The objective of this study is to compare various changes of ecological parameters within time period prior petroleum activities and after facilities establishment in Bongor basin. Analysis of landsat 7 images from March 24 to April 5, 2000 and that of landsat 8 from February 13, 2015, before and after oil operations respectively, made it possible to extract four biophysical indices, namely: brightness index of soil, moisture index, greenness index and vegetation index. Maps of land use, hydrology and pedology were established from the analysis of multispectral parameters variations. Significant variations between two study periods were then evaluated to be either increasing, declining or stable over the entire Bongor basin and in the areas of the basin under operations. It appears that, shrub savanna has declined by 15.75% over the entire Bongor basin and by 18.90% in the areas of oil operations in Bongor basin. Floodplain and the water body have also declined by 1.59% and 0.0007% respectively over the whole Bongor basin and loss of paddy field. Agricultural area has increased by 15.15% in Bongor basin and by 14.40% in the operations area of Bongor basin, with industrial area occupying 4.49% and the expansion of urbanized area of 0.01%. Silting up of flood zone over the entire Bongor basin has increased by 0.35%. Areas under oil operations, illustrate impacts of activities on soil, trees and groundwater.
{"title":"Application of Remote Sensing for Impacts Assessment of Petroleum Activities and Facilities in Bongor Basin, Chad Republic","authors":"Samba Koukouare Prosper, Dorim Ngarbaroum, Ewodo Mboudou Guillaume, Djim-Assal Datoloum, Danwe Raindandi","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.12","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to compare various changes of ecological parameters within time period prior petroleum activities and after facilities establishment in Bongor basin. Analysis of landsat 7 images from March 24 to April 5, 2000 and that of landsat 8 from February 13, 2015, before and after oil operations respectively, made it possible to extract four biophysical indices, namely: brightness index of soil, moisture index, greenness index and vegetation index. Maps of land use, hydrology and pedology were established from the analysis of multispectral parameters variations. Significant variations between two study periods were then evaluated to be either increasing, declining or stable over the entire Bongor basin and in the areas of the basin under operations. It appears that, shrub savanna has declined by 15.75% over the entire Bongor basin and by 18.90% in the areas of oil operations in Bongor basin. Floodplain and the water body have also declined by 1.59% and 0.0007% respectively over the whole Bongor basin and loss of paddy field. Agricultural area has increased by 15.15% in Bongor basin and by 14.40% in the operations area of Bongor basin, with industrial area occupying 4.49% and the expansion of urbanized area of 0.01%. Silting up of flood zone over the entire Bongor basin has increased by 0.35%. Areas under oil operations, illustrate impacts of activities on soil, trees and groundwater.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"27 1","pages":"91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87403420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article investigates the attitude of traders towards environmental sanitation in the Hohoe market of Ghana. The research objectives sought to describe the attitudes of traders towards environmental sanitation at the market and identify the factors that influence traders’ attitudes towards waste management at the market. The research design was a qualitative case study in which unstructured in-depth interviews and observation were utilized for data collection. This “approach to research facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using variety of data sources” ([1]: 544). Out of an accessible population of 270, a sample size of 27 respondents were purposively selected for interview. The study revealed that, even though majority of the market women were aware of the benefit on enhancing proper sanitation measures in keeping the market clean by paying their dues regularly, employees of the Municipal Assembly failed to clean the market environment due to lack of proper supervision. Although there has not been any outbreak of disease as a result of the dirt, it was recommended that, the market should be secured from intruders, lighting system must be improved while those who violate market regulations should be prosecuted to serve as deterrent to others.
{"title":"Attitudes of Traders towards Environmental Sanitation in Ghanaian Markets: Case study of Hohoe Main Market","authors":"S. Osafo, Nelson Kojo Brany, Wisdom Kwaku Yegbe","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the attitude of traders towards environmental sanitation in the Hohoe market of Ghana. The research objectives sought to describe the attitudes of traders towards environmental sanitation at the market and identify the factors that influence traders’ attitudes towards waste management at the market. The research design was a qualitative case study in which unstructured in-depth interviews and observation were utilized for data collection. This “approach to research facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using variety of data sources” ([1]: 544). Out of an accessible population of 270, a sample size of 27 respondents were purposively selected for interview. The study revealed that, even though majority of the market women were aware of the benefit on enhancing proper sanitation measures in keeping the market clean by paying their dues regularly, employees of the Municipal Assembly failed to clean the market environment due to lack of proper supervision. Although there has not been any outbreak of disease as a result of the dirt, it was recommended that, the market should be secured from intruders, lighting system must be improved while those who violate market regulations should be prosecuted to serve as deterrent to others.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"58-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87324986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-07DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
P. Adowei, Elvis Ebenezer, D. Markmanuel
White granulated garri, an extensively consumed foodstuff in Nigeria made from fermented cassava tubers has recorded little studies on its heavy metals content. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb in commercial white granulated garri commonly sold in three major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were established using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The mean concentrations (x ±SD,in mg/kg on dry-weight basis) of heavy metals in garri samples were Cd: 0.021 ± 0.005, Co: 0.027 ± 0.004, Cr: 2.50 ± 0.047, Ni: 0.849 ± 0.021, and Pb: 0.522 ± 0.039 respectively. A food frequency questionnaire-based (FFQ) survey on dietary consumption rates of garri as a source of carbohydrate among consumers and marketers showed that garri accounted for ˃ 97.5% of total carbohydrate consumed in Nigeria. Statistical evaluation of the data by one-way analysis of variance discloses noteworthy differences of metal contents for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in garri from the study area with the exception of Cr. The mean daily intake of metals (mg/person/day) from garri consumption using dietary modelling was found to be Cd: 1.49 x 10-4, Co: 1.34 x 10-5, Cr: 1.24 x 10-2, Ni: 4.23 x 10-3 and Pb: 2.60 x 10-3 respectively. These values are lower than the upper tolerable daily intake limits for heavy metals in food. The target hazard quotients (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicate that, the probable human health risk associated with consumption of garri for the target population is moderately low at the moment. However, modest consumption rate of the product is recommended due to potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in garri.
{"title":"Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria","authors":"P. Adowei, Elvis Ebenezer, D. Markmanuel","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11","url":null,"abstract":"White granulated garri, an extensively consumed foodstuff in Nigeria made from fermented cassava tubers has recorded little studies on its heavy metals content. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb in commercial white granulated garri commonly sold in three major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were established using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The mean concentrations (x ±SD,in mg/kg on dry-weight basis) of heavy metals in garri samples were Cd: 0.021 ± 0.005, Co: 0.027 ± 0.004, Cr: 2.50 ± 0.047, Ni: 0.849 ± 0.021, and Pb: 0.522 ± 0.039 respectively. A food frequency questionnaire-based (FFQ) survey on dietary consumption rates of garri as a source of carbohydrate among consumers and marketers showed that garri accounted for ˃ 97.5% of total carbohydrate consumed in Nigeria. Statistical evaluation of the data by one-way analysis of variance discloses noteworthy differences of metal contents for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in garri from the study area with the exception of Cr. The mean daily intake of metals (mg/person/day) from garri consumption using dietary modelling was found to be Cd: 1.49 x 10-4, Co: 1.34 x 10-5, Cr: 1.24 x 10-2, Ni: 4.23 x 10-3 and Pb: 2.60 x 10-3 respectively. These values are lower than the upper tolerable daily intake limits for heavy metals in food. The target hazard quotients (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicate that, the probable human health risk associated with consumption of garri for the target population is moderately low at the moment. However, modest consumption rate of the product is recommended due to potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in garri.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89678148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.15
Jemal Hussein Abdulle
Currently, environment related problem is becoming a burning issue for every individuals and group of people living in the globe irrespective of our background as we have only one world that can’t be replaced by another one. We don’t have a reserve world therefore the only chance that we have is conserving it. Therefore, different scholars today have taken up to come across possible remedies as the issue is multidisciplinary in its nature. This problem is also visible in Ethiopian society at local level. One way of tackling environmental problem is giving attention to the impacts of environmental injustice on sustainable development. Therefore, this research tries to assess challenges of local government in storing up environmental justice to realize sustainable development. The main finding of this research is that the local government has less contribution in storing up environmental justice to realize sustainable development in the given areas. There is no enough awareness creation from government side regarding resettlement policy in a way that the re-settlers are not friendly treating their environment. Re-settlers are doing injustice on old settlers, future generations, living and non-living things, and on themselves since they have over-exploited natural resources in concerned areas. I used both primary and secondary datum to carry out this research. I suggest that concerned government bodies, civil societies or non-governments organizations should play their part to alleviate the problems.
{"title":"Challenges of Local Government, Environmental Justice, Sustainable Development: The Case of Qellem Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Jemal Hussein Abdulle","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.15","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, environment related problem is becoming a burning issue for every individuals and group of people living in the globe irrespective of our background as we have only one world that can’t be replaced by another one. We don’t have a reserve world therefore the only chance that we have is conserving it. Therefore, different scholars today have taken up to come across possible remedies as the issue is multidisciplinary in its nature. This problem is also visible in Ethiopian society at local level. One way of tackling environmental problem is giving attention to the impacts of environmental injustice on sustainable development. Therefore, this research tries to assess challenges of local government in storing up environmental justice to realize sustainable development. The main finding of this research is that the local government has less contribution in storing up environmental justice to realize sustainable development in the given areas. There is no enough awareness creation from government side regarding resettlement policy in a way that the re-settlers are not friendly treating their environment. Re-settlers are doing injustice on old settlers, future generations, living and non-living things, and on themselves since they have over-exploited natural resources in concerned areas. I used both primary and secondary datum to carry out this research. I suggest that concerned government bodies, civil societies or non-governments organizations should play their part to alleviate the problems.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"66 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85151313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research was conducted in the granite mining sites of Kerala to determine the effect of mining on the health of two tropical plants namely Macarangapeltata and Chromolaenaodorata which were common to the area. The area having high amount of particulate matter in the working hours of the quarry. The plants were severely affected by the mining activities. In this study, it was observed that the quarry dust was affecting the Chromolaenaodorata, as it is having chlorophyll lower than the control sites.Chromolaenaodorata present in the quarry sites having retarded growth compared to control site plants. In the case of Macarangapeltata, samples showed higher concentration of chlorophyll than control to cope up with the stress.
{"title":"Effect of Granite Quarry Mining on Chlorophyll Content of Tropical Plants","authors":"D. Sukumaran, P. Sisira","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"The research was conducted in the granite mining sites of Kerala to determine the effect of mining on the health of two tropical plants namely Macarangapeltata and Chromolaenaodorata which were common to the area. The area having high amount of particulate matter in the working hours of the quarry. The plants were severely affected by the mining activities. In this study, it was observed that the quarry dust was affecting the Chromolaenaodorata, as it is having chlorophyll lower than the control sites.Chromolaenaodorata present in the quarry sites having retarded growth compared to control site plants. In the case of Macarangapeltata, samples showed higher concentration of chlorophyll than control to cope up with the stress.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"54 1","pages":"53-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73732055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-18DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.14
Suyu Liu, P. Yin, Yu Zhang, Xingke Wu, Zhiqiang Cai
In order to develop an affective bioaugmentation strategy for the removal of sulfur black and increase sulfide-oxidization capability in biological treatment, bioaugmentation strains with higher sulfide-oxidizing capability, Acinetobacter sp. DS-9 and Aspergillus sp. DS-28, were isolated from a municipal wastewater (WW) treatment plant and selected to treat textile sulfur dyeing WW combined with Fenton oxidation. The sequential WW treatment process was evaluated in a bench-scale activated sludge tank. The performance of the bioreactor demonstrated the feasibility of bioaugmentation by strain DS-9 and DS-28 in terms of almost sulfur black removal, COD and color removal, significant sulfide removal in activated sludge. The effect of Fenton oxidation process, additional carbon source, bioaugmentation strains composition etc. was investigated. The bioaugmented process after Fenton oxidation and inoculation of DS-9 and DS-28 could maintain stable performance in terms of COD, color and sulfur removal from the WW. The capability of color and COD removal by bioaugmentation strains were greater than that by the original activated sludge from WW treatment plant. Sulfate concentration increased significantly from 140.5 to 485 mg L-1. The outlet color and COD value reach 5 and 46.52 mg L-1 after the sequential Fenton oxidation and bioaugmentation treatment.
{"title":"Bioaugmentation Strategy for Treatment of Sulfur Black Wastewater Through Sequential Fenton Oxidation and Biological Process by Two Sulfide-oxidizing Strains","authors":"Suyu Liu, P. Yin, Yu Zhang, Xingke Wu, Zhiqiang Cai","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.14","url":null,"abstract":"In order to develop an affective bioaugmentation strategy for the removal of sulfur black and increase sulfide-oxidization capability in biological treatment, bioaugmentation strains with higher sulfide-oxidizing capability, Acinetobacter sp. DS-9 and Aspergillus sp. DS-28, were isolated from a municipal wastewater (WW) treatment plant and selected to treat textile sulfur dyeing WW combined with Fenton oxidation. The sequential WW treatment process was evaluated in a bench-scale activated sludge tank. The performance of the bioreactor demonstrated the feasibility of bioaugmentation by strain DS-9 and DS-28 in terms of almost sulfur black removal, COD and color removal, significant sulfide removal in activated sludge. The effect of Fenton oxidation process, additional carbon source, bioaugmentation strains composition etc. was investigated. The bioaugmented process after Fenton oxidation and inoculation of DS-9 and DS-28 could maintain stable performance in terms of COD, color and sulfur removal from the WW. The capability of color and COD removal by bioaugmentation strains were greater than that by the original activated sludge from WW treatment plant. Sulfate concentration increased significantly from 140.5 to 485 mg L-1. The outlet color and COD value reach 5 and 46.52 mg L-1 after the sequential Fenton oxidation and bioaugmentation treatment.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"39 1","pages":"64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86660846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-09DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.13
L. Yin, M. Zachary, Yanyan Zheng, Xiaohan Zhang, Antonine Sakwa
Land-use and land-cover changes directly impact biological diversity, and may cause land degradation by altering ecosystem services and livelihood support systems, thereby disrupting the socio-cultural practices and institutions associated with managing those biophysical systems. The most important is the gradual disappearance of human’s traditional ecological knowledge and cultural diversity. Xishuangbanna is one of regions that have the richest biodiversity and cultural diversity in the world. In recent years, academic scholars, government departments at different levels and media have increasingly paid close attention on the relationship between rubber cultivation and biodiversity in Xishuangbanna. However, such attention on the relationship between rubber plantation and cultural diversity is few. Conclusively, social and cultural practice on natural resource management carried out by local people and relevant institutions are greatly changing in the context of implementing rubber plantation. During this process, traditional ecological knowledge is also experiencing changes. The paper will elaborate impacts from the rubber plantation on Bulang society in Xishuangbanna, explore changes on local subsistence, social and cultural practice and relevant institutions, and further analyze relationships between the rubber plantation, cultural diversity and traditional ecological knowledge, and threats and challenges faced by Bulang people. Through the case study of Bulang people, we see that the traditional ecological knowledge not only includes natural resource management and genetic resource protection, but also recognition of ethnical identities and heritage of biological and cultural diversity.
{"title":"Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Shifting Agriculture of Bulang People in Yunnan, China","authors":"L. Yin, M. Zachary, Yanyan Zheng, Xiaohan Zhang, Antonine Sakwa","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.13","url":null,"abstract":"Land-use and land-cover changes directly impact biological diversity, and may cause land degradation by altering ecosystem services and livelihood support systems, thereby disrupting the socio-cultural practices and institutions associated with managing those biophysical systems. The most important is the gradual disappearance of human’s traditional ecological knowledge and cultural diversity. Xishuangbanna is one of regions that have the richest biodiversity and cultural diversity in the world. In recent years, academic scholars, government departments at different levels and media have increasingly paid close attention on the relationship between rubber cultivation and biodiversity in Xishuangbanna. However, such attention on the relationship between rubber plantation and cultural diversity is few. Conclusively, social and cultural practice on natural resource management carried out by local people and relevant institutions are greatly changing in the context of implementing rubber plantation. During this process, traditional ecological knowledge is also experiencing changes. The paper will elaborate impacts from the rubber plantation on Bulang society in Xishuangbanna, explore changes on local subsistence, social and cultural practice and relevant institutions, and further analyze relationships between the rubber plantation, cultural diversity and traditional ecological knowledge, and threats and challenges faced by Bulang people. Through the case study of Bulang people, we see that the traditional ecological knowledge not only includes natural resource management and genetic resource protection, but also recognition of ethnical identities and heritage of biological and cultural diversity.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"8 1","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85695261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.12
Dessale Wasie, F. Yimer, S. Alem
Soil erosion is a major challenge in sustaining agricultural production. Area closure with tree planting and physical conservation measures, implemented by various land rehabilitation programs is one of the best options to address the soil erosion problem. This study was conducted to assess the effect of integrated soil and water conservation (SWC) practices on woody vegetation rehabilitation and soil erosion reduction in Hawassa Zuriya Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Vegetation cover type classification and delineation were completed for each land management category (closure area with SWC, closure area without SWC and open grazing area) in the field. RUSLE model integrated with a GIS environment was used to estimate the annual soil losses. Results showed that SWC practices were increased forest, shrub and grass coverage, and reduced bare land surface coverage. The average C (p=0.02) and P values (p=0.04), and annual soil erosion rate were significantly lower in closure with SWC (p=0.0001) compared to the value without SWC and open grazing land. Thus, the average annual soil erosion rate was reduced below a tolerable (< 1 t/ha/yr.) level by SWC practices. The overall results confirmed that integrated soil and water conservation practices reduced soil erosion rates and improved woody species diversity. Therefore, area closure integrated with SWC practices is the best option to improve the biophysical condition of degraded lands.
{"title":"Effect of Integrated Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Vegetation Cover Change and Soil Loss Reduction in Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Dessale Wasie, F. Yimer, S. Alem","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200903.12","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a major challenge in sustaining agricultural production. Area closure with tree planting and physical conservation measures, implemented by various land rehabilitation programs is one of the best options to address the soil erosion problem. This study was conducted to assess the effect of integrated soil and water conservation (SWC) practices on woody vegetation rehabilitation and soil erosion reduction in Hawassa Zuriya Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Vegetation cover type classification and delineation were completed for each land management category (closure area with SWC, closure area without SWC and open grazing area) in the field. RUSLE model integrated with a GIS environment was used to estimate the annual soil losses. Results showed that SWC practices were increased forest, shrub and grass coverage, and reduced bare land surface coverage. The average C (p=0.02) and P values (p=0.04), and annual soil erosion rate were significantly lower in closure with SWC (p=0.0001) compared to the value without SWC and open grazing land. Thus, the average annual soil erosion rate was reduced below a tolerable (< 1 t/ha/yr.) level by SWC practices. The overall results confirmed that integrated soil and water conservation practices reduced soil erosion rates and improved woody species diversity. Therefore, area closure integrated with SWC practices is the best option to improve the biophysical condition of degraded lands.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"30 1","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82212354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a lockdown across the continents and many countries around the world. In the course of the lockdown that lasted fully for some weeks, NASA and other reports had shown that there was a dramatic reduction in pollution in China, India and Italy, especially the reduction of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere. In this piece, it is thought that lockdown should be enshrined in global environmental protection agreement such as the Paris Agreement, to serve as a preventive alternative rather than as a defensive approach to stop a pandemic or an environmental emergency. A minimum of 40 days global lockdown in every 30 years has been suggested.
{"title":"The Global Lockdown: Some Thoughts on a Potential Policy Solution to Climate Change and Other Environmental Challenges","authors":"U. V. Ahiaba","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a lockdown across the continents and many countries around the world. In the course of the lockdown that lasted fully for some weeks, NASA and other reports had shown that there was a dramatic reduction in pollution in China, India and Italy, especially the reduction of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere. In this piece, it is thought that lockdown should be enshrined in global environmental protection agreement such as the Paris Agreement, to serve as a preventive alternative rather than as a defensive approach to stop a pandemic or an environmental emergency. A minimum of 40 days global lockdown in every 30 years has been suggested.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"382 1","pages":"49-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84963227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land Degradation (LD) is a universal problem influencing all areas of human prosperity all over the world. The aim of this research is to study the farming household livelihoods sustainability and land degradation, in Mardan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. By using Slovin’s “formula”, 90 farmers were “randomly” selected through a total of 857 registered farmers. Primary data were collected through structure questionnaire face to face interview from the farming households (HH) and was analysed by using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. It was found that as a result of the LD farmers land size (44.44%) was decreased but not significant as of the chi-value. Also decline in crop yield (42.22%) was reported. The tillage degradation of the land increased the eroadibility of soil (24.44%) and decreased its yield (36.67%) with a significant association of the perceptions of the farmers. The overgrazing has also affect on the LD by decreasing the plant density (16.67%), increased the soil compaction and trampling by cattle. The soil structure LD having also consequences for the farmer’s livelihoods like decreased the food production and increased the chances of droughts. Salinization degradation decreased the productivity of land, income and increased the water scarcity, affect the plant vegetative growth and also results low rain fall which alternatively affect the sustainability of the farmer’s livelihoods. It was concluded that LD is an enormous threat to the future sustainability and food security of the farmers. The study recommends for a long- term financial commitment and improved coordination of investments, coupled by allowing the family unit to make the right choices about their livelihoods and family planning to reduce the pressure on limited resources by fostering diversifications of income sources for the households for their future livelihoods sustainability and food security.
{"title":"Livelihood Sustainability and Land Degradation in Central Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan","authors":"M. Israr, Saeed Ullah, N. Ahmad","doi":"10.12691/ENV-8-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-8-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"Land Degradation (LD) is a universal problem influencing all areas of human prosperity all over the world. The aim of this research is to study the farming household livelihoods sustainability and land degradation, in Mardan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. By using Slovin’s “formula”, 90 farmers were “randomly” selected through a total of 857 registered farmers. Primary data were collected through structure questionnaire face to face interview from the farming households (HH) and was analysed by using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. It was found that as a result of the LD farmers land size (44.44%) was decreased but not significant as of the chi-value. Also decline in crop yield (42.22%) was reported. The tillage degradation of the land increased the eroadibility of soil (24.44%) and decreased its yield (36.67%) with a significant association of the perceptions of the farmers. The overgrazing has also affect on the LD by decreasing the plant density (16.67%), increased the soil compaction and trampling by cattle. The soil structure LD having also consequences for the farmer’s livelihoods like decreased the food production and increased the chances of droughts. Salinization degradation decreased the productivity of land, income and increased the water scarcity, affect the plant vegetative growth and also results low rain fall which alternatively affect the sustainability of the farmer’s livelihoods. It was concluded that LD is an enormous threat to the future sustainability and food security of the farmers. The study recommends for a long- term financial commitment and improved coordination of investments, coupled by allowing the family unit to make the right choices about their livelihoods and family planning to reduce the pressure on limited resources by fostering diversifications of income sources for the households for their future livelihoods sustainability and food security.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"109 1","pages":"43-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86230047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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