Pub Date : 2020-05-29DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20200903.11
F. Sankoh
This paper sought to compare the three methods of waste management in developing countries and identify the most economical option. Structured questionnaires were administered to three city councils in Sierra Leone with respect to landfills, composting and incineration as waste disposal methods. On-the-sport observation and personal interviews were also used to collect some useful data. The data was analyzed by using SPSS packages. The results showed that Landfills are the most common way of disposal in developing countries but they have not been successful in countries like Sierra Leone due to limited time frame of usage. Composting eliminates methane production, and increase life expectancy of landfills. Incineration does not necessarily replace landfilling but it significantly reduces the necessary volume of disposal. The study concludes that none of these three methods is free from problems. Therefore the study recommends that developing countries should adopt resource recovery, the most economical and best possible option to reduce the waste disposal problem keeping in mind the cost effects on the respective governments.
{"title":"Understanding Solid Waste Management Practices in Developing Countries: From Waste Disposal to Recovery of Resources","authors":"F. Sankoh","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20200903.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20200903.11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper sought to compare the three methods of waste management in developing countries and identify the most economical option. Structured questionnaires were administered to three city councils in Sierra Leone with respect to landfills, composting and incineration as waste disposal methods. On-the-sport observation and personal interviews were also used to collect some useful data. The data was analyzed by using SPSS packages. The results showed that Landfills are the most common way of disposal in developing countries but they have not been successful in countries like Sierra Leone due to limited time frame of usage. Composting eliminates methane production, and increase life expectancy of landfills. Incineration does not necessarily replace landfilling but it significantly reduces the necessary volume of disposal. The study concludes that none of these three methods is free from problems. Therefore the study recommends that developing countries should adopt resource recovery, the most economical and best possible option to reduce the waste disposal problem keeping in mind the cost effects on the respective governments.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83669625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wetlands are valuable ecosystems on which humans depend through the utilisation of the ecological goods and services including water for domestic and commercial use. Until recently, efforts on wetland conservation have shifted to community participation since they are important stakeholders in using wetland resources. This study solicited local people’s perceptions on 1) threats to the Monavale wetland (Harare, Zimbabwe), 2) the conservation strategies they perceive most appropriate and 3) the likely consequences of losing this wetland. The study used 80 household questionnaires that were administered to four suburbs (representing three wards) surrounding Monavale, with respondents having different socio-demographic variables (age, ward, employment status and education level). Chi-square tests were used to test for associations between perceived threats across all variables. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was performed to explore relationships between respondents’ socio-demographic variables with 1) goods and services, and 2) perceived consequences of losing Monavale wetland. Main threats cited were agriculture and housing development projects (43 and 36% of respondents respectively). People from wards 5 and 7 cited mostly socio-economic whilst ward 16 cited ecological related goods and services. The respondents’ age was associated with perceptions towards the threats facing Monavale wetland (χ2=31.563, d. f=12, P=0.002). Respondents cited 5 pieces of legislation with Environmental Management Act being the most (75% of respondents) which they think could be better implemented if wetland conservation is to be achieved. The study concludes that, there is need to integrate all relevant stakeholders in wetland conservation for effective legislation implementation as well as increasing educational awareness to both communities and policy makers.
湿地是人类赖以生存的宝贵生态系统，人类利用包括家庭和商业用水在内的生态产品和服务。直到最近，湿地保护工作已经转向社区参与，因为他们是利用湿地资源的重要利益相关者。本研究征求了当地居民对以下问题的看法:1)对莫那瓦莱湿地(津巴布韦哈拉雷)的威胁;2)他们认为最合适的保护策略;3)失去这片湿地的可能后果。该研究使用了80份家庭问卷，这些问卷在莫纳韦尔周围的四个郊区(代表三个选区)进行，受访者有不同的社会人口变量(年龄、选区、就业状况和教育水平)。卡方检验用于检验所有变量之间感知到的威胁之间的关联。多重对应分析探讨了受访者的社会人口变量与1)商品和服务之间的关系，以及2)失去Monavale湿地的感知后果。被提到的主要威胁是农业和住房开发项目(分别占受访者的43%和36%)。5号和7号病房的人主要提到了社会经济，而16号病房的人则提到了与生态相关的商品和服务。受访者对Monavale湿地所面临威胁的认知与年龄相关(χ2=31.563, d. f=12, P=0.002)。受访者列举了5部法例，其中以《环境管理法》最多(75%受访者)，他们认为可以更好地实施，以达致湿地保育的目标。研究的结论是，湿地保育需要整合所有相关的持份者，以有效地实施法例，并提高社区和决策者的教育意识。
{"title":"Threats and Conservation Strategies on Urban Wetlands: A Case of Monavale and Surrounding Areas in Harare, Zimbabwe","authors":"Silipiwe Sharai, Tarakini Tawanda, Chibememe Gladman","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20200902.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200902.12","url":null,"abstract":"Wetlands are valuable ecosystems on which humans depend through the utilisation of the ecological goods and services including water for domestic and commercial use. Until recently, efforts on wetland conservation have shifted to community participation since they are important stakeholders in using wetland resources. This study solicited local people’s perceptions on 1) threats to the Monavale wetland (Harare, Zimbabwe), 2) the conservation strategies they perceive most appropriate and 3) the likely consequences of losing this wetland. The study used 80 household questionnaires that were administered to four suburbs (representing three wards) surrounding Monavale, with respondents having different socio-demographic variables (age, ward, employment status and education level). Chi-square tests were used to test for associations between perceived threats across all variables. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was performed to explore relationships between respondents’ socio-demographic variables with 1) goods and services, and 2) perceived consequences of losing Monavale wetland. Main threats cited were agriculture and housing development projects (43 and 36% of respondents respectively). People from wards 5 and 7 cited mostly socio-economic whilst ward 16 cited ecological related goods and services. The respondents’ age was associated with perceptions towards the threats facing Monavale wetland (χ2=31.563, d. f=12, P=0.002). Respondents cited 5 pieces of legislation with Environmental Management Act being the most (75% of respondents) which they think could be better implemented if wetland conservation is to be achieved. The study concludes that, there is need to integrate all relevant stakeholders in wetland conservation for effective legislation implementation as well as increasing educational awareness to both communities and policy makers.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"547 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77445900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Mamadou, N’Zi Konan Gervais, O. Mamadou, N’goran Kouakou Eliézer
The present study aims to compare physico-chemical parameters of Agneby and Me rivers of Cote d'Ivoire. A total of eight (8) physico-chemical parameters were determined in nine (9) localities surveyed on both the Agneby and Me Rivers. Sampling were carried out on a seasonal frequency between August 2015 and July 2016. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of both rivers showed that Agneby River localities were characterized by warm water (27.08 ± 0.87°C), neutral pH (7.07 ± 0.26), high salinity (0.05 ± 0.04 ‰), relatively high levels of dissolved substances (58.01 ± 32.19 mg/L), and low resistivity (26.97 ± 22.46 kΩ/cm) compared to Me River localities. Bravais Pearson correlation matrix between physico-chemical parameters of both rivers showed a strongly significant positive correlation between salinity and conductivity (0.89), salinity (0.90) and TDS, conductivity (0.91) and total dissolved solids, and a negative highly correlation was observed respectively between pH and redox potential (-0.75), pH and resistivity (-0.73), resistivity and total dissolved solids (-0.64), resistivity and conductivity (-0.57) and between resistivity and salinity (-0.57).
{"title":"Comparative Study of Physico-chemical Parameters to Understand Water Quality of the Two Freshwater Rivers - Me and Agneby - Cote d'Ivoire","authors":"B. Mamadou, N’Zi Konan Gervais, O. Mamadou, N’goran Kouakou Eliézer","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to compare physico-chemical parameters of Agneby and Me rivers of Cote d'Ivoire. A total of eight (8) physico-chemical parameters were determined in nine (9) localities surveyed on both the Agneby and Me Rivers. Sampling were carried out on a seasonal frequency between August 2015 and July 2016. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of both rivers showed that Agneby River localities were characterized by warm water (27.08 ± 0.87°C), neutral pH (7.07 ± 0.26), high salinity (0.05 ± 0.04 ‰), relatively high levels of dissolved substances (58.01 ± 32.19 mg/L), and low resistivity (26.97 ± 22.46 kΩ/cm) compared to Me River localities. Bravais Pearson correlation matrix between physico-chemical parameters of both rivers showed a strongly significant positive correlation between salinity and conductivity (0.89), salinity (0.90) and TDS, conductivity (0.91) and total dissolved solids, and a negative highly correlation was observed respectively between pH and redox potential (-0.75), pH and resistivity (-0.73), resistivity and total dissolved solids (-0.64), resistivity and conductivity (-0.57) and between resistivity and salinity (-0.57).","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"5 1","pages":"34-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87765758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20200902.11
Wei Ma, Yi Kong, Weng U Ho, Sivette Lam, G. Liu, Sin Neng Chio
In this research, the detection method for absolute quantification of total coliforms was established based on Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (DDPCR) technology using lacZ as the target gene for coliform group detection. The experimental conditions (e.g. primer and probe concentrations, annealing temperatures, etc) were well optimized. Besides, the linear range, precision and limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method were investigated and evaluated. The results illustrated that the optimal primer concentration was 0.2 μmol/L, whereas the optimal probe concentration was 0.5 μmol/L. The optimal annealing temperature was 56°C. The linear relationship between the total coliform genome DNA concentrations derived from DDPCR and DNA fluorometer was quite good (R2 = 0.999). The linear range was 3.95 ~ 7.80 × 104 copies/20 μL DDPCR reaction system. The LOQ for total coliforms was single copy per reaction system. Practical applications using real water samples collected from water supply system in Macao illustrated that this innovative method possessed high efficiencies and capabilities. This is probably the first research using DDPCR technology to absolutely qualify and quantify total coliforms and successfully applied it in Macao water supply system. The achievements from this research could provide with significant values for setting-up the emergency mechanism of water pollution in early stage.
{"title":"The Development and Application of DDPCR Technology on Quantification of Total Coliforms in Water","authors":"Wei Ma, Yi Kong, Weng U Ho, Sivette Lam, G. Liu, Sin Neng Chio","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20200902.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20200902.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the detection method for absolute quantification of total coliforms was established based on Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (DDPCR) technology using lacZ as the target gene for coliform group detection. The experimental conditions (e.g. primer and probe concentrations, annealing temperatures, etc) were well optimized. Besides, the linear range, precision and limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method were investigated and evaluated. The results illustrated that the optimal primer concentration was 0.2 μmol/L, whereas the optimal probe concentration was 0.5 μmol/L. The optimal annealing temperature was 56°C. The linear relationship between the total coliform genome DNA concentrations derived from DDPCR and DNA fluorometer was quite good (R2 = 0.999). The linear range was 3.95 ~ 7.80 × 104 copies/20 μL DDPCR reaction system. The LOQ for total coliforms was single copy per reaction system. Practical applications using real water samples collected from water supply system in Macao illustrated that this innovative method possessed high efficiencies and capabilities. This is probably the first research using DDPCR technology to absolutely qualify and quantify total coliforms and successfully applied it in Macao water supply system. The achievements from this research could provide with significant values for setting-up the emergency mechanism of water pollution in early stage.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78120402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-11DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.13
M. Naeem, S. Gul, G. Rehman, Sarfraz Ahmad, Muhammad Islam
Land use influence soil quality of rangelands. Taking arid rangeland of Mangochar, Balochistan, Pakistan into consideration, this study investigated soil quality such as concentration of soil organic matter (SOM), soil aggregation, concentration of mineral nitrogen (N) and concentration of soluble inorganic phosphorus (P) of sites with various land use history. The sampling sites were as follows; site under unmanaged grazing, site inaccessible for grazing due to remoteness from pastoralists, field under monocropping of tomato since last 30 years and under application of organic fertilizer as cow manure, grapes field of approximately 27 years of age and under application of organic fertilizer as cow manure, apple orchards of approximately 15 and 30 years of age and under conventional farming system. Although number of native plant species and their abundance m-2 was greater in ungrazed site as compared to grazed site, there was no significant difference in soil quality. Soils of these sites collected from sieves of 2 mm and 1 mm mesh sizes had pebbles and sand with no obvious clay or silt particles. The concentration of SOM was greater in soils of agricultural fields than ungrazed site while the higher concentration was observed for the soil from tomato field. The soils of agricultural fields also showed aggregates (rather than pebbles and sand particles) of > 2 mm, 1- 2 mm and 0.5 mm sizes. The soil of tomato field also had significantly higher pH and soluble mineral P than soils from grazed and ungrazed sites.
{"title":"Soil Characteristics Under Different Land Use Practices in Mangochar, Kalat District, Balochistan, Pakistan","authors":"M. Naeem, S. Gul, G. Rehman, Sarfraz Ahmad, Muhammad Islam","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.13","url":null,"abstract":"Land use influence soil quality of rangelands. Taking arid rangeland of Mangochar, Balochistan, Pakistan into consideration, this study investigated soil quality such as concentration of soil organic matter (SOM), soil aggregation, concentration of mineral nitrogen (N) and concentration of soluble inorganic phosphorus (P) of sites with various land use history. The sampling sites were as follows; site under unmanaged grazing, site inaccessible for grazing due to remoteness from pastoralists, field under monocropping of tomato since last 30 years and under application of organic fertilizer as cow manure, grapes field of approximately 27 years of age and under application of organic fertilizer as cow manure, apple orchards of approximately 15 and 30 years of age and under conventional farming system. Although number of native plant species and their abundance m-2 was greater in ungrazed site as compared to grazed site, there was no significant difference in soil quality. Soils of these sites collected from sieves of 2 mm and 1 mm mesh sizes had pebbles and sand with no obvious clay or silt particles. The concentration of SOM was greater in soils of agricultural fields than ungrazed site while the higher concentration was observed for the soil from tomato field. The soils of agricultural fields also showed aggregates (rather than pebbles and sand particles) of > 2 mm, 1- 2 mm and 0.5 mm sizes. The soil of tomato field also had significantly higher pH and soluble mineral P than soils from grazed and ungrazed sites.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"71 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88063524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
in recent years, the rapid development of China's economy has been accompanied by the gradual deterioration of the living environment, which is an inevitable malpractice brought about by extensive development. In the process of accelerating urbanization in China, the scale and population of cities are gradually expanding, but the treatment of municipal solid waste lags behind. The phenomenon of besieging cities with municipal solid waste has become very common. Government departments must consider how to effectively deal with the problem of garbage and ensure the sustainable development of economy and society. This paper analyzes the main experiences of garbage control in five countries, and takes the enforcement of garbage classification by laws promulgated in Shanghai, China as an example, to explore the effective path of garbage control in cities and towns in China, so as to provide a reference for countries with similar situations.
{"title":"Government Regulatory Innovation in China: Drawing Comparative Lessons from International Experience on Garbage Management","authors":"Y. Shao, Z. Ren, Rong-Jie Li, Gang Chen","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"in recent years, the rapid development of China's economy has been accompanied by the gradual deterioration of the living environment, which is an inevitable malpractice brought about by extensive development. In the process of accelerating urbanization in China, the scale and population of cities are gradually expanding, but the treatment of municipal solid waste lags behind. The phenomenon of besieging cities with municipal solid waste has become very common. Government departments must consider how to effectively deal with the problem of garbage and ensure the sustainable development of economy and society. This paper analyzes the main experiences of garbage control in five countries, and takes the enforcement of garbage classification by laws promulgated in Shanghai, China as an example, to explore the effective path of garbage control in cities and towns in China, so as to provide a reference for countries with similar situations.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"57 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86769043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.12
Oguntade Aanuoluwapo Aderonke
The purpose of this research is to study the rate of horizontal expansion of human settlement in Akure from 2007 to 2018 with focus on three peri-urban locations that has experienced massive growth in most recent times. Efforts were made to make predictions of possible expansion for the next 20 to 32 years in these areas. To achieve the objectives of this research Google earth images were obtained for all three selected locations for the years 2007 and 2018. For the three locations the same square area was maked out for analysis. The area covered by human settlement for the years 2007 and 2018 was obtained for all three locations using the polygon tool on Google earth. Futher mathematical calculations were done to help determine the rate of horivontal settlements between the two time periods. Calculations were also done to predict the rate of future expansion in all three locations. The results shows that built up area in the three selected locations is rapidly expanding, as a result large vegetation are lost. Predictions show that Akure is tending towards a fully developed conurbation. It concludes by affirming that there is a need to adopt the use of sustainable high-rise mixed-use buildings as a better approach to the current trend of human settlement in Nigeria based on low-rise structures and continuous deforestation to make rooms for new settlements.
{"title":"Spatial Analysis of Human Settlement Expansion Rate in Nigeria: A Case Study of Akure Per-Urban Locations","authors":"Oguntade Aanuoluwapo Aderonke","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.12","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to study the rate of horizontal expansion of human settlement in Akure from 2007 to 2018 with focus on three peri-urban locations that has experienced massive growth in most recent times. Efforts were made to make predictions of possible expansion for the next 20 to 32 years in these areas. To achieve the objectives of this research Google earth images were obtained for all three selected locations for the years 2007 and 2018. For the three locations the same square area was maked out for analysis. The area covered by human settlement for the years 2007 and 2018 was obtained for all three locations using the polygon tool on Google earth. Futher mathematical calculations were done to help determine the rate of horivontal settlements between the two time periods. Calculations were also done to predict the rate of future expansion in all three locations. The results shows that built up area in the three selected locations is rapidly expanding, as a result large vegetation are lost. Predictions show that Akure is tending towards a fully developed conurbation. It concludes by affirming that there is a need to adopt the use of sustainable high-rise mixed-use buildings as a better approach to the current trend of human settlement in Nigeria based on low-rise structures and continuous deforestation to make rooms for new settlements.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"102 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81658994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poor sanitation in Sagnarigu Municipality of Northern Region was conducted from January to October 2018. Three communities (Fuo, Kpalsi and Sognayili) in the municipality were studied and compared with the engineered land field site at Gbalahi in the municipality as the control site. The sampling techniques used were cluster and purposive. The USEPA approved method for wastewater analysis (APHA, AWWA, WEF, 1998) was used to analyse physicochemical and bacterial load of leachate from unapproved dumpsites and wastewater from the engineering landfill site. Whiles Gbalahi had 5.2× 104 coliform units, Fuo, Kpalsi and Sognayili respectively had 6.8×104, 8.0×104 7.6×104 coliform units and showed that unapproved dump sites had more excreta content than engineered landfill sites. However, Cu (18 mg/l) and Zn (8 mg/l) at Gbalahi were more than those at the study sites and so electrical conductivity at Gbalahi (3589.00 µS/cm) was more than the average 1597 EC (µS/cm) electrical conductivity of the study sites. The study concludes that, lack of public toilets and the absence of household latrines were the factors responsible for open defecation in Sagnarigu. The challenges in using public toilets were; smelly and poor hygienic condition of the toilets, distance and cost of using them. The study recommends that, the Municipal Assembly should intensify education and sensitization of open defecation and enforce by-laws regarding open defecation.
{"title":"The Effects of Poor Sanitation on the People of Sagnarigu in Northern Region of Ghana","authors":"A. Issahaku, A. Wumbei","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Poor sanitation in Sagnarigu Municipality of Northern Region was conducted from January to October 2018. Three communities (Fuo, Kpalsi and Sognayili) in the municipality were studied and compared with the engineered land field site at Gbalahi in the municipality as the control site. The sampling techniques used were cluster and purposive. The USEPA approved method for wastewater analysis (APHA, AWWA, WEF, 1998) was used to analyse physicochemical and bacterial load of leachate from unapproved dumpsites and wastewater from the engineering landfill site. Whiles Gbalahi had 5.2× 104 coliform units, Fuo, Kpalsi and Sognayili respectively had 6.8×104, 8.0×104 7.6×104 coliform units and showed that unapproved dump sites had more excreta content than engineered landfill sites. However, Cu (18 mg/l) and Zn (8 mg/l) at Gbalahi were more than those at the study sites and so electrical conductivity at Gbalahi (3589.00 µS/cm) was more than the average 1597 EC (µS/cm) electrical conductivity of the study sites. The study concludes that, lack of public toilets and the absence of household latrines were the factors responsible for open defecation in Sagnarigu. The challenges in using public toilets were; smelly and poor hygienic condition of the toilets, distance and cost of using them. The study recommends that, the Municipal Assembly should intensify education and sensitization of open defecation and enforce by-laws regarding open defecation.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"22 1","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85983507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of energy consumption, economic growth and industrialization on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Using an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL model) on the data during the period over 1985-2013, collected from World Development Indicators, Department of Statistics in Vietnam. Evidence from the study shows that carbon dioxide emissions, GDP growth, energy consumption and industrialization are co-integrated and have a long-run equilibrium relationship. Our results demonstrate that both industrialization and energy consumption have positively affected carbon dioxide emissions and significant while economic growth also has positively affected carbon dioxide emissions but insignificant. In addition to short run relationship, evidence from the long-run result has policy implications for Vietnam; a 1 percent increase in industry growth will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 276 kt, while a 1 kg of oil increase in energy consumption will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 168 kt in the long-run. Increasing industry growth in Vietnam will therefore increase environmental pollution in the long-run. Positive effect of energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions raise a problem of using non-green energy in Vietnam. It is noteworthy that the Vietnamese Government promotes sustainable economics, which improves the use of clean and environmentally energy.
{"title":"Influence of Real GDP Growth Rate, Industrialization, Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: An Evidence from Vietnam","authors":"Nghiem Van Bay","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of energy consumption, economic growth and industrialization on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Using an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL model) on the data during the period over 1985-2013, collected from World Development Indicators, Department of Statistics in Vietnam. Evidence from the study shows that carbon dioxide emissions, GDP growth, energy consumption and industrialization are co-integrated and have a long-run equilibrium relationship. Our results demonstrate that both industrialization and energy consumption have positively affected carbon dioxide emissions and significant while economic growth also has positively affected carbon dioxide emissions but insignificant. In addition to short run relationship, evidence from the long-run result has policy implications for Vietnam; a 1 percent increase in industry growth will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 276 kt, while a 1 kg of oil increase in energy consumption will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 168 kt in the long-run. Increasing industry growth in Vietnam will therefore increase environmental pollution in the long-run. Positive effect of energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions raise a problem of using non-green energy in Vietnam. It is noteworthy that the Vietnamese Government promotes sustainable economics, which improves the use of clean and environmentally energy.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"74 1","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78961644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Fall, A. Dieng, S. Sall, Y. Sané, Moussa Diakhaté
After the drought period of the 70s and 80s, the Sahelian countries have experienced a resurgence of heavy rains phenomena and devastating floods causing a lot of socio-economic damages since the beginning of the 21st century. In this work, the environmental conditions associated with an extreme rainfall event that has led to high socio-economic impact in Senegal is studied by using the database of the extreme event from the DPC (Direction de la Protection Civil) of Senegal, Satellite products, ERA-Interim reanalysis and five Weather Model Prediction datasets. The rain event occurred on 26 August 2017 at Linguere (15.07°W and 15.23°N). This study aims to analyse the synoptic conditions associated to the event and also the ability of the numerical forecast models to predict it. The satellite dataset shows that the precipitating convective system was initiated at the level of a trough, on August 25 in the afternoon, and the extreme rain event took place on August 26 between 0600UTC and 1200UTC over Linguere. Various atmospheric parameters such as the configuration of the low-level moisture transport, precipitable water, relative humidity at 200 and 700-hPa as well as relative vorticity at 700-hPa appear as good indicators to characterize extreme rainfalls. The numerical forecast models used were able to predict short-term rainfall around Linguere. However, none of the models could predict the extreme aspect of precipitation because they tend to underestimate the intensity compared to rain gauge records.
{"title":"Synoptic Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Event in West Africa: the Case of Linguère","authors":"M. Fall, A. Dieng, S. Sall, Y. Sané, Moussa Diakhaté","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"After the drought period of the 70s and 80s, the Sahelian countries have experienced a resurgence of heavy rains phenomena and devastating floods causing a lot of socio-economic damages since the beginning of the 21st century. In this work, the environmental conditions associated with an extreme rainfall event that has led to high socio-economic impact in Senegal is studied by using the database of the extreme event from the DPC (Direction de la Protection Civil) of Senegal, Satellite products, ERA-Interim reanalysis and five Weather Model Prediction datasets. The rain event occurred on 26 August 2017 at Linguere (15.07°W and 15.23°N). This study aims to analyse the synoptic conditions associated to the event and also the ability of the numerical forecast models to predict it. The satellite dataset shows that the precipitating convective system was initiated at the level of a trough, on August 25 in the afternoon, and the extreme rain event took place on August 26 between 0600UTC and 1200UTC over Linguere. Various atmospheric parameters such as the configuration of the low-level moisture transport, precipitable water, relative humidity at 200 and 700-hPa as well as relative vorticity at 700-hPa appear as good indicators to characterize extreme rainfalls. The numerical forecast models used were able to predict short-term rainfall around Linguere. However, none of the models could predict the extreme aspect of precipitation because they tend to underestimate the intensity compared to rain gauge records.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84644441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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