Partson Mubvumba, Paul B. DeLaune, Terry J. Gentry
Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) bring diversity to agricultural systems, enhancing soil ecosystem services, food production, and environmental sustainability. Resource utilization efficiency practices under semiarid ecoregions include dual systems that grow wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for both grain and grazing (G) and recently complementary to wheat dual systems, cover crops (CC) for feeding both the soil and cattle during the fallow period. The latter continues to generate interest and there is a paucity of information on associated biochemical cycles. The objective was to evaluate the impact of CC and grazing thereof on soil microbiota structure, diversity, proliferation, and nutrient cycling. Introducing CC to no-till (NT [NTC]) and grazing CC (NTCG [ICLS]), increased total PLFA biomass (TPB) for ungrazed CC (NTC) by 12%, and grazed CC (NTCG [ICLS]) by 20%; total bacteria biomass (TBB) by 10% for NTC and 24% for NTCG; total fungal biomass (TFB) by 9% for NTC and 21% for NTCG. The CC significantly increased Gram (−) bacteria biomass by 17% and 34% for NTC and NTCG, respectively; the CC significantly increased Gram (+) bacteria biomass by 6% and 12% for NTC and NTCG, respectively; and the CC significantly increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by 55% and 89% for NTC and NTCG respectively, compared to NT fallow practice. Significant correlations were observed for NO3−–N, NH4+–N, water-extractable organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and water-extractable organic carbon with TPB, TBB, and TFB using Haney soil health methods. Based on the measured parameters, the soil health status decreased in the order NTCG > NTC > NT > CT, where NT is the no-till, C is the cover crop, G is the grazing, and CT is the conventional-till. Grazing CC enhanced soil bacterial biomass over CC in solitude.
{"title":"Grazing cover crops increases soil microbial biomass in Texas semiarid ecoregion","authors":"Partson Mubvumba, Paul B. DeLaune, Terry J. Gentry","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20538","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) bring diversity to agricultural systems, enhancing soil ecosystem services, food production, and environmental sustainability. Resource utilization efficiency practices under semiarid ecoregions include dual systems that grow wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) for both grain and grazing (G) and recently complementary to wheat dual systems, cover crops (CC) for feeding both the soil and cattle during the fallow period. The latter continues to generate interest and there is a paucity of information on associated biochemical cycles. The objective was to evaluate the impact of CC and grazing thereof on soil microbiota structure, diversity, proliferation, and nutrient cycling. Introducing CC to no-till (NT [NTC]) and grazing CC (NTCG [ICLS]), increased total PLFA biomass (TPB) for ungrazed CC (NTC) by 12%, and grazed CC (NTCG [ICLS]) by 20%; total bacteria biomass (TBB) by 10% for NTC and 24% for NTCG; total fungal biomass (TFB) by 9% for NTC and 21% for NTCG. The CC significantly increased Gram (−) bacteria biomass by 17% and 34% for NTC and NTCG, respectively; the CC significantly increased Gram (+) bacteria biomass by 6% and 12% for NTC and NTCG, respectively; and the CC significantly increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by 55% and 89% for NTC and NTCG respectively, compared to NT fallow practice. Significant correlations were observed for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>–N, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>–N, water-extractable organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and water-extractable organic carbon with TPB, TBB, and TFB using Haney soil health methods. Based on the measured parameters, the soil health status decreased in the order NTCG > NTC > NT > CT, where NT is the no-till, C is the cover crop, G is the grazing, and CT is the conventional-till. Grazing CC enhanced soil bacterial biomass over CC in solitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141639502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordon M. Hall, Caitlyn B. Lawton, John L. Snider, Phillip M. Roberts, Lavesta C. Hand
With grower interest in skip and wide row cotton systems, varietal performance in such systems has become a major question. An experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Tifton and Midville, GA, evaluating three row arrangements (standard 91-cm row spacing, 2 × 1 skip row, and 183-cm row spacing or wide row) and four commercially available varieties (Stoneville [ST] 5091 Bollgard 3 Xtendflex [B3XF], Phytogen [PHY] 400 Widestrike 3 Roundup Flex Enlist [W3FE], DynaGro [DG] 3799 B3XF, and Deltapine [DP] 1840 B3XF). There were no interactions between variety and row arrangement for any response variable, indicating the best variety for standard row spacings would also be the best variety in alternative row arrangements. Plant populations were reduced 32% and 53% in 2 × 1 skip-row and wide-row systems, respectively, compared to standard row arrangements, which accomplishes the major goal of these systems in reducing seed cost. Boll rot and hard lock were reduced in wide row treatments only, which could benefit cotton growers in the lower Southeast. However, reductions in lint yield were associated with 2 × 1 skip row (all site years) and wide row arrangements (three out of four site-years) compared to the grower standard. Differences among varieties were observed in plant heights, lint yield, and fiber quality, which is to be expected. These results confirm much of the work conducted on skip and wide row cotton systems and indicate that for growers in the lower Southeast to achieve maximum lint yields, standard row arrangements are superior to alternative row arrangements.
{"title":"Investigating upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varietal performance in alternative row arrangements in Georgia","authors":"Jordon M. Hall, Caitlyn B. Lawton, John L. Snider, Phillip M. Roberts, Lavesta C. Hand","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20546","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With grower interest in skip and wide row cotton systems, varietal performance in such systems has become a major question. An experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Tifton and Midville, GA, evaluating three row arrangements (standard 91-cm row spacing, 2 × 1 skip row, and 183-cm row spacing or wide row) and four commercially available varieties (Stoneville [ST] 5091 Bollgard 3 Xtendflex [B3XF], Phytogen [PHY] 400 Widestrike 3 Roundup Flex Enlist [W3FE], DynaGro [DG] 3799 B3XF, and Deltapine [DP] 1840 B3XF). There were no interactions between variety and row arrangement for any response variable, indicating the best variety for standard row spacings would also be the best variety in alternative row arrangements. Plant populations were reduced 32% and 53% in 2 × 1 skip-row and wide-row systems, respectively, compared to standard row arrangements, which accomplishes the major goal of these systems in reducing seed cost. Boll rot and hard lock were reduced in wide row treatments only, which could benefit cotton growers in the lower Southeast. However, reductions in lint yield were associated with 2 × 1 skip row (all site years) and wide row arrangements (three out of four site-years) compared to the grower standard. Differences among varieties were observed in plant heights, lint yield, and fiber quality, which is to be expected. These results confirm much of the work conducted on skip and wide row cotton systems and indicate that for growers in the lower Southeast to achieve maximum lint yields, standard row arrangements are superior to alternative row arrangements.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel A. Garcia-Williams, Michael J. Starek, Michael J. Brewer, Jacob Berryhill
This study uses a small unmanned aircraft system equipped with a multispectral sensor to assess various vegetation indices (VIs) for their potential to monitor iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) in a grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) crop. IDC is a nutritional disorder that stunts a plants’ growth and causes its leaves to yellow due to an iron deficit. The objective of this project is to find the best VI to detect and monitor IDC. A series of flights were completed over the course of the growing season and processed using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry to create orthorectified, multispectral reflectance maps in the red, green, red-edge, and near-infrared wavelengths. Ground data collection methods were used to analyze stress, chlorophyll levels, and grain yield, correlating them to the multispectral imagery for ground control and precise crop examination. The reflectance maps and soil-removed reflectance maps were used to calculate 25 VIs whose separability was then calculated using a two-class distance measure, determining which contained the largest separation between the pixels representing IDC and healthy vegetation. The field-acquired data were used to conclude which VIs achieved the best results for the dataset as a whole and at each level of IDC (low, moderate, and severe). It was concluded that the MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index, normalized difference red-edge, and normalized green (NG) indices achieved the highest amount of separation between plants with IDC and healthy vegetation, with the NG reaching the highest levels of separability for both soil-included and soil-removed VIs.
本研究利用配备了多光谱传感器的小型无人机系统来评估各种植被指数(VIs),以了解它们在监测谷物高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)作物缺铁性萎黄病(IDC)方面的潜力。缺铁萎黄病是一种营养失调症,由于缺铁,植物生长受阻,叶片发黄。该项目的目标是找到检测和监测 IDC 的最佳 VI。在生长季节期间完成了一系列飞行,并使用 "结构-运动 "摄影测量法进行处理,以创建正射影像、红、绿、红边和近红外波长的多光谱反射率图。地面数据收集方法用于分析压力、叶绿素水平和谷物产量,并将其与多光谱图像关联起来,以进行地面控制和精确的作物检查。反射率图和土壤去除后的反射率图用于计算 25 个 VI,然后使用两类距离测量法计算其可分离性,以确定代表 IDC 和健康植被的像素之间的最大分离度。利用实地获取的数据得出结论,在整个数据集和各个 IDC 级别(低度、中度和重度)上,哪些 VI 达到了最佳效果。得出的结论是,MERIS 陆地叶绿素指数、归一化红边差异指数和归一化绿色(NG)指数在 IDC 植物和健康植被之间的分离度最高,其中 NG 指数在包含土壤和去除土壤的 VIs 中的分离度最高。
{"title":"UAS-based multispectral imaging for detecting iron chlorosis in grain sorghum","authors":"Isabel A. Garcia-Williams, Michael J. Starek, Michael J. Brewer, Jacob Berryhill","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20540","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study uses a small unmanned aircraft system equipped with a multispectral sensor to assess various vegetation indices (VIs) for their potential to monitor iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) in a grain sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> L.) crop. IDC is a nutritional disorder that stunts a plants’ growth and causes its leaves to yellow due to an iron deficit. The objective of this project is to find the best VI to detect and monitor IDC. A series of flights were completed over the course of the growing season and processed using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry to create orthorectified, multispectral reflectance maps in the red, green, red-edge, and near-infrared wavelengths. Ground data collection methods were used to analyze stress, chlorophyll levels, and grain yield, correlating them to the multispectral imagery for ground control and precise crop examination. The reflectance maps and soil-removed reflectance maps were used to calculate 25 VIs whose separability was then calculated using a two-class distance measure, determining which contained the largest separation between the pixels representing IDC and healthy vegetation. The field-acquired data were used to conclude which VIs achieved the best results for the dataset as a whole and at each level of IDC (low, moderate, and severe). It was concluded that the MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index, normalized difference red-edge, and normalized green (NG) indices achieved the highest amount of separation between plants with IDC and healthy vegetation, with the NG reaching the highest levels of separability for both soil-included and soil-removed VIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob Danso, Isaac Kankam Boadu, Joseph Sarkodie-Addo, Michael O. Opoku-Agyeman, Francis Padi, Jacob Ulzen, Alfred Arthur
Shade trees are important in cocoa agroforestry systems; however, they release allelochemicals from various parts that affect understory plants. Unfortunately, information on allelochemicals produced by shade tree bark in cocoa plantation remain scarce. This study investigates the effect of allelochemicals from bark of shade trees on cocoa seedlings growth. The experiment was a 4 × 11 factorial study, and the treatments were four different concentrations from each of the 11 tree species. The treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Data were collected at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment applications. The tree species alone and bark extract concentrations alone significantly impacted plant height from 90 to 150 days after application. Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth, Celtis mildbraedii Engl., and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum produced the highest cocoa seedling heights. All concentrations also influenced stem diameter of cocoa seedlings. Albizia ferruginea enhanced stem diameter significantly among tree species and the control. Tree species and bark extract concentrations interacted to increase fresh root weights and dry plant biomass. Albizia ferruginea consistently increased dry plant biomass, while C. mildbraedii produced the highest enhancement for fresh roots. All concentrations enhanced plant biomass, with the 75 mg mL−1 concentration consistently producing the highest plant fresh and dry weights. Albizia ferruginea and C. mildbraedii can be potential tree species in the cocoa agroforestry when 2-month-old cocoa seedlings are to be transplanted on the field. Bark extract of 75 mg mL−1 concentration can be used as a growth stimulant on cocoa seedlings.
{"title":"Impact of allelochemicals from shade trees bark on the performance of cocoa seedlings","authors":"Jacob Danso, Isaac Kankam Boadu, Joseph Sarkodie-Addo, Michael O. Opoku-Agyeman, Francis Padi, Jacob Ulzen, Alfred Arthur","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20543","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shade trees are important in cocoa agroforestry systems; however, they release allelochemicals from various parts that affect understory plants. Unfortunately, information on allelochemicals produced by shade tree bark in cocoa plantation remain scarce. This study investigates the effect of allelochemicals from bark of shade trees on cocoa seedlings growth. The experiment was a 4 × 11 factorial study, and the treatments were four different concentrations from each of the 11 tree species. The treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Data were collected at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment applications. The tree species alone and bark extract concentrations alone significantly impacted plant height from 90 to 150 days after application. <i>Albizia ferruginea</i> (Guill. & Perr.) Benth, <i>Celtis mildbraedii</i> Engl., and <i>Triplochiton scleroxylon</i> K. Schum produced the highest cocoa seedling heights. All concentrations also influenced stem diameter of cocoa seedlings. <i>Albizia ferruginea</i> enhanced stem diameter significantly among tree species and the control. Tree species and bark extract concentrations interacted to increase fresh root weights and dry plant biomass. <i>Albizia ferruginea</i> consistently increased dry plant biomass, while <i>C</i>. <i>mildbraedii</i> produced the highest enhancement for fresh roots. All concentrations enhanced plant biomass, with the 75 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> concentration consistently producing the highest plant fresh and dry weights. <i>Albizia ferruginea</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>mildbraedii</i> can be potential tree species in the cocoa agroforestry when 2-month-old cocoa seedlings are to be transplanted on the field. Bark extract of 75 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> concentration can be used as a growth stimulant on cocoa seedlings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141565706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ansley J. Brown, Allan A. Andales, Timothy K. Gates
The global extent of salt-affected agricultural land, 20% of which is deemed gypsiferous, results in billions of dollars of annual economic loss, a serious problem deserving of attention. However, the analysis of gypsiferous saline soils, such as in the irrigated Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) of Colorado, can result in an inflated estimation of soil salinity when using the traditional soil saturated paste extract electrical conductivity (ECe), leading to inaccurate crop yield loss predictions and misguided decisions for remediation. Sparingly soluble gypsum (CaSO4