Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000016
A. Heidari
Nanomedicine-based combination anti-cancer therapy between nucleic acids and anti-cancer Nano drugs in covalent Nano drugs delivery systems for selective imaging and treatment of human brain tumors using hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate (Figures 1 and 2) as anti-cancer Nano drugs and nucleic acids delivery under synchrotron radiation has been explored as an alternative approach to the synthesis of electronically and optically active polymers with several advantages1-33. Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) catalyzes the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the expense of aromatic proton donors. Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is a Fe containing porphyrin-type structure. In previous works, we synthesized hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate, enzymatically1-33. The results of enzymatic polymerization were different from chemical and electrochemical polymerization of hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate that reported previously1-33. In this editorial, we reported the enzymatic copolymerization of aniline and hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate with Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of Sulfonated Polystyrene (SPS) as a template.
{"title":"Nanomedicine-Based Combination Anti-Cancer Therapy between Nucleic Acids and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs in Covalent Nano Drugs Delivery Systems for Selective Imaging and Treatmentof Human Brain Tumors Using Hyaluronic Acid, Alguronic Acid and Sodium Hyaluronate as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs and Nucleic Acid","authors":"A. Heidari","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000016","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomedicine-based combination anti-cancer therapy between nucleic acids and anti-cancer Nano drugs in covalent Nano drugs delivery systems for selective imaging and treatment of human brain tumors using hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate (Figures 1 and 2) as anti-cancer Nano drugs and nucleic acids delivery under synchrotron radiation has been explored as an alternative approach to the synthesis of electronically and optically active polymers with several advantages1-33. Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) catalyzes the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the expense of aromatic proton donors. Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is a Fe containing porphyrin-type structure. In previous works, we synthesized hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate, enzymatically1-33. The results of enzymatic polymerization were different from chemical and electrochemical polymerization of hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate that reported previously1-33. In this editorial, we reported the enzymatic copolymerization of aniline and hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate with Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of Sulfonated Polystyrene (SPS) as a template.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89094401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000007
I. Klepikov
Tablet against pneumonia does not really exist, and theoretically, it cannot be. However, hopes for the effectiveness of one of the universal remedy remain the main focus of the strategy and tactics in Acute Pneumonia (AP) for the past several decades. Antibiotics are considered such a panacea. Indeed, the discovery of antibiotics has been one of the most outstanding achievements of 20th century medicine. This fact cannot be doubted. Antibiotics remain the main mode of treatment of AP, despite reducing its effectiveness in comparison with the initial period of use. Just the final results of the treatment of AP in children suggest that the time has come to rethink the role and place of antibiotics in General complex medical care.
{"title":"Tablet against Pneumonia","authors":"I. Klepikov","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000007","url":null,"abstract":"Tablet against pneumonia does not really exist, and theoretically, it cannot be. However, hopes for the effectiveness of one of the universal remedy remain the main focus of the strategy and tactics in Acute Pneumonia (AP) for the past several decades. Antibiotics are considered such a panacea. Indeed, the discovery of antibiotics has been one of the most outstanding achievements of 20th century medicine. This fact cannot be doubted. Antibiotics remain the main mode of treatment of AP, despite reducing its effectiveness in comparison with the initial period of use. Just the final results of the treatment of AP in children suggest that the time has come to rethink the role and place of antibiotics in General complex medical care.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75671535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000017
Debojyoti Basu, Divyesh Sharma, D. Sen
Prodrug is the precursor of drug which is made by derivatization of the same to enhance the bioavailability by pharmacokinetics, lipid solubility by partition coefficient and increase the physicochemical and biochemical parameters by pharmacodynamics. All two prodrugs showed different logP values and molecular weights according to the solubility parameters and electronegativity: logP profile: Prodrug-B>Prodrug-A; molecular weight profile: Prodrug-B>Prodrug-A. The main side effect of NSAID is gastric acidity due to release of free H+ because all NSAIDs have free-COOH (carboxylic acid) group which act by competitive inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX1/COX2). Here the target of this project has been designed in such a way to convert the free –COOH/–OH of API (aspirin/paracetamol) into prodrug of two ester (–COO–) and one amide (– CONH–) linkage (Prodrug-A) and one ester and two amide linkage (Prodrug-B) which releases free API after metabolic hydrolysis in acidic pH: 1-4 and alkaline pH: 7-9. Since the prodrugs are repository forms so chances to release gastric acid has been minimized due to non-availability of free-COOH group in stomach. The biotransformation of active drug from prodrug takes such a time in stomach that all goes upto duodenum and then ileum of small intestine that chances of acidity is reduced. Finally all prodrugs go to small intestine where alkaline pH starts so gastric acidity is reduced. Since all two prodrugs are made of two NSAID: Prodrug-A (logP=2.15) releases Aspirin and Paracetamol, Prodrug-B (logP=3.94) releases Indomethacin and Paracetamol which shows distinct two Rt values in HPLC both in acidic an alkaline hydrolysis and these Rt values of Prodrugs match with the individual API components so the purpose of our goal has been completed successfully. The pH of gastric acid varies from 1.5- 3.5 in the human stomach lumen, the acidity being maintained by the proton pump H+/K+ ATPase. So the pattern for acid hydrolysis was adjusted at pH=3- 3.5 by HCl. The pH of intestine varies from 5.6-6.9, so the pattern for alkaline hydrolysis was adjusted at pH=7.0-8.0 by NaOH. In case of codrug which is made by non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, Van der Waals interactions and π-interactions between two APIs, so the release of parent molecule will be faster than prodrug both in acidic as well as in alkaline pH because prodrug is made by covalent bonding between two APIs. log P profile: Codrug-B (3.42)>Codrug-A (1.55); molecular weight profile: Codrug-B (508.94g)>Codrug-A (331.31g).
{"title":"Chromatographic Release Profile of ActivePharmaceutical Ingredients of Synthesized Prodrug and Codrug of Aspirin+Paracetamol and Indomethacin+Paracetamol in Physiological Fluids","authors":"Debojyoti Basu, Divyesh Sharma, D. Sen","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000017","url":null,"abstract":"Prodrug is the precursor of drug which is made by derivatization of the same to enhance the bioavailability by pharmacokinetics, lipid solubility by partition coefficient and increase the physicochemical and biochemical parameters by pharmacodynamics. All two prodrugs showed different logP values and molecular weights according to the solubility parameters and electronegativity: logP profile: Prodrug-B>Prodrug-A; molecular weight profile: Prodrug-B>Prodrug-A. The main side effect of NSAID is gastric acidity due to release of free H+ because all NSAIDs have free-COOH (carboxylic acid) group which act by competitive inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX1/COX2). Here the target of this project has been designed in such a way to convert the free –COOH/–OH of API (aspirin/paracetamol) into prodrug of two ester (–COO–) and one amide (– CONH–) linkage (Prodrug-A) and one ester and two amide linkage (Prodrug-B) which releases free API after metabolic hydrolysis in acidic pH: 1-4 and alkaline pH: 7-9. Since the prodrugs are repository forms so chances to release gastric acid has been minimized due to non-availability of free-COOH group in stomach. The biotransformation of active drug from prodrug takes such a time in stomach that all goes upto duodenum and then ileum of small intestine that chances of acidity is reduced. Finally all prodrugs go to small intestine where alkaline pH starts so gastric acidity is reduced. Since all two prodrugs are made of two NSAID: Prodrug-A (logP=2.15) releases Aspirin and Paracetamol, Prodrug-B (logP=3.94) releases Indomethacin and Paracetamol which shows distinct two Rt values in HPLC both in acidic an alkaline hydrolysis and these Rt values of Prodrugs match with the individual API components so the purpose of our goal has been completed successfully. The pH of gastric acid varies from 1.5- 3.5 in the human stomach lumen, the acidity being maintained by the proton pump H+/K+ ATPase. So the pattern for acid hydrolysis was adjusted at pH=3- 3.5 by HCl. The pH of intestine varies from 5.6-6.9, so the pattern for alkaline hydrolysis was adjusted at pH=7.0-8.0 by NaOH. In case of codrug which is made by non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, Van der Waals interactions and π-interactions between two APIs, so the release of parent molecule will be faster than prodrug both in acidic as well as in alkaline pH because prodrug is made by covalent bonding between two APIs. log P profile: Codrug-B (3.42)>Codrug-A (1.55); molecular weight profile: Codrug-B (508.94g)>Codrug-A (331.31g).","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80388510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000013
G. Agarwal, S. Agarwal, PK Karar, S. Goyal
Among the various routes of drug delivery oral route is most preferred route. But conventional dosage form offers few limitations which could be resolved by modifying the existing dosage form. Sustained and controlled drug delivery system helps in maintaince of constant plasma drug concentration and retards the release rate of drug therby extending the duration of action. There are various formulation strategies for sustained release tablets among which matrix tablet serves as an important tool. Hence the problem like poor patient compliance, multiple dosing, see-saw fluctuations can be easily minimized. Matrix tablets can be formulated by either direct compression or wet granulation method by using a variety of hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers. The rate of drug release from the matrix is primarily goverened by rate & extent of water penetration, swelling of polymer, dissolution & diffusion of drug. Thus, sustained release matrix tablet can offer better patient compliance and could be quite helpful in treatment of chronic diseases. The present article concentrates on oral sustained release tablets with a special emphasis on matrix tablet.
{"title":"Oral Sustained Release Tablets: An Overview with a special emphasis on Matrix Tablet","authors":"G. Agarwal, S. Agarwal, PK Karar, S. Goyal","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000013","url":null,"abstract":"Among the various routes of drug delivery oral route is most preferred route. But conventional dosage form offers few limitations which could be resolved by modifying the existing dosage form. Sustained and controlled drug delivery system helps in maintaince of constant plasma drug concentration and retards the release rate of drug therby extending the duration of action. There are various formulation strategies for sustained release tablets among which matrix tablet serves as an important tool. Hence the problem like poor patient compliance, multiple dosing, see-saw fluctuations can be easily minimized. Matrix tablets can be formulated by either direct compression or wet granulation method by using a variety of hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers. The rate of drug release from the matrix is primarily goverened by rate & extent of water penetration, swelling of polymer, dissolution & diffusion of drug. Thus, sustained release matrix tablet can offer better patient compliance and could be quite helpful in treatment of chronic diseases. The present article concentrates on oral sustained release tablets with a special emphasis on matrix tablet.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74091866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious metabolic disorder which causes blood glucose to rise in blood streams abnormally emanating from the difficulty in insulin secretion, its action or the two. The absence of effective modern treatments, the lifelong treatment with modern medicine their associated health side effects and their expensive prices etc. are among the challenging existing realities which devastate/worsen the health and economic burdens of the disease, especially in developing nations. In light of these, the search for cheaper, safe and potential drugs from medicinal plants is very crucial. Objective: The aim of this review is to document existing information on Ethiopian and Eretrian medicinal plants used to treat DM from various sources. The following documents (published scientific papers, MSc thesis, books and research reports on ethno-botany as well as different on-line sources) using the search words, diabetics, medicinal plants and ethno botanical studies, are used in order to compile this review article. One hundred five plant species claiming to have anti-diabetic activity were reported in this study. Moringa stenoptela, Allium sativum, Caylusea abyssinica, Ajuga remota, Calpurnia aurea, and Psidium guajava are among them which are the most frequently mentioned medicinal plant species. Only few numbers of medicinal plants were scientifically evaluated for their anti-diabetic effects in animal models in the countries, whereas the majority of them are not yet evaluated. Next to leaf, root is the second most frequently employed part in the anti-diabetic herbal preparations. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus carries on escalating all over the World and no effective treatments that can manage diabetes have ever been discovered till present. Medication with commercial oral hypoglycemic drugs is getting very difficult due their expensive costs and associated adverse side effects on the health of the patient. Hence, the search for effective and safe drugs from the available medicinal plants should be consolidated in order to alleviate the above mentioned problems. Moreover, the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants has to be documented in order to initiate or motivate interested researchers to find out anti-diabetic promising candidate drug from folk medicine that might cure or manage the cases and enable self-reliance in the future.
{"title":"Herbal Medicines for the Management of Diabetic Mellitus in Ethiopia and Eretria including their Phytochemical Constituents","authors":"Asfaw Meresa, Worku Gemechu, Hirut Basha, N. Fekadu, Firehiwot Teka, Rekik Ashebir, Ashenif Tadele","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000011","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious metabolic disorder which causes blood glucose to rise in blood streams abnormally emanating from the difficulty in insulin secretion, its action or the two. The absence of effective modern treatments, the lifelong treatment with modern medicine their associated health side effects and their expensive prices etc. are among the challenging existing realities which devastate/worsen the health and economic burdens of the disease, especially in developing nations. In light of these, the search for cheaper, safe and potential drugs from medicinal plants is very crucial. Objective: The aim of this review is to document existing information on Ethiopian and Eretrian medicinal plants used to treat DM from various sources. The following documents (published scientific papers, MSc thesis, books and research reports on ethno-botany as well as different on-line sources) using the search words, diabetics, medicinal plants and ethno botanical studies, are used in order to compile this review article. One hundred five plant species claiming to have anti-diabetic activity were reported in this study. Moringa stenoptela, Allium sativum, Caylusea abyssinica, Ajuga remota, Calpurnia aurea, and Psidium guajava are among them which are the most frequently mentioned medicinal plant species. Only few numbers of medicinal plants were scientifically evaluated for their anti-diabetic effects in animal models in the countries, whereas the majority of them are not yet evaluated. Next to leaf, root is the second most frequently employed part in the anti-diabetic herbal preparations. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus carries on escalating all over the World and no effective treatments that can manage diabetes have ever been discovered till present. Medication with commercial oral hypoglycemic drugs is getting very difficult due their expensive costs and associated adverse side effects on the health of the patient. Hence, the search for effective and safe drugs from the available medicinal plants should be consolidated in order to alleviate the above mentioned problems. Moreover, the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants has to be documented in order to initiate or motivate interested researchers to find out anti-diabetic promising candidate drug from folk medicine that might cure or manage the cases and enable self-reliance in the future.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77928537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000015
D. Pugh
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) has been an important tool for determining particle size distributions in fine particulate material suspensions, micro emulsions and Nano-scale matter in general for 50 years. Many Nano scale materials are measured in non-aqueous media and as long as we know the viscosities in these media at 2 different temperatures, then the analysis are relatively simple. However most pharmaceutical suspensions are water based and the key danger is not in the sampling but the chemistry. When measuring the size of particles, a study of their zeta potential in advance is extremely important as a high zeta potential is indicative of a stable product whilst a low zeta potential is indicative of an unstable product likely to agglomerate. When two particles have a high zeta potential they repel each other like 2 negative or positive magnets so they are not attracted to each other thus leading to a stable solution. When a sample is diluted dramatic changes to its zeta potential can occur especially when the dilution causes the zeta potential to approach the Iso Electric Point (IEP-0 m Volts). There are a number of effects which may cause the zeta potential to decrease towards 0 mV after dilution; we will cover pH, salt concentration and polyelectrolyte or surfactant concentration. There are 2 approaches to take when encountering this problem, The first approach requires full knowledge of the suspensions pH, salt concentration and volume % concentration of the surfactant such that care in dilution may be effected (Prevention). The second involves technological advances (Prevention and Cure) which are unique and employs a method which in most pharmaceutical applications renders the need to dilute redundant. By measuring the suspension at full concentration, all potential chemistry problems are negated.
{"title":"The Dangers of Dilution When Measuring Water Based Pharmaceutical Suspensions and How Nanoflex Overcomes these Obstacles","authors":"D. Pugh","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000015","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) has been an important tool for determining particle size distributions in fine particulate material suspensions, micro emulsions and Nano-scale matter in general for 50 years. Many Nano scale materials are measured in non-aqueous media and as long as we know the viscosities in these media at 2 different temperatures, then the analysis are relatively simple. However most pharmaceutical suspensions are water based and the key danger is not in the sampling but the chemistry. When measuring the size of particles, a study of their zeta potential in advance is extremely important as a high zeta potential is indicative of a stable product whilst a low zeta potential is indicative of an unstable product likely to agglomerate. When two particles have a high zeta potential they repel each other like 2 negative or positive magnets so they are not attracted to each other thus leading to a stable solution. When a sample is diluted dramatic changes to its zeta potential can occur especially when the dilution causes the zeta potential to approach the Iso Electric Point (IEP-0 m Volts). There are a number of effects which may cause the zeta potential to decrease towards 0 mV after dilution; we will cover pH, salt concentration and polyelectrolyte or surfactant concentration. There are 2 approaches to take when encountering this problem, The first approach requires full knowledge of the suspensions pH, salt concentration and volume % concentration of the surfactant such that care in dilution may be effected (Prevention). The second involves technological advances (Prevention and Cure) which are unique and employs a method which in most pharmaceutical applications renders the need to dilute redundant. By measuring the suspension at full concentration, all potential chemistry problems are negated.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82839189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000006
M. Shah., F. Wahab, F. Ullah, U. Gul, A. Aziz, Z. Ullah
Objective: To identify knowledge and practises of nurses regarding infection control in the use of urethral catheter and associated urinary tract infection in private tertiary care hospital Peshawar. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the current knowledge of nurses regarding urinary catheter care. The study was also focused on practises and standard guidelines about urinary catheter care of nurses in private tertiary care hospitals. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among nurses in private tertiary care hospital Peshawar. Participants were selected through convenient sampling technique. The data was collected through a self-developed structured questionnaire. Results: Out of 70 participants the gender distribution was 11.1% (male) and 86.1% (female). The mean knowledge of participants was 66% with standard deviation 25.3%. The Mean practise was 56.43% with Standard deviation 14.94%. Independent t-test was applied to identify the association between knowledge of participants with year of experience which was not significant. One-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) test was applied to identify association between knowledge with years of practise which was significant p=0.024. Conclusion: The study result was alarming to know that the nurses had low knowledge, and poor practises about infection control in the use of urethral catheter. This indicates that nurses need to be educated and trained more on infection control in the use of urethral catheter.
{"title":"Infection Control in the Use of Urethral Catheter: Knowledge and Practises of Nurses","authors":"M. Shah., F. Wahab, F. Ullah, U. Gul, A. Aziz, Z. Ullah","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000006","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To identify knowledge and practises of nurses regarding infection control in the use of urethral catheter and associated urinary tract infection in private tertiary care hospital Peshawar. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the current knowledge of nurses regarding urinary catheter care. The study was also focused on practises and standard guidelines about urinary catheter care of nurses in private tertiary care hospitals. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among nurses in private tertiary care hospital Peshawar. Participants were selected through convenient sampling technique. The data was collected through a self-developed structured questionnaire. Results: Out of 70 participants the gender distribution was 11.1% (male) and 86.1% (female). The mean knowledge of participants was 66% with standard deviation 25.3%. The Mean practise was 56.43% with Standard deviation 14.94%. Independent t-test was applied to identify the association between knowledge of participants with year of experience which was not significant. One-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) test was applied to identify association between knowledge with years of practise which was significant p=0.024. Conclusion: The study result was alarming to know that the nurses had low knowledge, and poor practises about infection control in the use of urethral catheter. This indicates that nurses need to be educated and trained more on infection control in the use of urethral catheter.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80211467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000009
Suad Y. Alkarib, A. O. Nur
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-4000cps, fixed amount), various contents of calcium hydroxide, stearyl alcohol, magnesium stearate, different drug: PVP ratios and altered tablet hardness were used to design floating tablet formulation capable to deliver glibenclamide in a sustained manner. Both full factorial and Box-Wilson designs, in consecutive manner, were used to investigate for the influences of these formulation variables on the developed dosage form performance and drug release. Tablet hardness has revealed an influential effect on tablet onset of floating, and drug release was shown to be more evident in the initial phase (p 6 hours. Concerning drug release, the formula showed evidence of 25 and 84% drug release after 1 and 6 hours, respectively, with T50% of 3 hours. Moreover, release kinetics of the drug from the optimized formula was shown to be near the desired zero order type of release (n=0.8897 or 0.0132; r2=0.9993). The in vivo dosage form residence time study in six human subjects demonstrated that the developed tablet formulation retained in the stomach for more than four hours under fasting conditions. Comparative bioavailability study revealed that floating tablets showed 2-2.5 times increase in AUC (p≤ 0.1) indicating the sustained release tendency of the drug from the floating tablet formulation. The three months based stability study indicated that the drug and the dosage form retained their initial physical characters in both accelerated and normal conditions for the test duration as far as blister pack is considered.
{"title":"Gastroretentive Controlled Release Glibenclamide Oral Tablet Formulation","authors":"Suad Y. Alkarib, A. O. Nur","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000009","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-4000cps, fixed amount), various contents of calcium hydroxide, stearyl alcohol, magnesium stearate, different drug: PVP ratios and altered tablet hardness were used to design floating tablet formulation capable to deliver glibenclamide in a sustained manner. Both full factorial and Box-Wilson designs, in consecutive manner, were used to investigate for the influences of these formulation variables on the developed dosage form performance and drug release. Tablet hardness has revealed an influential effect on tablet onset of floating, and drug release was shown to be more evident in the initial phase (p 6 hours. Concerning drug release, the formula showed evidence of 25 and 84% drug release after 1 and 6 hours, respectively, with T50% of 3 hours. Moreover, release kinetics of the drug from the optimized formula was shown to be near the desired zero order type of release (n=0.8897 or 0.0132; r2=0.9993). The in vivo dosage form residence time study in six human subjects demonstrated that the developed tablet formulation retained in the stomach for more than four hours under fasting conditions. Comparative bioavailability study revealed that floating tablets showed 2-2.5 times increase in AUC (p≤ 0.1) indicating the sustained release tendency of the drug from the floating tablet formulation. The three months based stability study indicated that the drug and the dosage form retained their initial physical characters in both accelerated and normal conditions for the test duration as far as blister pack is considered.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76664614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000004
D. Klokol, Dina Tulina, M. Teppone, Mike K. S. Chan, M. Wong, H. Pong, Maria Del Mar Cabarbas, Wladimir Chernykh
Aging–related changes of the skin are characterized by reduction of the elasticity, moistness and thickness, appearance of wrinkles, pigmented spots, lentigos, and keratosis. Histological changes include thinning of epidermis, flattening of epidermal-dermal interface, reduction of production and disorganization of collagen and elastin, slowdown of cell turnover, reduction of melanocytes and their erratic activity and the phenomenon of solar elastosis. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the efficacy of mesotherapy with a cocktail containing combination of cell extracts from skin, placenta and mesenchyme with addition of collagen and elastin proteins in rejuvenation and revitalization of the facial skin. The cohort comprised of 26 women in the age 40-65 y.o. (mean age 56 ± 2.5) with Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV and Glogau score II-III. Treatment consisted of mesotherapy applied on the forehead, cheeks, periorbital and perioral areas, chin and neck. The injected formulation was MF+ Mito Organelles™ SPMCE – peptide-extracts from skin, placenta, mesenchyme, with collagen and elastin. Treatment sessions were performed across 12 weeks at weekly intervals. Final results were assessed 1 and 3 months after the last mesotherapy session using photographic comparison and patient’s subjective view and external dermatologist-expert’s opinion, clinical and instrumental evaluation, and histopathology report. Clinical and histochemical data obtained from the study confirms the anti-aging properties of the used product. Analysis of dermal elastic filaments has proven the reduction of skins roughness and determined the bio-revitalizing and rejuvenating effect of the used product. Study has demonstrated MF+ MO™ SPMCE capacity to promote biosynthesis of new collagen and elastic fibers. The improvements in skin hydration and dramatic reduction of senile lentigo and uneven pigmentation were noted. Obtained data allow to conclude that application of MF+ MO™ SPMCE cellular extracts/peptides in mesotherapy can be considered as safe and effective method of facial rejuvenation.
{"title":"Application of Cell Extracts from Skin, Placenta,Mesenchyme with Collagen and Elastin inAesthetic Dermatology and Skin Revitalization:Evaluation of Outcomes in Cohort Study","authors":"D. Klokol, Dina Tulina, M. Teppone, Mike K. S. Chan, M. Wong, H. Pong, Maria Del Mar Cabarbas, Wladimir Chernykh","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000004","url":null,"abstract":"Aging–related changes of the skin are characterized by reduction of the elasticity, moistness and thickness, appearance of wrinkles, pigmented spots, lentigos, and keratosis. Histological changes include thinning of epidermis, flattening of epidermal-dermal interface, reduction of production and disorganization of collagen and elastin, slowdown of cell turnover, reduction of melanocytes and their erratic activity and the phenomenon of solar elastosis. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the efficacy of mesotherapy with a cocktail containing combination of cell extracts from skin, placenta and mesenchyme with addition of collagen and elastin proteins in rejuvenation and revitalization of the facial skin. The cohort comprised of 26 women in the age 40-65 y.o. (mean age 56 ± 2.5) with Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV and Glogau score II-III. Treatment consisted of mesotherapy applied on the forehead, cheeks, periorbital and perioral areas, chin and neck. The injected formulation was MF+ Mito Organelles™ SPMCE – peptide-extracts from skin, placenta, mesenchyme, with collagen and elastin. Treatment sessions were performed across 12 weeks at weekly intervals. Final results were assessed 1 and 3 months after the last mesotherapy session using photographic comparison and patient’s subjective view and external dermatologist-expert’s opinion, clinical and instrumental evaluation, and histopathology report. Clinical and histochemical data obtained from the study confirms the anti-aging properties of the used product. Analysis of dermal elastic filaments has proven the reduction of skins roughness and determined the bio-revitalizing and rejuvenating effect of the used product. Study has demonstrated MF+ MO™ SPMCE capacity to promote biosynthesis of new collagen and elastic fibers. The improvements in skin hydration and dramatic reduction of senile lentigo and uneven pigmentation were noted. Obtained data allow to conclude that application of MF+ MO™ SPMCE cellular extracts/peptides in mesotherapy can be considered as safe and effective method of facial rejuvenation.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80432576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2321-547X.1000001
Rasha R Radwan
Drug delivery systems offer the potential to improve the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents via targeting the antitumor drug to its desired site of action, and hence, increasing the drug concentration in cancer cells and decreasing its concentration in healthy cells. Several nano-sized drug carriers, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, micells and polymer-drug conjugates, have been investigated in order to minimize side effects of anticancer drugs and enhance the antitumoral drug efficacy in cancer therapy.
{"title":"Improved Targeted Delivery for Chemotherapeutic Drugs","authors":"Rasha R Radwan","doi":"10.21767/2321-547X.1000001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000001","url":null,"abstract":"Drug delivery systems offer the potential to improve the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents via targeting the antitumor drug to its desired site of action, and hence, increasing the drug concentration in cancer cells and decreasing its concentration in healthy cells. Several nano-sized drug carriers, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, micells and polymer-drug conjugates, have been investigated in order to minimize side effects of anticancer drugs and enhance the antitumoral drug efficacy in cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":7704,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82844344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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