. Baker, C. Dingle","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72743329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmacogenetics and the postmortem molecular autopsy","authors":"F. Wendt, B. Budowle","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1361","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72860359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The characteristics of seminal fluid and the forensic tests available to identify it","authors":"Amelia Gamblin, R. Morgan‐Smith","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1363","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75642567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia Gasston, M. Kruijver, J. Curran, J. Bright, S. Pugh, J. Buckleton
{"title":"An examination of aspects of the probabilistic genotyping tool: Forensic Statistical Tool","authors":"Julia Gasston, M. Kruijver, J. Curran, J. Bright, S. Pugh, J. Buckleton","doi":"10.1002/wfs2.1362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1362","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75325,"journal":{"name":"WIREs. Forensic science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wfs2.1362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72500369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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