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Grazing cover crops increases soil microbial biomass in Texas semiarid ecoregion 在得克萨斯州半干旱生态区放牧覆盖作物可增加土壤微生物生物量
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20538
Partson Mubvumba, Paul B. DeLaune, Terry J. Gentry

Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) bring diversity to agricultural systems, enhancing soil ecosystem services, food production, and environmental sustainability. Resource utilization efficiency practices under semiarid ecoregions include dual systems that grow wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for both grain and grazing (G) and recently complementary to wheat dual systems, cover crops (CC) for feeding both the soil and cattle during the fallow period. The latter continues to generate interest and there is a paucity of information on associated biochemical cycles. The objective was to evaluate the impact of CC and grazing thereof on soil microbiota structure, diversity, proliferation, and nutrient cycling. Introducing CC to no-till (NT [NTC]) and grazing CC (NTCG [ICLS]), increased total PLFA biomass (TPB) for ungrazed CC (NTC) by 12%, and grazed CC (NTCG [ICLS]) by 20%; total bacteria biomass (TBB) by 10% for NTC and 24% for NTCG; total fungal biomass (TFB) by 9% for NTC and 21% for NTCG. The CC significantly increased Gram (−) bacteria biomass by 17% and 34% for NTC and NTCG, respectively; the CC significantly increased Gram (+) bacteria biomass by 6% and 12% for NTC and NTCG, respectively; and the CC significantly increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by 55% and 89% for NTC and NTCG respectively, compared to NT fallow practice. Significant correlations were observed for NO3–N, NH4+–N, water-extractable organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and water-extractable organic carbon with TPB, TBB, and TFB using Haney soil health methods. Based on the measured parameters, the soil health status decreased in the order NTCG > NTC > NT > CT, where NT is the no-till, C is the cover crop, G is the grazing, and CT is the conventional-till. Grazing CC enhanced soil bacterial biomass over CC in solitude.

作物-牲畜综合系统(ICLS)为农业系统带来了多样性,提高了土壤生态系统服务、粮食产量和环境可持续性。半干旱生态区域的资源利用效率实践包括种植小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)以获取粮食和放牧(G)的双系统,以及最近作为小麦双系统的补充,在休耕期间用于喂养土壤和牛的覆盖作物(CC)。后者继续引起人们的兴趣,但有关相关生化循环的信息却很少。我们的目标是评估 CC 和放牧对土壤微生物群结构、多样性、增殖和养分循环的影响。在免耕(NT [NTC])和放牧 CC(NTCG [ICLS])中引入 CC,未放牧 CC(NTC)的 PLFA 总生物量(TPB)增加了 12%,放牧 CC(NTCG [ICLS])增加了 20%;NTC 的细菌总生物量(TBB)增加了 10%,NTCG 增加了 24%;NTC 的真菌总生物量(TFB)增加了 9%,NTCG 增加了 21%。与新界休耕相比,CC 使 NTC 和 NTCG 的革兰氏(-)细菌生物量分别大幅增加了 17% 和 34%;CC 使 NTC 和 NTCG 的革兰氏(+)细菌生物量分别大幅增加了 6% 和 12%;CC 使 NTC 和 NTCG 的丛枝菌根真菌分别大幅增加了 55% 和 89%。采用哈尼土壤健康方法,观察到 NO3--N、NH4+-N、水提取有机氮、全氮和水提取有机碳与 TPB、TBB 和 TFB 存在显著相关性。根据测量参数,土壤健康状况依次为 NTCG > NTC > NT > CT,其中 NT 为免耕,C 为覆盖作物,G 为放牧,CT 为常规耕作。放牧CC比单独放牧CC提高了土壤细菌生物量。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varietal performance in alternative row arrangements in Georgia 调查佐治亚州高地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种在其他行列安排中的表现
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20546
Jordon M. Hall, Caitlyn B. Lawton, John L. Snider, Phillip M. Roberts, Lavesta C. Hand

With grower interest in skip and wide row cotton systems, varietal performance in such systems has become a major question. An experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Tifton and Midville, GA, evaluating three row arrangements (standard 91-cm row spacing, 2 × 1 skip row, and 183-cm row spacing or wide row) and four commercially available varieties (Stoneville [ST] 5091 Bollgard 3 Xtendflex [B3XF], Phytogen [PHY] 400 Widestrike 3 Roundup Flex Enlist [W3FE], DynaGro [DG] 3799 B3XF, and Deltapine [DP] 1840 B3XF). There were no interactions between variety and row arrangement for any response variable, indicating the best variety for standard row spacings would also be the best variety in alternative row arrangements. Plant populations were reduced 32% and 53% in 2 × 1 skip-row and wide-row systems, respectively, compared to standard row arrangements, which accomplishes the major goal of these systems in reducing seed cost. Boll rot and hard lock were reduced in wide row treatments only, which could benefit cotton growers in the lower Southeast. However, reductions in lint yield were associated with 2 × 1 skip row (all site years) and wide row arrangements (three out of four site-years) compared to the grower standard. Differences among varieties were observed in plant heights, lint yield, and fiber quality, which is to be expected. These results confirm much of the work conducted on skip and wide row cotton systems and indicate that for growers in the lower Southeast to achieve maximum lint yields, standard row arrangements are superior to alternative row arrangements.

随着种植者对跳行和宽行棉花系统的兴趣,品种在这种系统中的表现已成为一个主要问题。2022 年和 2023 年,在佐治亚州的蒂夫顿和米德维尔进行了一项实验,评估了三种行列排列方式(标准 91 厘米行距、2 × 1 跳行、183 厘米行距或宽行)和四个市售品种(Stoneville [ST] 、Stoneville [ST] 、Stoneville [ST] 、Stoneville [ST和 183 厘米行距或宽行)以及四个市售品种(Stoneville [ST] 5091 Bollgard 3 Xtendflex [B3XF]、Phytogen [PHY] 400 Widestrike 3 Roundup Flex Enlist [W3FE]、DynaGro [DG] 3799 B3XF 和 Deltapine [DP] 1840 B3XF)。在任何响应变量中,品种和行列排列之间都没有交互作用,这表明标准行距的最佳品种也是替代行列排列的最佳品种。与标准行距相比,2 × 1 跳行和宽行系统的植株数量分别减少了 32% 和 53%,实现了这些系统降低种子成本的主要目标。仅在宽行处理中棉铃腐烂病和硬锁病有所减少,这可能会使东南部下游地区的棉花种植者受益。然而,与种植者标准相比,2 × 1 跳行(所有地点年)和宽行排列(四个地点年中的三个地点年)与皮棉产量降低有关。不同品种在株高、皮棉产量和纤维质量方面存在差异,这是意料之中的。这些结果证实了在跳行和宽行棉花系统方面所做的大量工作,并表明,对于东南部较低地区的种植者来说,要想获得最高皮棉产量,标准行安排优于其他行安排。
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引用次数: 0
UAS-based multispectral imaging for detecting iron chlorosis in grain sorghum 基于 UAS 的多光谱成像技术检测谷物高粱的铁萎黄病
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20540
Isabel A. Garcia-Williams, Michael J. Starek, Michael J. Brewer, Jacob Berryhill

This study uses a small unmanned aircraft system equipped with a multispectral sensor to assess various vegetation indices (VIs) for their potential to monitor iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) in a grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) crop. IDC is a nutritional disorder that stunts a plants’ growth and causes its leaves to yellow due to an iron deficit. The objective of this project is to find the best VI to detect and monitor IDC. A series of flights were completed over the course of the growing season and processed using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry to create orthorectified, multispectral reflectance maps in the red, green, red-edge, and near-infrared wavelengths. Ground data collection methods were used to analyze stress, chlorophyll levels, and grain yield, correlating them to the multispectral imagery for ground control and precise crop examination. The reflectance maps and soil-removed reflectance maps were used to calculate 25 VIs whose separability was then calculated using a two-class distance measure, determining which contained the largest separation between the pixels representing IDC and healthy vegetation. The field-acquired data were used to conclude which VIs achieved the best results for the dataset as a whole and at each level of IDC (low, moderate, and severe). It was concluded that the MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index, normalized difference red-edge, and normalized green (NG) indices achieved the highest amount of separation between plants with IDC and healthy vegetation, with the NG reaching the highest levels of separability for both soil-included and soil-removed VIs.

本研究利用配备了多光谱传感器的小型无人机系统来评估各种植被指数(VIs),以了解它们在监测谷物高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)作物缺铁性萎黄病(IDC)方面的潜力。缺铁萎黄病是一种营养失调症,由于缺铁,植物生长受阻,叶片发黄。该项目的目标是找到检测和监测 IDC 的最佳 VI。在生长季节期间完成了一系列飞行,并使用 "结构-运动 "摄影测量法进行处理,以创建正射影像、红、绿、红边和近红外波长的多光谱反射率图。地面数据收集方法用于分析压力、叶绿素水平和谷物产量,并将其与多光谱图像关联起来,以进行地面控制和精确的作物检查。反射率图和土壤去除后的反射率图用于计算 25 个 VI,然后使用两类距离测量法计算其可分离性,以确定代表 IDC 和健康植被的像素之间的最大分离度。利用实地获取的数据得出结论,在整个数据集和各个 IDC 级别(低度、中度和重度)上,哪些 VI 达到了最佳效果。得出的结论是,MERIS 陆地叶绿素指数、归一化红边差异指数和归一化绿色(NG)指数在 IDC 植物和健康植被之间的分离度最高,其中 NG 指数在包含土壤和去除土壤的 VIs 中的分离度最高。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of allelochemicals from shade trees bark on the performance of cocoa seedlings 树皮中的等位化学物质对可可秧苗表现的影响
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20543
Jacob Danso, Isaac Kankam Boadu, Joseph Sarkodie-Addo, Michael O. Opoku-Agyeman, Francis Padi, Jacob Ulzen, Alfred Arthur

Shade trees are important in cocoa agroforestry systems; however, they release allelochemicals from various parts that affect understory plants. Unfortunately, information on allelochemicals produced by shade tree bark in cocoa plantation remain scarce. This study investigates the effect of allelochemicals from bark of shade trees on cocoa seedlings growth. The experiment was a 4 × 11 factorial study, and the treatments were four different concentrations from each of the 11 tree species. The treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Data were collected at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment applications. The tree species alone and bark extract concentrations alone significantly impacted plant height from 90 to 150 days after application. Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth, Celtis mildbraedii Engl., and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum produced the highest cocoa seedling heights. All concentrations also influenced stem diameter of cocoa seedlings. Albizia ferruginea enhanced stem diameter significantly among tree species and the control. Tree species and bark extract concentrations interacted to increase fresh root weights and dry plant biomass. Albizia ferruginea consistently increased dry plant biomass, while C. mildbraedii produced the highest enhancement for fresh roots. All concentrations enhanced plant biomass, with the 75 mg mL−1 concentration consistently producing the highest plant fresh and dry weights. Albizia ferruginea and C. mildbraedii can be potential tree species in the cocoa agroforestry when 2-month-old cocoa seedlings are to be transplanted on the field. Bark extract of 75 mg mL−1 concentration can be used as a growth stimulant on cocoa seedlings.

遮荫树在可可农林系统中非常重要,但它们会从不同部位释放等位化学物质,影响林下植物。遗憾的是,有关可可种植园中遮荫树树皮产生的等位化学物质的信息仍然很少。本研究调查了荫树树皮中的等位化学物质对可可幼苗生长的影响。实验采用 4 × 11 因式研究,处理为 11 种树种中每种树皮的四种不同浓度。处理采用完全随机设计,设四个重复。数据分别在处理后 30、60、90、120 和 150 天收集。施药后 90 天至 150 天,仅树种和树皮提取物浓度就会对植株高度产生显著影响。Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth、Celtis mildbraedii Engl.和 Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum 的可可秧苗高度最高。所有浓度也都会影响可可秧苗的茎直径。在树种和对照组中,Albizia ferruginea 能显著增加茎干直径。树种和树皮提取物浓度相互作用,增加了鲜根重量和植物干生物量。Albizia ferruginea 可持续增加植物的干生物量,而 C. mildbraedii 对新鲜根系的增强作用最大。所有浓度都能提高植物生物量,其中 75 毫克毫升-1 浓度的植物鲜重和干重最高。当 2 个月大的可可幼苗被移栽到田地里时,铁线莲(Albizia ferruginea)和白千层(C. mildbraedii)可以作为可可农林业中的潜在树种。浓度为 75 毫克毫升/升的树皮提取物可用作可可幼苗的生长刺激剂。
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引用次数: 0
Spatially refined salinity hazard analysis in gypsum-affected irrigated soils 受石膏影响的灌溉土壤的空间精细盐度危害分析
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20539
Ansley J. Brown, Allan A. Andales, Timothy K. Gates

The global extent of salt-affected agricultural land, 20% of which is deemed gypsiferous, results in billions of dollars of annual economic loss, a serious problem deserving of attention. However, the analysis of gypsiferous saline soils, such as in the irrigated Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) of Colorado, can result in an inflated estimation of soil salinity when using the traditional soil saturated paste extract electrical conductivity (ECe), leading to inaccurate crop yield loss predictions and misguided decisions for remediation. Sparingly soluble gypsum (CaSO4 ·$cdot$ 2H2O) in these soils dissolves more readily during laboratory preparation of saturated paste extracts because of excess soil water dilution coupled with sample disturbance. We present a pragmatic linear-regression approach to correct for this phenomenon, calibrated using two adapted methods for correcting ECe on an individual sample basis. The novel approach used electrical conductivity of pore water samples from saline fields to evaluate the accuracy of the correction methods. The approach was applied on soil samples from two surface-irrigated, saline fields in the LARV, which were mapped using electromagnetic induction data and analysis of covariance linear regression, calibrated for ECe and ECe corrected for excess gypsum dissoultion (ECeg). Average ECeg values are as much as 26% lower than uncorrected ECe in gypsum-biased portions of the fields. Estimation of corn salinity hazard in these gypsum-affected areas using ECeg in lieu of ECe in a traditional yield response function generated mean relative yield values that are higher by up to 13 percentage points. We discuss lessons learned and suggest enhancements to the techniques.

全球受盐分影响的农田面积达 20%,其中 20% 被认为是石膏盐碱地,每年造成数十亿美元的经济损失,这一严重问题值得关注。然而,在对科罗拉多州阿肯色河下游河谷(LARV)等灌溉区的石膏盐碱土进行分析时,如果使用传统的土壤饱和糊状提取物电导率(ECe),可能会导致对土壤盐分的估算偏高,从而导致对作物产量损失的预测不准确,并做出错误的修复决策。在实验室制备饱和糊状提取物的过程中,这些土壤中的稀溶性石膏(CaSO4 - $cdot$ 2H2O)更容易溶解,这是因为过量的土壤水稀释加上样品扰动造成的。我们提出了一种实用的线性回归方法来校正这一现象,并使用两种经过调整的方法来校正单个样品的导电率。新方法使用盐田孔隙水样本的电导率来评估校正方法的准确性。该方法应用于 LARV 地区两块地表灌溉盐碱地的土壤样本,利用电磁感应数据和协方差线性回归分析绘制了盐碱地地图,校正了导电率(ECe)和经石膏过量溶解(ECeg)校正的导电率(ECe)。在有石膏偏向的田块中,ECeg 平均值比未经校正的 ECe 低 26%。在这些受石膏影响的地区,用 ECeg 代替传统产量反应函数中的 ECe 来估算玉米盐渍化危害,得出的平均相对产量值高达 13 个百分点。我们讨论了经验教训,并提出了改进技术的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the yield of surviving plants from early-season hail damage in corn: A field survey 评估玉米早季雹灾后存活植株的产量:实地调查
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20533
I. P. Lisboa, C. A. Proctor, R. W. Elmore, A. J. McMechan, N. D. Mueller, J. Wilson, G. Zobeck, A. Nygren, A. Bastidas, O. A. Ortez

Economic losses due to hailstorms across US corn fields occur every year. Hailstorms result in leaf defoliation, decreasing photosynthetic area and impairing carbon assimilation and crop yield for all corn (Zea mays L.) development stages. However, more attention is often given to stand reductions rather than damage to stems or leaf defoliation. During the 2014 growing season, a natural hail event affected many areas of eastern Nebraska. Twelve affected corn fields were surveyed and included in this study. An injury score scale (1–5) was developed based on various injury and severity levels before the V6 (6-leaf corn growth stage) (six-collared leaves). Scores were assigned to affected fields approximately 10–15 days after the hailstorm. At the end of the growing season, ears were harvested, and grain yield per plant was determined. The highest grain yield (p < 0.05) was recorded with plants that were affected but retained a main stem in good condition, albeit defoliation was present (score 1, lowest damage category). In contrast, when the main stem was cut and the plant had poor regrowth (score 3), yields were reduced by approximately 53% compared to plants with an injury score of 1. A significant negative linear relationship (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.01) between injury score and yield was observed (higher injury score from hail events resulted in lower yields). Based on these results, corn yield reduction due to plant injury from hail events before V6 should not be only attributed to stand reductions. Our findings indicate an opportunity to adjust the US evaluation standards for early-season hail damage events in corn fields.

美国玉米田每年都会遭受冰雹造成的经济损失。雹灾导致叶片落叶,减少光合面积,损害碳吸收,影响玉米(Zea mays L.)所有生长阶段的作物产量。然而,人们更关注的往往是株数减少,而不是茎秆受损或叶片落叶。在 2014 年的生长季节,内布拉斯加州东部的许多地区受到了自然冰雹事件的影响。本研究调查了 12 块受影响的玉米田。根据 V6(玉米六叶生长阶段)(六片领叶)之前的各种伤害和严重程度,制定了伤害评分表(1-5)。在冰雹发生后约 10-15 天,对受影响的田块进行评分。在生长季节结束时,收获果穗并确定每株的谷物产量。尽管存在落叶现象,但受灾植株的主茎仍保持良好状态,谷物产量最高(p <0.05)(评分 1,最低损害类别)。与此相反,当主茎被砍断且植株生长不良(评分 3)时,产量比损伤评分为 1 的植株减少约 53%。在损伤评分和产量之间观察到显著的负线性关系(R2 = 0.63,p < 0.01)(冰雹事件造成的损伤评分越高,产量越低)。根据上述结果,V6 期之前冰雹造成的植株伤害导致的玉米减产不应仅仅归因于株数减少。我们的研究结果表明,有机会调整美国对玉米田早季雹灾事件的评估标准。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary results of dandelion cultivation under different seeding rates and harvest regimes 在不同播种率和收获制度下种植蒲公英的初步结果
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20521
Elena Basso, Cristina Pornaro, Giampaolo Zanin, Michele Giannini, Stefano Macolino

In the past, several wild plants were widely consumed as food by humans. Dandelion [Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg] is a wild species with remarkable nutritional and medicinal properties. Many studies have investigated the chemical components of the plant for human health. Nonetheless, little research has been carried out on the cultivation and related production of this species. With this study, we intend to investigate some cultural practices to start defining an efficient protocol for dandelion cultivation in northern Italy. Two seeding rates (0.14 and 0.55 g m−2) and two harvest regimes (when leaves reached a length of 20 cm and 1 week later) were compared. Leaf fresh weight yield was determined at each harvest, and the following morphological parameters were measured: plant height, number of plants per square meter, number of leaves per square meter, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, leaf weight, and specific leaf weight. The productivity of dandelion was found to be unaffected by the seeding rate, and no significant differences were found between harvest regimes. The delayed harvest regime was only advantageous at the first cut as it allowed for a longer establishment phase, resulting in a higher yield. The nitrate content in the leaves differed between the first two cuts and the third and fourth cuts with both harvest regimes and both sowing rates.

过去,有几种野生植物被人类作为食物广泛食用。蒲公英 [Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg] 是一种具有显著营养和药用价值的野生植物。许多研究都对蒲公英中有益于人类健康的化学成分进行了调查。然而,关于该物种的种植和相关生产的研究却很少。通过这项研究,我们打算调查一些栽培方法,以便开始确定意大利北部蒲公英栽培的有效规程。我们比较了两种播种率(0.14 和 0.55 克 m-2)和两种收割制度(叶片长到 20 厘米时和一周后)。每次收割时都测定了叶片鲜重产量,并测量了以下形态参数:株高、每平方米植株数、每平方米叶片数、叶面积指数、每株叶片数、叶片重量和叶片比重。研究发现,蒲公英的产量不受播种率的影响,不同收割制度之间也没有显著差异。延迟收割制度仅在第一次收割时具有优势,因为它允许更长的建植阶段,从而获得更高的产量。在两种收割方式和两种播种率下,前两刀和第三、四刀叶片中的硝酸盐含量都不同。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing maize (Zea mays L.) productivity through optimization of brewery sludge and blended NPS fertilizer in North Mecha District, Northwestern Ethiopia 通过优化埃塞俄比亚西北部 North Mecha 地区的酿酒厂污泥和混合 NPS 肥料,提高玉米(Zea mays L.)的产量
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20542
Fenta Assefa, Zenebe Gebremedhin, Teferi Alem, Yigrem Mengist, Wakjira Tesfahun Jebesa

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. However, its yield is lower than its potential mainly due to low soil fertility problems caused by continuous cultivation, limited use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, erosion, and leaching. Therefore, this field experiment has been conducted to optimize brewery sludge and blended NPS fertilizer rates to harness the maximum productivity potential of maize in North Mecha District, northwestern Ethiopia. The experiment was designed in a factorial arrangement of three levels of brewery sludge (0, 10, and 20 t ha−1) and four levels of blended NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance showed that the main effects of the blended NPS fertilizer had significant effects on the ear length, number of kernels per row, stover yield, and 1000-kernel weight. Their interactions also had a significant effect on leaf area, leaf area index, aboveground dry biomass yield, grain yield, plant height, number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, and harvest index. Accordingly, the combined application of 10 t ha−1 brewery sludge and 100 kg ha−1 blended NPS fertilizer resulted in the highest grain yield (9163.4 kg ha−1), net benefit (145,590.1 ETB [Ethiopian Birr] ha−1), and marginal rate of return (3789.30%) of maize. Thus, this treatment can be tentatively recommended for the North Mecha district.

玉米(Zea mays L.)是埃塞俄比亚最重要的谷类作物之一。然而,其产量低于其潜力,主要原因是连续耕作、有机肥和无机肥使用有限、水土流失和沥滤造成的土壤肥力低下问题。因此,本田间试验旨在优化啤酒厂污泥和混合 NPS 肥料的施用量,以发挥埃塞俄比亚西北部 North Mecha 地区玉米的最大生产潜力。试验采用因子排列设计,即三个水平的啤酒厂污泥(0、10 和 20 吨/公顷-1)和四个水平的混合 NPS 肥料(0、50、100 和 150 千克/公顷-1),采用随机完全区组设计,三次重复。方差分析显示,混合氮磷钾肥料的主效应对穗长、每行籽粒数、秸秆产量和千粒重有显著影响。它们之间的交互作用对叶面积、叶面积指数、地上干生物量产量、谷物产量、株高、每株穗数、每穗行数、每行籽粒数、每穗籽粒数和收获指数也有显著影响。因此,联合施用 10 吨/公顷啤酒厂污泥和 100 千克/公顷混合 NPS 肥料可使玉米获得最高的谷物产量(9163.4 千克/公顷)、净收益(145590.1 埃塞俄比亚比尔)和边际收益率(3789.30%)。因此,可以初步建议在北梅查地区采用这种处理方法。
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引用次数: 0
Post-flowering high night-time temperature stress impacts physiology and starch metabolism in field-grown maize 花后夜间高温胁迫影响田间种植玉米的生理机能和淀粉代谢
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20522
Nathan T. Hein, Manish Tiwari, Ritesh Kumar, Landon Cook, Troy Ostmeyer, Impa M. Somayanda, James R. Ross, Habtamu Ayalew, Dan Wagner, Mitchell L. Neilsen, S. V. Krishna Jagadish

The global average daily minimum temperatures are increasing at a quicker pace than the average daily maximum temperatures, which are predicted to increase in severity impacting global food production. This study focuses on elucidating the physiological and transcriptional response to high night-time temperature (HNT) stress in 12 US commercial maize (Zea mays) hybrids using unique field-based infrastructure. Our experimental objectives were to (i) impose an accurate and uniformly distributed post-flowering HNT stress of +4.0°C until physiological maturity, (ii) quantify the impact of HNT stress on physiological and yield-related traits, (iii) establish the impact on end-use quality of maize kernels formed under HNT stress, and (iv) analyze the differential expression of genes involved in grain starch metabolism. Accurate and uniformly distributed HNT stress of 3.8°C higher than the ambient night-time temperature throughout the grain-filling period reduced yield (−14%), kernel weight (−8%), and significantly reduced kernel nutrient content, specifically magnesium in the susceptible hybrids. HNT significantly increased the expression of key genes involved in starch metabolism in the tolerant hybrid. Although HNT stress had a negative impact on yield and quality in field grown maize, two hybrids had physiological and transcriptional regulation that favored higher level of resilience which lays the platform for developing climate smart maize hybrids.

全球日平均最低气温的增长速度快于日平均最高气温的增长速度,预计日平均最高气温的严重程度将增加,从而影响全球粮食生产。本研究利用独特的田间基础设施,重点阐明了 12 个美国商业玉米(Zea mays)杂交种对夜间高温(HNT)胁迫的生理和转录反应。我们的实验目标是:(i) 施加精确且均匀分布的 +4.0°C 花后 HNT 胁迫,直至生理成熟;(ii) 量化 HNT 胁迫对生理和产量相关性状的影响;(iii) 确定在 HNT 胁迫下形成的玉米籽粒对最终使用质量的影响;(iv) 分析参与籽粒淀粉代谢的基因的差异表达。在整个籽粒灌浆期,精确且均匀分布的 HNT 胁迫温度比夜间环境温度高 3.8°C,这降低了易感杂交种的产量(-14%)和籽粒重量(-8%),并显著降低了籽粒养分含量,特别是镁含量。在耐受 HNT 的杂交种中,参与淀粉代谢的关键基因的表达量明显增加。虽然 HNT 胁迫对田间种植玉米的产量和质量有负面影响,但两个杂交种的生理和转录调控有利于提高抗逆性,这为开发气候智能型玉米杂交种奠定了平台。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure of vegetables to simulated volcanic ashfall reveals production loss controlled by plant traits and growth stage 将蔬菜暴露于模拟火山灰降过程中,发现产量损失受植物性状和生长阶段的控制
IF 1.3 Q3 AGRONOMY Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20494
Noa Ligot, Pierre Miny de Tornaco, Benoît Pereira, Patrick Bogaert, Pierre Delmelle

Explosive volcanic eruptions represent a serious threat to agriculture in many countries. Ashfall can cause substantial damage to crops, jeopardizing farmers' livelihoods and potentially endangering food security. Previous field-based studies have associated ash impact on crops with the deposit thickness, or, correspondingly, with the mass load. However, non-volcanic factors, including plant traits and growth stage, also influence the vulnerability of crops to ashfall. To accurately estimate the risk of crop production loss in ash-prone areas, it is essential to evaluate how these factors govern the impact of ash on crops. We grew leafy (lettuce, Lactuca sativa; hative d'Heverlée, and cabbage, Brassica oleracea; cabus de Chateaurenard) and bulb and root (onion, Allium cepa; blanc premier, and carrot, Daucus carota; hative d‘Oxhella) vegetables in a greenhouse and exposed them at two growth stages to simulated ash deposits ranging from 5 to 40 kg m−2. Our results confirm that crop production loss increases with higher ash mass load, reaching 27%–69% for deposits of 20–40 kg m−2. Additionally, they indicate a higher vulnerability of carrot and onion plants than previously reported. Lettuce and cabbage plants were more severely impacted by ash compared to onion and carrot plants, illustrating the role of plant traits in controlling ash interception and retention on foliage. Furthermore, the plant growth stage emerged as another vulnerability factor. Using the new impact data, we calculated a theoretical production loss in a cultivated area potentially affected by ashfall. This revealed that a significant portion of the crop production loss can be associated with low ash mass loads (5 kg m−2), emphasizing the importance of including distal regions in the impact assessment of ashfall on crops.

火山爆发对许多国家的农业构成严重威胁。落灰会对农作物造成重大损害,危及农民的生计,并可能危及粮食安全。以往的实地研究将火山灰对农作物的影响与沉积厚度或相应的质量负荷联系起来。然而,包括植物性状和生长阶段在内的非火山因素也会影响农作物受火山灰影响的程度。为了准确估计火山灰易发地区农作物产量损失的风险,必须评估这些因素如何影响火山灰对农作物的影响。我们在温室中种植了叶菜类(莴苣,Lactuca sativa;hative d'Heverlée;卷心菜,Brassica oleracea;cabus de Chateaurenard)和球根类(洋葱,Allium cepa;blanc premier;胡萝卜,Daucus carota;hative d'Oxhella)蔬菜,并在两个生长阶段将它们暴露在 5 至 40 kg m-2 的模拟火山灰沉积中。我们的研究结果证实,作物产量损失会随着灰烬质量负荷的增加而增加,当灰烬沉积量为 20-40 kg m-2 时,产量损失达到 27%-69%。此外,这些结果还表明,胡萝卜和洋葱植物比以前报道的更容易受到影响。与洋葱和胡萝卜植物相比,生菜和卷心菜植物受灰烬的影响更为严重,这说明了植物特性在控制灰烬截留和叶片保留方面的作用。此外,植物的生长阶段也是另一个易受影响的因素。利用新的影响数据,我们计算了可能受到落灰影响的种植区的理论产量损失。结果显示,作物产量损失的很大一部分可能与低灰分质量负荷(5 千克 m-2)有关,这强调了将远端地区纳入落灰对作物影响评估的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment
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