Background: Vaginal infections are often associated with a significant risk of morbidity especially in pregnant women. These infections if left untreated often result in a long-term sequelae and poses a higher adverse pregnancy outcome especially in immunocompromised women. While HIV infection has been reported to be a high risk of pathogenic bacterial colonization, the misuse of antibiotics is high among women in developing countries. Methodology and results: A high vaginal swab was collected from the posterior fornix from each pregnant women by the attending physician using sterile bivalve speculum and a cotton- tipped applicator. Each sample was cultured and identified using standard bacterlogical methods. Selected pathogens were thereafter tested for their sensitivity to 23 commonly prescribed antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer method. Altogether, 1,156 bacterial isolates were cultured from high vaginal swabs of both 114 HIV seropositive and 126 HIV seronegative pregnant women, averaging 4.81 bacterial per subject each for both cohorts. S. aureus was seen as the single predominant isolate recovered from both groups. In addition, of the 22 S. aureus recovered from HIV infected women, 10 isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 12 Methicillin sensitive S aureus (MSSA), while, of the 25 S. aureus recovered from HIV seronegative women, 13 isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 12 Methicillin sensitive S aureus (MSSA). Other gram negative pathogens associated with lower genital infections were also studied. Conclusion: The incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance was high among isolates recovered from both cohorts, which is probably due to uncontrollable ease of access to these antibiotics in the environment where antibiotics restriction/policy is lacking. There is an urgent need for continuous monitoring, health education, drug abuse awareness and implementation of interventions to restrict antibiotic abuse especially among immunocompromised individuals in the study environment.
{"title":"Antibiotic Drug Resistance in HIV Seropositive Pregnant Women","authors":"K. Ako-Nai, B I Omo-Omorodion","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vaginal infections are often associated with a significant risk of morbidity especially in pregnant women. These infections if left untreated often result in a long-term sequelae and poses a higher adverse pregnancy outcome especially in immunocompromised women. While HIV infection has been reported to be a high risk of pathogenic bacterial colonization, the misuse of antibiotics is high among women in developing countries. Methodology and results: A high vaginal swab was collected from the posterior fornix from each pregnant women by the attending physician using sterile bivalve speculum and a cotton- tipped applicator. Each sample was cultured and identified using standard bacterlogical methods. Selected pathogens were thereafter tested for their sensitivity to 23 commonly prescribed antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer method. Altogether, 1,156 bacterial isolates were cultured from high vaginal swabs of both 114 HIV seropositive and 126 HIV seronegative pregnant women, averaging 4.81 bacterial per subject each for both cohorts. S. aureus was seen as the single predominant isolate recovered from both groups. In addition, of the 22 S. aureus recovered from HIV infected women, 10 isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 12 Methicillin sensitive S aureus (MSSA), while, of the 25 S. aureus recovered from HIV seronegative women, 13 isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 12 Methicillin sensitive S aureus (MSSA). Other gram negative pathogens associated with lower genital infections were also studied. Conclusion: The incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance was high among isolates recovered from both cohorts, which is probably due to uncontrollable ease of access to these antibiotics in the environment where antibiotics restriction/policy is lacking. There is an urgent need for continuous monitoring, health education, drug abuse awareness and implementation of interventions to restrict antibiotic abuse especially among immunocompromised individuals in the study environment.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81159378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. O. Ajayi, S. A. Osanyinlusi, B Ogeneh, O. Ojerinde, S. J. Oladeji
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are huge health burden. This study determined the current incidence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacteria from patients with UTI at a health center in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty two mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured. Sixty-four samples (52.4%) grew significant bacteria. Gram-negative bacterial colonies were picked per plate, identified and tested for susceptibility to the following antibiotics: Ertapenem (10µg), meropenem (10µg), ceftazidime (30µg), ceftriaxone (30µg), gentamicin (10µg), ampicillin (10µg), tetracycline (30µg), norfloxacin (10µg) and pefloxacin (5µg). Thirty-nine isolates were selected for extended spectrum beta-lactamase production using the double disk synergy test. All the bacteria were tested for biofilms and haemolysis. Sixty-four Gram-negative bacterial isolates were recovered from 64 samples. The bacteria recovered included K. pneumonia, K. oxytoca, P. vulgaris, E. coli, P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. Overall, the bacteria showed the highest resistance to ampicillin 60/64 (94.5%) and least resistance to meropenem 18/64 (28.1%). All the bacteria tested for ESBL production were confirmed as ESBL producers. Twenty-two (34.3%) isolates were strong biofilm producers while 19 isolates were haemolytic (29.7%). These findings have serious implications to medical care and public health. Strict antibiotic stewardship should be enforced.
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance Patterns among Gram-negative Bacteria from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection at a Healthcare Center in Ekiti-State, Nigeria","authors":"A. O. Ajayi, S. A. Osanyinlusi, B Ogeneh, O. Ojerinde, S. J. Oladeji","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are huge health burden. This study determined the current incidence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacteria from patients with UTI at a health center in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty two mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured. Sixty-four samples (52.4%) grew significant bacteria. Gram-negative bacterial colonies were picked per plate, identified and tested for susceptibility to the following antibiotics: Ertapenem (10µg), meropenem (10µg), ceftazidime (30µg), ceftriaxone (30µg), gentamicin (10µg), ampicillin (10µg), tetracycline (30µg), norfloxacin (10µg) and pefloxacin (5µg). Thirty-nine isolates were selected for extended spectrum beta-lactamase production using the double disk synergy test. All the bacteria were tested for biofilms and haemolysis. Sixty-four Gram-negative bacterial isolates were recovered from 64 samples. The bacteria recovered included K. pneumonia, K. oxytoca, P. vulgaris, E. coli, P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. Overall, the bacteria showed the highest resistance to ampicillin 60/64 (94.5%) and least resistance to meropenem 18/64 (28.1%). All the bacteria tested for ESBL production were confirmed as ESBL producers. Twenty-two (34.3%) isolates were strong biofilm producers while 19 isolates were haemolytic (29.7%). These findings have serious implications to medical care and public health. Strict antibiotic stewardship should be enforced.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90138011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Chemitei, Makumba B. Amendi, L. Mwamburi, J. Ochuodho
Net-blotch and scald are important foliar diseases of barley. In the present study, the biocontrol activity of Paenibacillus polymyxa KaI245 was evaluated against Drechsclera teres f. sp teres and Rhynchosporium commune causing net-form-net-blotch and scald respectively. In-vitro efficacy of the bacterial isolate entailed dual culture technique, use of cell-free supernatant and test for volatile-compounds-mediated inhibition. Greenhouse studies were further conducted to evaluate the efficacy of crude bacterial extracts against net-blotch pathogen in barley plants. In dual culture technique, the mycelial growth of D. teres f. sp teres was impeded by approximately 47.3% while there was no any observable effect in R. commune colonies. Food-poison technique was u sed to test the antifungal activity of cell-free supernatant. The cell free supernatant inhibited the growth of D. teres by approximately 24.1%. R. commune colonies were impeded by 52.9% via volatile organic compounds while D. teres f. sp teres remained unaffected. Greenhouse studies showed decreased disease incidence (50%) in the crude-extract-treated barley leaves inoculated with D. teres. In-vitro studies revealed that greater inhibition is imparted by live bacterial cells. The bacterium has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against the tested pathogens of barley. Use of bio-control agents to manage crop diseases is one of the alternatives set to replace chemical fungicides that are saddled with lots of negativity due to their hazardous environmental impact.
{"title":"Bio-Control of Net-Blotch and Scald Pathogens of Barley Using Paenibacillus Polymyxa KAI245 Isolated from Sorghum Rhizosphere in Western Kenya","authors":"K. Chemitei, Makumba B. Amendi, L. Mwamburi, J. Ochuodho","doi":"10.12691/ajmr-7-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmr-7-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"Net-blotch and scald are important foliar diseases of barley. In the present study, the biocontrol activity of Paenibacillus polymyxa KaI245 was evaluated against Drechsclera teres f. sp teres and Rhynchosporium commune causing net-form-net-blotch and scald respectively. In-vitro efficacy of the bacterial isolate entailed dual culture technique, use of cell-free supernatant and test for volatile-compounds-mediated inhibition. Greenhouse studies were further conducted to evaluate the efficacy of crude bacterial extracts against net-blotch pathogen in barley plants. In dual culture technique, the mycelial growth of D. teres f. sp teres was impeded by approximately 47.3% while there was no any observable effect in R. commune colonies. Food-poison technique was u sed to test the antifungal activity of cell-free supernatant. The cell free supernatant inhibited the growth of D. teres by approximately 24.1%. R. commune colonies were impeded by 52.9% via volatile organic compounds while D. teres f. sp teres remained unaffected. Greenhouse studies showed decreased disease incidence (50%) in the crude-extract-treated barley leaves inoculated with D. teres. In-vitro studies revealed that greater inhibition is imparted by live bacterial cells. The bacterium has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against the tested pathogens of barley. Use of bio-control agents to manage crop diseases is one of the alternatives set to replace chemical fungicides that are saddled with lots of negativity due to their hazardous environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"36 1","pages":"28-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73664108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the predominant bacteria found in the nose is Staphylococcus aureus, and they are found in approximately the same number as on the skin and face. The study was carried out to isolate and analyze Staphylococcus aureus obtained from the nasal cavity of female students (at undergraduate and postgraduate levels) of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife campus, Osun state, Nigeria. Out of 40 samples obtained from the nasal cavity of the female students, a total of 9 isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the biochemical tests, they were all Gram-positive cocci in clusters, catalase positive, coagulase positive and were also DNase positive. Based on these criteria, we concluded that individual should ensure that their nose is kept clean and should practice good hygiene especially in a hospital environment to prevent nosocomial infections due to Staphylococcus aureus.
{"title":"A Study on the Isolation and Analyzation of Staphylococcus aureus Obtained from Nasal Samples of Female Students (Undergraduates and Graduates) at The Obafemi Awolowo University Campus","authors":"T. Makinde, K. Ako-Nai, A. Shittu","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"One of the predominant bacteria found in the nose is Staphylococcus aureus, and they are found in approximately the same number as on the skin and face. The study was carried out to isolate and analyze Staphylococcus aureus obtained from the nasal cavity of female students (at undergraduate and postgraduate levels) of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife campus, Osun state, Nigeria. Out of 40 samples obtained from the nasal cavity of the female students, a total of 9 isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the biochemical tests, they were all Gram-positive cocci in clusters, catalase positive, coagulase positive and were also DNase positive. Based on these criteria, we concluded that individual should ensure that their nose is kept clean and should practice good hygiene especially in a hospital environment to prevent nosocomial infections due to Staphylococcus aureus.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"120 1","pages":"24-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77128857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Mizanur Rahman, N. Barua, Z. F. Haque, Amrita Pondit, K. Islam, M. Hassan
Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease, usually transmitted from animal to human and vice versa and causes huge economic losses in poultry industry of Bangladesh. This study was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of Salmonella infection in commercial layer farms of Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh, during the period from February to April, 2016. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from 20 farms of 4 randomly selected upazillas of Cox’s Bazar considering the age groups, and flock sizes. Rapid serum plate agglutination test was done and 42% chickens were found positive for Salmonella infection. With respect to age groups, the seroprevalence was higher (68%) in adults compared to young (20%) chickens. However, the seroprevalence of Salmonella infection was recorded remarkably (54.28%) in large flocks compared to small flocks. In conclusion, we can say that, Salmonella infection is prevalent in the commercial layer chickens of Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. Appropriate measures and strategies should be taken for successful prevention and control of this disease in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Salmonella Infection in Commercial Layer Chickens in Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh","authors":"Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Mizanur Rahman, N. Barua, Z. F. Haque, Amrita Pondit, K. Islam, M. Hassan","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease, usually transmitted from animal to human and vice versa and causes huge economic losses in poultry industry of Bangladesh. This study was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of Salmonella infection in commercial layer farms of Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh, during the period from February to April, 2016. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from 20 farms of 4 randomly selected upazillas of Cox’s Bazar considering the age groups, and flock sizes. Rapid serum plate agglutination test was done and 42% chickens were found positive for Salmonella infection. With respect to age groups, the seroprevalence was higher (68%) in adults compared to young (20%) chickens. However, the seroprevalence of Salmonella infection was recorded remarkably (54.28%) in large flocks compared to small flocks. In conclusion, we can say that, Salmonella infection is prevalent in the commercial layer chickens of Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. Appropriate measures and strategies should be taken for successful prevention and control of this disease in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"71 2","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91431212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fifteen tissue samples of lymph nodes and spleens from Brucella sero-positive camels were subjected to Four polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, which were, abortus melitensis ovis suis (AMOS) PCR, Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR, Multilocus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MLVA) and the Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Extraction of Brucella DNA from tissue samples was done by heat, which was found to be satisfactory for conduction of the tests. Brucella species could be distinguished according to the banding pattern and the amplification fragment length polymorphisms which is a diagnostic tool of specific strains. In this study, we evaluated the performances of newly designed real-time PCR assays using TaqMan probes and targeting the insertion sequence IS711, for the detection of Brucella at genus level. Real-time PCR assays are easy-to-use, produce results faster than conventional PCR systems while reducing DNA contamination risks. The IS711-based real-time PCR assay is specific and highly sensitive and appears as an efficient and reproducible method for the rapid and safe detection of the genus Brucella. MLVA assay has the same advantages of multiplex PCR beside it can differentiate Brucella isolates on biovar level (genotyping). Bruce-ladder PCR assay is recommended for testing the seed cultures commonly used in the production of living Brucella vaccines (Rev-1, S19 and RB51) and in evaluating them in quality control laboratories and also in identification and differentiation of Brucella isolates. PCR techniques are recommended to be used for identification of Brucella instead of isolation, which is dangerous and complex.
{"title":"Evaluation of Different PCR Techniques in Diagnosis of Camel (Camellus Dromedary) Brucellosis in Sudan","authors":"M. O. Elhaj, A. T. Abdelnassir, E. Enaam","doi":"10.12691/ajmr-7-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmr-7-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Fifteen tissue samples of lymph nodes and spleens from Brucella sero-positive camels were subjected to Four polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, which were, abortus melitensis ovis suis (AMOS) PCR, Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR, Multilocus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MLVA) and the Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Extraction of Brucella DNA from tissue samples was done by heat, which was found to be satisfactory for conduction of the tests. Brucella species could be distinguished according to the banding pattern and the amplification fragment length polymorphisms which is a diagnostic tool of specific strains. In this study, we evaluated the performances of newly designed real-time PCR assays using TaqMan probes and targeting the insertion sequence IS711, for the detection of Brucella at genus level. Real-time PCR assays are easy-to-use, produce results faster than conventional PCR systems while reducing DNA contamination risks. The IS711-based real-time PCR assay is specific and highly sensitive and appears as an efficient and reproducible method for the rapid and safe detection of the genus Brucella. MLVA assay has the same advantages of multiplex PCR beside it can differentiate Brucella isolates on biovar level (genotyping). Bruce-ladder PCR assay is recommended for testing the seed cultures commonly used in the production of living Brucella vaccines (Rev-1, S19 and RB51) and in evaluating them in quality control laboratories and also in identification and differentiation of Brucella isolates. PCR techniques are recommended to be used for identification of Brucella instead of isolation, which is dangerous and complex.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"12-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75015060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pleurotus sajor-caju is an important edible mushroom gaining popularity in recent years because of its high nutritional value and ability to grow on diverse agricultural wastes. Certain enzymes have been associated with their pattern of medium degradation, growth or development. Cultivation of P. sajor-caju was carried out using three agricultural wastes (rice straw, sawdust, rice bran) and an industrial waste (Brewers spent grain). The enzyme production from P. sajor-caju cultivated on these agro-industrial wastes was monitored for a period of sixty (60) days. P. sajor-caju cultivated on the different substrates were analyzed for proximate composition and toxicological effects. Cultivation of P. sajor-caju on rice straw had the least cultivation period (28 to 30 days), while P. sajor-caju cultivated on rice bran lasted for 45 to 48 days making these two substrates the most suitable for the growth of P. sajor-caju. Laccase had the highest enzyme activity on rice bran and sawdust (0.422μmol/min/ml and 1.44μmol/min/ml), manganese peroxidase production was the highest on rice straw (1.1063μmol/min/ml) and cellulase was the most active enzyme on brewers spent grain (0.8843μmol/min/ml). The proximate composition of P. sajor-caju cultivated on the Agro-industrial waste used showed that mushrooms cultivated on sawdust had the highest tannin (6.72 mg/100g), phytate (162.48mg/100g) and alkaloid content (3.7%), while mushrooms cultivated on brewers spent grains had a lower tannin, phytate and alkaloid and those cultivated on rice straw had the lowest antinutritional contents. Toxicity study on the effect of Pleurotus sajor-caju on the liver function indicator showed that the experimental feeding of albino rats with Pleurotus sajor-caju had no adverse effects on the enzyme indicators [Alanine Amino Tranferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Alkaline Phophatase (ALP)] for liver function.
{"title":"Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Enzymes Profile of Pleurotus sajor-caju Grown on Selected Agro-Industrial Wastes","authors":"O. O. Ajayi, T. Femi-Ola","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-7-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-7-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Pleurotus sajor-caju is an important edible mushroom gaining popularity in recent years because of its high nutritional value and ability to grow on diverse agricultural wastes. Certain enzymes have been associated with their pattern of medium degradation, growth or development. Cultivation of P. sajor-caju was carried out using three agricultural wastes (rice straw, sawdust, rice bran) and an industrial waste (Brewers spent grain). The enzyme production from P. sajor-caju cultivated on these agro-industrial wastes was monitored for a period of sixty (60) days. P. sajor-caju cultivated on the different substrates were analyzed for proximate composition and toxicological effects. Cultivation of P. sajor-caju on rice straw had the least cultivation period (28 to 30 days), while P. sajor-caju cultivated on rice bran lasted for 45 to 48 days making these two substrates the most suitable for the growth of P. sajor-caju. Laccase had the highest enzyme activity on rice bran and sawdust (0.422μmol/min/ml and 1.44μmol/min/ml), manganese peroxidase production was the highest on rice straw (1.1063μmol/min/ml) and cellulase was the most active enzyme on brewers spent grain (0.8843μmol/min/ml). The proximate composition of P. sajor-caju cultivated on the Agro-industrial waste used showed that mushrooms cultivated on sawdust had the highest tannin (6.72 mg/100g), phytate (162.48mg/100g) and alkaloid content (3.7%), while mushrooms cultivated on brewers spent grains had a lower tannin, phytate and alkaloid and those cultivated on rice straw had the lowest antinutritional contents. Toxicity study on the effect of Pleurotus sajor-caju on the liver function indicator showed that the experimental feeding of albino rats with Pleurotus sajor-caju had no adverse effects on the enzyme indicators [Alanine Amino Tranferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Alkaline Phophatase (ALP)] for liver function.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"77 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72875445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Ouassa, Z. N. Yessé, Kouassi-Agbessi Thérèse, R. Djatchi, Agathe Dotia-Koné, Marcelle Kacou-N’Guessan, Arsher Cablan, J. Lathro, Sandrine Tahou-Apete, A. Krízo, H. Menan, G. Loukou
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are considered to be responsible for a major health and economic burden worldwide with many cases due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. In Ivory Coast, a few information about the burden of bacterial STIs are available. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the genital tract of asymptomatic adults with a non-invasive sampling and by using a nucleic acid amplification test. Thus, asymptomatic adults was consecutively recruited during a cross-sectional study conducted from July 2018 to October 2018 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Then, first void urine was collected and tested with the Xpert CT/NG. During the period of study, 439 subjects were tested including 203 (46.2%) male and 236 (53.8%) female. The age of patients ranged from 15 to 84 years with a median of 30 years. Prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were 21/439 (4.8 %) and 3/439 (0.7 %) respectively and in two cases (0.5 %), subjects were infected by both bacterial species. N. gonorrhoeae was only detected in subjects under age 30 with a higher prevalence below the age of 20. Also, neither N. gonorrhoeae, nor C. trachomatis were detected in subjects more than 40 years. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were not statistically different between male and female. According to occupation, N. gonorrhoeae was only detected in students and no infection was found in retired, people without any occupation and housewives. The results of this study which was the first one consisting in an active screening of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in adults in Ivory Coast showed that these pathogens are present even in asymptomatic people and that young people are at greater risk of being infected.
{"title":"Genital Carriage of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia Trachomatis in Asymptomatic Adults in Abidjan, Ivory Coast","authors":"T. Ouassa, Z. N. Yessé, Kouassi-Agbessi Thérèse, R. Djatchi, Agathe Dotia-Koné, Marcelle Kacou-N’Guessan, Arsher Cablan, J. Lathro, Sandrine Tahou-Apete, A. Krízo, H. Menan, G. Loukou","doi":"10.12691/AJMR-6-5-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJMR-6-5-3","url":null,"abstract":"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are considered to be responsible for a major health and economic burden worldwide with many cases due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. In Ivory Coast, a few information about the burden of bacterial STIs are available. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the genital tract of asymptomatic adults with a non-invasive sampling and by using a nucleic acid amplification test. Thus, asymptomatic adults was consecutively recruited during a cross-sectional study conducted from July 2018 to October 2018 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Then, first void urine was collected and tested with the Xpert CT/NG. During the period of study, 439 subjects were tested including 203 (46.2%) male and 236 (53.8%) female. The age of patients ranged from 15 to 84 years with a median of 30 years. Prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were 21/439 (4.8 %) and 3/439 (0.7 %) respectively and in two cases (0.5 %), subjects were infected by both bacterial species. N. gonorrhoeae was only detected in subjects under age 30 with a higher prevalence below the age of 20. Also, neither N. gonorrhoeae, nor C. trachomatis were detected in subjects more than 40 years. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were not statistically different between male and female. According to occupation, N. gonorrhoeae was only detected in students and no infection was found in retired, people without any occupation and housewives. The results of this study which was the first one consisting in an active screening of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in adults in Ivory Coast showed that these pathogens are present even in asymptomatic people and that young people are at greater risk of being infected.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"26 10 1","pages":"193-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83549132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clinical microbiology is a vast subject that covers a wide range of sub categories that include clinical bacteriology, clinical virology, clinical mycology, and clinical parasitology. The present book is a compilation of both research and review pieces related to the field of clinical bacteriology.
{"title":"Research and Reviews in Clinical Microbiology: Clinical Bacteriology-A Book Review","authors":"V. Kandi","doi":"10.12691/ajmr-6-5-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmr-6-5-2","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical microbiology is a vast subject that covers a wide range of sub categories that include clinical bacteriology, clinical virology, clinical mycology, and clinical parasitology. The present book is a compilation of both research and review pieces related to the field of clinical bacteriology.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"45 1","pages":"191-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87714882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Dègnon, Brice C. Atrevy, E. S. Adjou, E. Ahoussi, M. Soumanou
Fish is highly nutritious with high protein content. However, it is a suitable medium for growth of microorganisms, if poorly processed. This study reports the occurrence of microbial loads in smoked fishes marketed in the lakeside village of Guezin (Southern Benin) and associated microbiological hazards. The results obtained indicated that the fish smoking activity in the lakeside village, is exclusively done by women (100%), in households and an informal situation, using traditional equipment. A total of thirteen species of fish, such as Manta birostris, Marcusenius Senegalensis, Liza falcipinis, Hydrocynus brebis, Elops lacerta valvercienne, Silurus linnaeus, Silurus glanis, Arius africanus, Heterotis niloticus, Strongylura senegalensis valenciennes, Ethmalosa finbriata, Gymnocranius griseus and Ameiurus melas are mostly smoked in this area. Microbial loads determined by using standard microbiological procedures, underlined the contamination of smoked fishes by microorganisms, with a high occurrence of Aspergillus strains (83.31%). This occurrence of fungi species could be due to absorption of moisture during storage, which could supported the growth of the microorganisms, in addition to the contamination during processing, handling and display on the market stall. It is then recommended that fish processors should ensure that fish products are properly hot smoked and dried so as to prevent fungal growth and mycological hazards.
{"title":"Occurrence of Microbial Loads in Smoked Fishes Marketed in the Lakeside Village of Guezin (Southern Benin) and Associated Microbiological Hazards","authors":"R. Dègnon, Brice C. Atrevy, E. S. Adjou, E. Ahoussi, M. Soumanou","doi":"10.12691/ajmr-6-5-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmr-6-5-1","url":null,"abstract":"Fish is highly nutritious with high protein content. However, it is a suitable medium for growth of microorganisms, if poorly processed. This study reports the occurrence of microbial loads in smoked fishes marketed in the lakeside village of Guezin (Southern Benin) and associated microbiological hazards. The results obtained indicated that the fish smoking activity in the lakeside village, is exclusively done by women (100%), in households and an informal situation, using traditional equipment. A total of thirteen species of fish, such as Manta birostris, Marcusenius Senegalensis, Liza falcipinis, Hydrocynus brebis, Elops lacerta valvercienne, Silurus linnaeus, Silurus glanis, Arius africanus, Heterotis niloticus, Strongylura senegalensis valenciennes, Ethmalosa finbriata, Gymnocranius griseus and Ameiurus melas are mostly smoked in this area. Microbial loads determined by using standard microbiological procedures, underlined the contamination of smoked fishes by microorganisms, with a high occurrence of Aspergillus strains (83.31%). This occurrence of fungi species could be due to absorption of moisture during storage, which could supported the growth of the microorganisms, in addition to the contamination during processing, handling and display on the market stall. It is then recommended that fish processors should ensure that fish products are properly hot smoked and dried so as to prevent fungal growth and mycological hazards.","PeriodicalId":7580,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Microbiological Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"187-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78558259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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