Pub Date : 2019-10-23DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190705.12
Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson, M. Harinoely, N. N. Andriamahenina, Natolotriniavo Nomena Fitiavana Andrianirinamanantsoa, Elise Octavie Rasoazanany, Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy, R. Raboanary
The elemental analysis of rice samples sold in local market in Antananarivo are carried out at Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires-Madagascar (INSTN-Madagascar) using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. The study aims to assess the nutritional and mineral elements contents of rice which is the staple dietary food for Malagasy people. The Malagasy rice is divided into three species according to its color: red, pink and white rice. Essential major elements namely sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and trace elements such as chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and iodine (I) are quantitatively determined. The accuracy of the instrumental method and analytical procedures are checked by using the Reference Material IPE 135 (Rice sample) from the Wageningen Evaluating Programmes for Analytical Laboratory (WEPAL) in Netherland. The experimental values are in good agreement with the certified values because of a coefficient of determination R² of 0.999 and a recovery rate %R between 87% and 114%. The comparison of the elemental content of the studied rice samples with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) reveals that Red rice foods have sufficient capacity to provide adult male consumers with P, Mn, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn. Certainly insufficient daily intake of Mg (55%), Fe (58%), Cu (89%) and Zn (79%) could be met by ingestion of vegetables and meats that are served as a side dish.
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Nutrient Minerals in Malagasy Rice Species by EDXRF and Dietary Intake Assessment","authors":"Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson, M. Harinoely, N. N. Andriamahenina, Natolotriniavo Nomena Fitiavana Andrianirinamanantsoa, Elise Octavie Rasoazanany, Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy, R. Raboanary","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190705.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190705.12","url":null,"abstract":"The elemental analysis of rice samples sold in local market in Antananarivo are carried out at Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires-Madagascar (INSTN-Madagascar) using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. The study aims to assess the nutritional and mineral elements contents of rice which is the staple dietary food for Malagasy people. The Malagasy rice is divided into three species according to its color: red, pink and white rice. Essential major elements namely sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and trace elements such as chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and iodine (I) are quantitatively determined. The accuracy of the instrumental method and analytical procedures are checked by using the Reference Material IPE 135 (Rice sample) from the Wageningen Evaluating Programmes for Analytical Laboratory (WEPAL) in Netherland. The experimental values are in good agreement with the certified values because of a coefficient of determination R² of 0.999 and a recovery rate %R between 87% and 114%. The comparison of the elemental content of the studied rice samples with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) reveals that Red rice foods have sufficient capacity to provide adult male consumers with P, Mn, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn. Certainly insufficient daily intake of Mg (55%), Fe (58%), Cu (89%) and Zn (79%) could be met by ingestion of vegetables and meats that are served as a side dish.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75570462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.13
A. Muhammad, Sayudi Yahaya Haruna, A. U. Birnin-Yauri, A. Muhammad, C. M. Elinge
In this work the nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Ximenia americana fruit is investigate using standard analytical methods. The results of proximate analysis of the fruit on dry weight basis shows that it contains, Crude protein (7.26%), Crude lipid (13.0%), ash (10.5%), and moisture (64%Wet Weight), The pulp contains appreciable concentration of ascorbic acid (21.12 mg/100g). The mineral analysis, revealed that the pulp is rich in potassium (690mg/100g), magnesium (10.67mg/100g) phosphorus (4.48mg/100g), Calcium (0.65mg/100g) and sodium (45mg/100g). The analysis further revealed high content of Tannins (74.8mg/100g) and phytate (29.43mg/100g). This shows that the sample can serve as good source of mineral to both human and livestock.
{"title":"Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Composition of Ximenia americana Fruit","authors":"A. Muhammad, Sayudi Yahaya Haruna, A. U. Birnin-Yauri, A. Muhammad, C. M. Elinge","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this work the nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Ximenia americana fruit is investigate using standard analytical methods. The results of proximate analysis of the fruit on dry weight basis shows that it contains, Crude protein (7.26%), Crude lipid (13.0%), ash (10.5%), and moisture (64%Wet Weight), The pulp contains appreciable concentration of ascorbic acid (21.12 mg/100g). The mineral analysis, revealed that the pulp is rich in potassium (690mg/100g), magnesium (10.67mg/100g) phosphorus (4.48mg/100g), Calcium (0.65mg/100g) and sodium (45mg/100g). The analysis further revealed high content of Tannins (74.8mg/100g) and phytate (29.43mg/100g). This shows that the sample can serve as good source of mineral to both human and livestock.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73799641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-04DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.12
Maiyo Kimutai Bernard, M. L. Were, Kiprop Kipchumba Ambrose, M. Richard
Terminalia brownii is known for its medicinal properties has been used to treatment and management of malaria, ulcers, diarrhea, coughs, hepatitis etc. In Elgeyo-Marakwet County, and amongst the Marakwet community of Kenya, the plant has been known for its dyeing properties and has been used historically for the dyeing of traditional handbags locally known as “kiondos”. Literature evaluation indicates little is known concerning the dyeing properties of this plant, hence there was need for such work to be done. This coupled with the fact that there has been an attempted shift to natural dyes from their synthetic counterparts which are considered to be poisonous, allergens and in some cases carcinogenic. In this work, two extraction methods namely soxhlet and maceration were compared for their percentage yields with maceration being chosen as a preferred method. The extracts were then separated and identified via UV-VIS, FT-IR and LC-MS. Preliminarily the UV-Vis was used for identification of chromophores present in the dye extracts at maximum absorption (λ max) due to electron transitions from HOMO-LUMO whereas the FT-IR was used to identify the specific vibrational chemical bonds characteristic of the individual functional groups present in the dye extracts. LC-MS in tandem with collision induced dissociation (CID) was used to accurately identify and characterize the chromophoric compounds based on their structures, molecular (product ion) and fragmentation pattern which were then compared with LC-MS data, library and the literature. Several compounds with dyeing properties such as Catechin, Epi-Catechin, Baccatin, Gentianose, Geniposide and Genipin were identified. Gentianose, geniposide baccatin and genipin are being reported for the first time as chromophoric compounds in Terminalia brownii.
{"title":"Extraction and Analysis of Spectral Properties and ChroMophoric Characterization of Natural Dye Extract from Barks of Terminalia brownii Fresen (Combretaceae)","authors":"Maiyo Kimutai Bernard, M. L. Were, Kiprop Kipchumba Ambrose, M. Richard","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.12","url":null,"abstract":"Terminalia brownii is known for its medicinal properties has been used to treatment and management of malaria, ulcers, diarrhea, coughs, hepatitis etc. In Elgeyo-Marakwet County, and amongst the Marakwet community of Kenya, the plant has been known for its dyeing properties and has been used historically for the dyeing of traditional handbags locally known as “kiondos”. Literature evaluation indicates little is known concerning the dyeing properties of this plant, hence there was need for such work to be done. This coupled with the fact that there has been an attempted shift to natural dyes from their synthetic counterparts which are considered to be poisonous, allergens and in some cases carcinogenic. In this work, two extraction methods namely soxhlet and maceration were compared for their percentage yields with maceration being chosen as a preferred method. The extracts were then separated and identified via UV-VIS, FT-IR and LC-MS. Preliminarily the UV-Vis was used for identification of chromophores present in the dye extracts at maximum absorption (λ max) due to electron transitions from HOMO-LUMO whereas the FT-IR was used to identify the specific vibrational chemical bonds characteristic of the individual functional groups present in the dye extracts. LC-MS in tandem with collision induced dissociation (CID) was used to accurately identify and characterize the chromophoric compounds based on their structures, molecular (product ion) and fragmentation pattern which were then compared with LC-MS data, library and the literature. Several compounds with dyeing properties such as Catechin, Epi-Catechin, Baccatin, Gentianose, Geniposide and Genipin were identified. Gentianose, geniposide baccatin and genipin are being reported for the first time as chromophoric compounds in Terminalia brownii.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81362004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-30DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.11
S. Tessema
This study reports the characterization of oil from Castor (Ricinus Communius L) seed oil. The biocosmetic potential of the castor oil was evaluated for hair through physico-chemical characterization. The various physicochemical parameters (iodine value, pH value, specific gravity, refractive index, peroxide value, etc) were tested in accordance with American standard testing method specifications and compared with argan oil. Accordingly, the parameters tested comply with some journals dealing with cosmetics. Biocosmetic has high potential as a raw material for synthetic cosmetics or blend stock substitution for cosmetics without any modification. The advantage of castor oil over other oils (sunflower, olive, soy bean, corn) would lie in the oil price.
{"title":"Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Castor Oil (R. communis) for Hair Biocosmetics","authors":"S. Tessema","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190704.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the characterization of oil from Castor (Ricinus Communius L) seed oil. The biocosmetic potential of the castor oil was evaluated for hair through physico-chemical characterization. The various physicochemical parameters (iodine value, pH value, specific gravity, refractive index, peroxide value, etc) were tested in accordance with American standard testing method specifications and compared with argan oil. Accordingly, the parameters tested comply with some journals dealing with cosmetics. Biocosmetic has high potential as a raw material for synthetic cosmetics or blend stock substitution for cosmetics without any modification. The advantage of castor oil over other oils (sunflower, olive, soy bean, corn) would lie in the oil price.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78655433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-08DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.14
Zenghui Zheng, Shao Yuwan, L. Xian, Du Juan
The method of determining short-chain chlorinated paraffins in textiles by GC-MS was established. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins, short for SCCPs, are a mixture of polychlorinated n-alkanes. These high production volume chemicals are widely used as leather coating, plasticizers for PVC and chlorinated rubber and flame retardants for plastics and textile. Due to their toxicity, as well as capacity for bioaccumulation and persistence in the environmental residue, SCCPs have become an obviously environmental issue. The current analytical equipment combination are very expensive and require a lot of laboratory space and advanced skills for operation, a ready-to-use commercially available method with relatively short time and satisfactory sensitivity urge to be established. In this new method, samples were extracted by n-hexane under ultrasonic followed by concentration and constant-volume and then identified by GC-MS and quantified by external standard method. With this method, a good linear relationship was found between 5 μg/mL ~30μg/mL with a linear correlation coefficient (R2) above 0.995. The detection limit for SCCPs by this method was found to be as low as 10mg/kg. The recoveries of SCCPs in textiles at three levels which covers low, media and high concentration ranges are ranged from 82.3% to 106.9% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.41%~7.61%(RSD, N = 6).
建立了用气相色谱-质谱法测定纺织品中短链氯化石蜡的方法。短链氯化石蜡，简称SCCPs，是多氯化正构烷烃的混合物。这些大批量生产的化学品广泛用于皮革涂料，PVC和氯化橡胶的增塑剂以及塑料和纺织品的阻燃剂。由于其毒性，以及在环境残留物中的生物蓄积性和持久性，短链氯化石蜡已成为一个明显的环境问题。目前的分析设备组合非常昂贵，需要大量的实验室空间和先进的操作技能，迫切需要建立一种时间相对较短且灵敏度令人满意的即用型商业可用方法。该方法采用超声正己烷萃取、定容浓缩、气相色谱-质谱鉴别、外标法定量的方法。该方法在5 μg/mL ~30μg/mL之间存在良好的线性关系，线性相关系数(R2)均在0.995以上。该方法对短链氯化石蜡的检出限低至10mg/kg。在低、中、高浓度3个浓度范围内，纺织品中SCCPs的回收率为82.3% ~ 106.9%，相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.41%~7.61%(RSD, N = 6)。
{"title":"Determination of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Textile Samples by GC-MS","authors":"Zenghui Zheng, Shao Yuwan, L. Xian, Du Juan","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.14","url":null,"abstract":"The method of determining short-chain chlorinated paraffins in textiles by GC-MS was established. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins, short for SCCPs, are a mixture of polychlorinated n-alkanes. These high production volume chemicals are widely used as leather coating, plasticizers for PVC and chlorinated rubber and flame retardants for plastics and textile. Due to their toxicity, as well as capacity for bioaccumulation and persistence in the environmental residue, SCCPs have become an obviously environmental issue. The current analytical equipment combination are very expensive and require a lot of laboratory space and advanced skills for operation, a ready-to-use commercially available method with relatively short time and satisfactory sensitivity urge to be established. In this new method, samples were extracted by n-hexane under ultrasonic followed by concentration and constant-volume and then identified by GC-MS and quantified by external standard method. With this method, a good linear relationship was found between 5 μg/mL ~30μg/mL with a linear correlation coefficient (R2) above 0.995. The detection limit for SCCPs by this method was found to be as low as 10mg/kg. The recoveries of SCCPs in textiles at three levels which covers low, media and high concentration ranges are ranged from 82.3% to 106.9% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.41%~7.61%(RSD, N = 6).","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73548017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-26DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.13
Belachew Kebede
Transition metal complexes of Mnanganese (II) and Cobalt (III) were synthesized from the Schiff’s base ligand, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylmethyelene (2-hydroxyphenyl) amine which is derived from vanillin and 2-aminohpenol by the reaction of the metal ions. The Structural features of these complexes were obtained from their elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, FT-IR, electronic spectra, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic studies. In order to study the binding modes of the ligand (Schiff’s base) with metal ions in the complexes, the FT- IR spectrum of the free ligand was compared with the spectra of its complexes. The spectral data suggest the involvement of phenolic oxygen and azomethane nitrogen in coordination to the central metal ions. On the basis of spectral studies and magnetic susceptibility measurements, an octahedral geometry has been assigned for both complexes. The free ligand and its metal complexes were tested in vitro against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Aspergillus Niger, Colletotricum) in order to assess their antimicrobial activities. And the results indicated that all compounds are effective against both tested bacteria and fungi though their effects are dose dependent. The free ligand showed higher activities than its complexes in both bacteria and fungi case, which suggests the promising potential of the ligand for both bacterial and fungi test.
{"title":"Synthesis and Microbial Activity of Manganese (II) and Cobalt (III) Complexes of 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylmethyelene (2- Hydroxyphenyl) Amine","authors":"Belachew Kebede","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.13","url":null,"abstract":"Transition metal complexes of Mnanganese (II) and Cobalt (III) were synthesized from the Schiff’s base ligand, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylmethyelene (2-hydroxyphenyl) amine which is derived from vanillin and 2-aminohpenol by the reaction of the metal ions. The Structural features of these complexes were obtained from their elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, FT-IR, electronic spectra, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic studies. In order to study the binding modes of the ligand (Schiff’s base) with metal ions in the complexes, the FT- IR spectrum of the free ligand was compared with the spectra of its complexes. The spectral data suggest the involvement of phenolic oxygen and azomethane nitrogen in coordination to the central metal ions. On the basis of spectral studies and magnetic susceptibility measurements, an octahedral geometry has been assigned for both complexes. The free ligand and its metal complexes were tested in vitro against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Aspergillus Niger, Colletotricum) in order to assess their antimicrobial activities. And the results indicated that all compounds are effective against both tested bacteria and fungi though their effects are dose dependent. The free ligand showed higher activities than its complexes in both bacteria and fungi case, which suggests the promising potential of the ligand for both bacterial and fungi test.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72601948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.12
Rita Oghenenyerhovwo Ididama, V. Ajiwe, C. N. Emeruwa
The inhibitive action of stem extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera on mild steel corrosion in 1.0M & 5.0M H2SO4 solutions was studied. The stem were dried under room temperature and mechanically ground into powder form. 100g of the stem powder were extracted with a mixture of methanol/water in the ratio of 4:1 using a Soxhlet extractor for 24 hours. The extracts were distilled at 60°C in a water bath until almost the entire methanol evaporated. 4.0g of the methanol extracts were digested in 1000ml of 1M H2SO4 and 5M H2SO4 and left to cool for 24 hours and the resulting solution was filtered and stored in a 1.0L volumetric flask. The stem extracts test solutions were prepared from the stock solution by dissolving 0.5g/L, 1.0g/L, 2.0g/L and 4.0g/L of the extracts in 1L solution of 1M H2SO4 and 5M H2SO4. Phytochemical analysis was carried out and the result showed the presence of some secondary metabolites such as alkoliods, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and tannins. Weight loss (gravimetric) and gasometric techniques were used to determine the inhibition action of the stem of Terapleaura tetraptera. The results showed that stem of Tetrapleura tetraptera can function as good corrosion inhibitor in acid medium. Inhibition efficiencies (%I) of the stem of Tetrapleura tetraptera extracts was found to reach 73.69% & 50.39% for 1.0M H2SO4 while for 5.0M was 83.31% & 79.54% for gravimetric and gasometric analyses respectively. The corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of the extracts and decreased with the increase in time and temperature. The corrosion inhibition efficiency exhibited by the Tetrapleura tetraptera stem extracts is attributed to the stronger adsorption of the phytochemicals present in the plant extracts unto the mild steel. The mechanism of adsorption proposed for the Tetrapleura tetraptera stem extracts is physical adsorption. The corrosion inhibition of the stem of Tetrapleura tetraptera extracts followed Langmuir, Tempkin and Freundlich adsorption isotherm for both 1.0M & 5.0M H2SO4.
{"title":"Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) Medium of the Stem Extract of Tetrapleura Tetraptera","authors":"Rita Oghenenyerhovwo Ididama, V. Ajiwe, C. N. Emeruwa","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.12","url":null,"abstract":"The inhibitive action of stem extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera on mild steel corrosion in 1.0M & 5.0M H2SO4 solutions was studied. The stem were dried under room temperature and mechanically ground into powder form. 100g of the stem powder were extracted with a mixture of methanol/water in the ratio of 4:1 using a Soxhlet extractor for 24 hours. The extracts were distilled at 60°C in a water bath until almost the entire methanol evaporated. 4.0g of the methanol extracts were digested in 1000ml of 1M H2SO4 and 5M H2SO4 and left to cool for 24 hours and the resulting solution was filtered and stored in a 1.0L volumetric flask. The stem extracts test solutions were prepared from the stock solution by dissolving 0.5g/L, 1.0g/L, 2.0g/L and 4.0g/L of the extracts in 1L solution of 1M H2SO4 and 5M H2SO4. Phytochemical analysis was carried out and the result showed the presence of some secondary metabolites such as alkoliods, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and tannins. Weight loss (gravimetric) and gasometric techniques were used to determine the inhibition action of the stem of Terapleaura tetraptera. The results showed that stem of Tetrapleura tetraptera can function as good corrosion inhibitor in acid medium. Inhibition efficiencies (%I) of the stem of Tetrapleura tetraptera extracts was found to reach 73.69% & 50.39% for 1.0M H2SO4 while for 5.0M was 83.31% & 79.54% for gravimetric and gasometric analyses respectively. The corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of the extracts and decreased with the increase in time and temperature. The corrosion inhibition efficiency exhibited by the Tetrapleura tetraptera stem extracts is attributed to the stronger adsorption of the phytochemicals present in the plant extracts unto the mild steel. The mechanism of adsorption proposed for the Tetrapleura tetraptera stem extracts is physical adsorption. The corrosion inhibition of the stem of Tetrapleura tetraptera extracts followed Langmuir, Tempkin and Freundlich adsorption isotherm for both 1.0M & 5.0M H2SO4.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80536054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.11
Hong-wei Yang, C. Cai, Lu Xu, Lun Li, Yanzhao Zou, Yong-Yuan Tao, Mei-Qiong Wen
With an experimental setup of near-infrared process analytical chemistry, a competitive adsorption process of orthoxylene and aniline vapor onto silica gel has been revealed in the paper. The mixture vapor of orthoxylene and aniline has been introduced into a quartz adsorption bed, which was filled with adsorbent of silica gel and monitored continuously by a near-infrared spectrometer. Based on near-infrared spectra recorded during the adsorption process and chemometrics methodologies, the competitive adsorption process has been studied completely as well as clearly: 1) at about 62 minutes the adsorption achieved its equilibrium or stable state with aniline concentration of 0.22 g/g, and without any orthoxylene; 2) othoxylene was adsorbed first, but then rapidly replaced by aniline; 3) the adsorption of aniline resulted from the hydrogen bonds between aniline’s amino groups and silica gel’s silanol groups while that of orthoxylene was due to physical adsorption; 4) aniline was adsorbed vertically on the silica gel but orthoxylene laid evenly; 5) some surface of silica gel was more active for adsorption than others.
{"title":"The Application of NIR Process Analytical Chemistry in Studying Competitive Adsorption Process","authors":"Hong-wei Yang, C. Cai, Lu Xu, Lun Li, Yanzhao Zou, Yong-Yuan Tao, Mei-Qiong Wen","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190703.11","url":null,"abstract":"With an experimental setup of near-infrared process analytical chemistry, a competitive adsorption process of orthoxylene and aniline vapor onto silica gel has been revealed in the paper. The mixture vapor of orthoxylene and aniline has been introduced into a quartz adsorption bed, which was filled with adsorbent of silica gel and monitored continuously by a near-infrared spectrometer. Based on near-infrared spectra recorded during the adsorption process and chemometrics methodologies, the competitive adsorption process has been studied completely as well as clearly: 1) at about 62 minutes the adsorption achieved its equilibrium or stable state with aniline concentration of 0.22 g/g, and without any orthoxylene; 2) othoxylene was adsorbed first, but then rapidly replaced by aniline; 3) the adsorption of aniline resulted from the hydrogen bonds between aniline’s amino groups and silica gel’s silanol groups while that of orthoxylene was due to physical adsorption; 4) aniline was adsorbed vertically on the silica gel but orthoxylene laid evenly; 5) some surface of silica gel was more active for adsorption than others.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75767627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-12DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190702.15
V. Ajiwe, Chinedu Ejike
The corrosion inhibition efficiency of methanol leaf extracts of Irvingia gabonensis for mild steel in 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 2.5M H2SO4 was investigated using weight loss and gasometric techniques in other to determine the phytochemical components of the crude leaf extract, the corrosion inhibition potential of the leaf extract, the thermodynamic parameters that aided the corrosion inhibition, the adsorption isotherm of the corrosion inhibition of the extracts using the Langmuir and Freundlich models and investigate the kinetics of the corrosion inhibition process. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponnins, flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids. From the results, the corrosion rates decreased with increase in inhibitor concentration. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 58.71% was obtained at extract concentration of 0.6g/L in 0.4M H2SO4 at 303K, 41.83% at extract concentration of 0.6g/L at 303K in 0.5M H2SO4 and 57.33% at extract concentration of 0.6g/L in 0.6M H2SO4 at 303K, for the gravimetric technique. In 2.5M H2SO4, maximum inhibition efficiency for the gasometric technique was 53.53% in 0.6g/L inhibitor concentration at 303K and for the gravimetric technique, the maximum inhibition efficiency was 29.42% in 0.6g/L inhibitor concentration at 303K. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies showed that activation energy (Ea) in the presence of inhibitor is greater than in the absence of inhibitor. From the Ea and ∆Goads values obtained, a physical adsorption mechanism was proposed. The Langmuir isotherm was found to show better correlation (R2) at lower temperature while the Freundlich isotherm had better correlation at higher temperature.
{"title":"Inhibitory Action of Methanol Leaf Extract of Irvingia Gabonensis on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4","authors":"V. Ajiwe, Chinedu Ejike","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190702.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190702.15","url":null,"abstract":"The corrosion inhibition efficiency of methanol leaf extracts of Irvingia gabonensis for mild steel in 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 2.5M H2SO4 was investigated using weight loss and gasometric techniques in other to determine the phytochemical components of the crude leaf extract, the corrosion inhibition potential of the leaf extract, the thermodynamic parameters that aided the corrosion inhibition, the adsorption isotherm of the corrosion inhibition of the extracts using the Langmuir and Freundlich models and investigate the kinetics of the corrosion inhibition process. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponnins, flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids. From the results, the corrosion rates decreased with increase in inhibitor concentration. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 58.71% was obtained at extract concentration of 0.6g/L in 0.4M H2SO4 at 303K, 41.83% at extract concentration of 0.6g/L at 303K in 0.5M H2SO4 and 57.33% at extract concentration of 0.6g/L in 0.6M H2SO4 at 303K, for the gravimetric technique. In 2.5M H2SO4, maximum inhibition efficiency for the gasometric technique was 53.53% in 0.6g/L inhibitor concentration at 303K and for the gravimetric technique, the maximum inhibition efficiency was 29.42% in 0.6g/L inhibitor concentration at 303K. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies showed that activation energy (Ea) in the presence of inhibitor is greater than in the absence of inhibitor. From the Ea and ∆Goads values obtained, a physical adsorption mechanism was proposed. The Langmuir isotherm was found to show better correlation (R2) at lower temperature while the Freundlich isotherm had better correlation at higher temperature.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85360770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-27DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20190702.14
T. A. Ajayeoba, O. Akinyele, A. O. Ayeni, I. Olawuni
A new ligand namely 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde-4-nitrobenzoic acid hydrazone, its Nickel(II) and Copper(II) complexes were synthesised and characterised by spectroscopic methods: 1H NMR, Infrared (IR), UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility measurement and % metal analysis. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed the diagnostic N-H signal at 12.10 ppm indicating the formation of the ligand. Infrared spectra showed that the ligand coordinated to the metal ion in keto form through the carbonyl oxygen (C=O) and the azomethine nitrogen (C=N). The UV-Vis spectrum of the ligand displayed two prominent bands at 47169 cm-1 and 30303 cm-1 which were ascribed to the intraligand transitions of π-π*, and n-π* respectively. These bands had hypsochromic shifts in the metal complexes indicating coordination with the metal ion. The nickel complex had a magnetic moment of 2.92 B.M, suggesting an octahedral geometry, while the copper complex had a value of 1.65 B.M. which is close to the expected value for a d9 copper(II) complex with possibility antiferromagnetic interactions. The % metal calculated had a good agreement with the observed values. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of the ligand measured was 190 ± 20 μg/mL compared to the standard Eserin that had 68 ± 1.13 μg/mL. The copper(II) complex had a value of 220 ± 20 μg/mL, while the Nickel(II) complex had the least inhibitory value at 390 ± 80 μg/mL. The compounds could serve as primary target in the study of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterisation and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-4-nitrobenzoic Acid Hydrazone","authors":"T. A. Ajayeoba, O. Akinyele, A. O. Ayeni, I. Olawuni","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20190702.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20190702.14","url":null,"abstract":"A new ligand namely 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde-4-nitrobenzoic acid hydrazone, its Nickel(II) and Copper(II) complexes were synthesised and characterised by spectroscopic methods: 1H NMR, Infrared (IR), UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility measurement and % metal analysis. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed the diagnostic N-H signal at 12.10 ppm indicating the formation of the ligand. Infrared spectra showed that the ligand coordinated to the metal ion in keto form through the carbonyl oxygen (C=O) and the azomethine nitrogen (C=N). The UV-Vis spectrum of the ligand displayed two prominent bands at 47169 cm-1 and 30303 cm-1 which were ascribed to the intraligand transitions of π-π*, and n-π* respectively. These bands had hypsochromic shifts in the metal complexes indicating coordination with the metal ion. The nickel complex had a magnetic moment of 2.92 B.M, suggesting an octahedral geometry, while the copper complex had a value of 1.65 B.M. which is close to the expected value for a d9 copper(II) complex with possibility antiferromagnetic interactions. The % metal calculated had a good agreement with the observed values. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of the ligand measured was 190 ± 20 μg/mL compared to the standard Eserin that had 68 ± 1.13 μg/mL. The copper(II) complex had a value of 220 ± 20 μg/mL, while the Nickel(II) complex had the least inhibitory value at 390 ± 80 μg/mL. The compounds could serve as primary target in the study of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80307924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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