Brain death means a complete and irreversible loss of all brain activity during intensive care with mechanical ventilation. On autopsy is seen an ischemic infarct of the whole brain following the stopped blood flow in the intracranial cavity after the elevation of the pressure. With brain death a human being loses two characteristics of its earthly life, the physical base needed for his spirit and his soul in this world, and the integration, the unity as the independent and self-contained organism.
{"title":"[Brain death--a certain sign of death].","authors":"H Angstwurm","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain death means a complete and irreversible loss of all brain activity during intensive care with mechanical ventilation. On autopsy is seen an ischemic infarct of the whole brain following the stopped blood flow in the intracranial cavity after the elevation of the pressure. With brain death a human being loses two characteristics of its earthly life, the physical base needed for his spirit and his soul in this world, and the integration, the unity as the independent and self-contained organism.</p>","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 4","pages":"4 p. following 502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13307368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper rejects "brain death" as a new criterion, or definition, of actual death. The main theses are two: 1. Brain death as such--in any of its meanings--is not man's death and this can be proven by means of many cogent and some plausible arguments. 2. Even if the theoretical arguments against the identification of man's actual death with brain death did not demonstrate their non-identity, the opposite position would still be uncertain, at least. In view of this undeniable fact, a minimal ethical responsibility demands that we must not act, by organ retrievals, on the assumption of the identity of "brain death"--in any of its meanings--with man's actual death. We must avoid those actions which, like killing, presuppose a high degree of moral certainty concerning death, given that we cannot attain such certainty, as in the case of brain death. Thus organ and heart-explantations are found to be unethical. A newly thought out notion of biological death of the human organism as a whole ("clinical death" as irreversible cessation of all vital bodily functions, in particular of cardiopulmonary and cerebral functions) is proposed as theoretically best founded and ethically safest medical criterion of death.
{"title":"[Is brain death actually death?].","authors":"J Seifert","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper rejects \"brain death\" as a new criterion, or definition, of actual death. The main theses are two: 1. Brain death as such--in any of its meanings--is not man's death and this can be proven by means of many cogent and some plausible arguments. 2. Even if the theoretical arguments against the identification of man's actual death with brain death did not demonstrate their non-identity, the opposite position would still be uncertain, at least. In view of this undeniable fact, a minimal ethical responsibility demands that we must not act, by organ retrievals, on the assumption of the identity of \"brain death\"--in any of its meanings--with man's actual death. We must avoid those actions which, like killing, presuppose a high degree of moral certainty concerning death, given that we cannot attain such certainty, as in the case of brain death. Thus organ and heart-explantations are found to be unethical. A newly thought out notion of biological death of the human organism as a whole (\"clinical death\" as irreversible cessation of all vital bodily functions, in particular of cardiopulmonary and cerebral functions) is proposed as theoretically best founded and ethically safest medical criterion of death.</p>","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 4","pages":"4 p. preceding 503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13414982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Short definitions of medical concepts. 4. Brain death].","authors":"J G Meran","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 4","pages":"1 p. preceding 503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13414980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper rejects "brain death" as a new criterion, or definition, of actual death. The main theses are two: 1. Brain death as such--in any of its meanings--is not man's death and this can be proven by means of many cogent and some plausible arguments. 2. Even if the theoretical arguments against the identification of man's actual death with brain death did not demonstrate their non-identity, the opposite position would still be uncertain, at least. In view of this undeniable fact, a minimal ethical responsibility demands that we must not act, by organ retrievals, on the assumption of the identity of "brain death"--in any of its meanings--with man's actual death. We must avoid those actions which, like killing, presuppose a high degree of moral certainty concerning death, given that we cannot attain such certainty, as in the case of brain death. Thus organ and heart-explantations are found to be unethical. A newly thought out notion of biological death of the human organism as a whole ("clinical death" as irreversible cessation of all vital bodily functions, in particular of cardiopulmonary and cerebral functions) is proposed as theoretically best founded and ethically safest medical criterion of death.
{"title":"[Is brain death actually death?].","authors":"J. Seifert","doi":"10.5840/MONIST199376210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/MONIST199376210","url":null,"abstract":"The paper rejects \"brain death\" as a new criterion, or definition, of actual death. The main theses are two: 1. Brain death as such--in any of its meanings--is not man's death and this can be proven by means of many cogent and some plausible arguments. 2. Even if the theoretical arguments against the identification of man's actual death with brain death did not demonstrate their non-identity, the opposite position would still be uncertain, at least. In view of this undeniable fact, a minimal ethical responsibility demands that we must not act, by organ retrievals, on the assumption of the identity of \"brain death\"--in any of its meanings--with man's actual death. We must avoid those actions which, like killing, presuppose a high degree of moral certainty concerning death, given that we cannot attain such certainty, as in the case of brain death. Thus organ and heart-explantations are found to be unethical. A newly thought out notion of biological death of the human organism as a whole (\"clinical death\" as irreversible cessation of all vital bodily functions, in particular of cardiopulmonary and cerebral functions) is proposed as theoretically best founded and ethically safest medical criterion of death.","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":"67 1","pages":"4 p. preceding 503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75898537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If in the case of brain death breathing and circulation are continued artificially we deceive ourselves emotionally not to except death of the so treated organism. But on scientific medical grounds brain death defines the end of the organism as a whole beyond doubt. No rational reasons can be seen, why organs should not be taken from the brain dead provided that diagnosis of brain death and the organ retrieval are done by independent teams of doctors and an opposing will of the dead person is not known. Honour should be payed to the remains of the dead organ donor. Donation of living donors should be seen more critically because of the ethical problems involved for the managing doctors.
{"title":"[Brain death from the viewpoint of transplantation surgery].","authors":"F W Eigler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>If in the case of brain death breathing and circulation are continued artificially we deceive ourselves emotionally not to except death of the so treated organism. But on scientific medical grounds brain death defines the end of the organism as a whole beyond doubt. No rational reasons can be seen, why organs should not be taken from the brain dead provided that diagnosis of brain death and the organ retrieval are done by independent teams of doctors and an opposing will of the dead person is not known. Honour should be payed to the remains of the dead organ donor. Donation of living donors should be seen more critically because of the ethical problems involved for the managing doctors.</p>","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 4","pages":"2 p. following 502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13414981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The clinical protocol to treat infants with severe combined immuno deficiency due to adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency by means of gene thereapy has been approved recently. The Human Gene Therapy Subcommittee and the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) concluded the review on July 30th and opened the door for the first federally approved somatic Human Gene Therapy.
{"title":"[First somatic human gene therapy in the USA approved].","authors":"J G Meran","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical protocol to treat infants with severe combined immuno deficiency due to adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency by means of gene thereapy has been approved recently. The Human Gene Therapy Subcommittee and the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) concluded the review on July 30th and opened the door for the first federally approved somatic Human Gene Therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 3","pages":"2 p. following 428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13249819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Brief definition of medical ethical concepts. 3].","authors":"J G Meran","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 3","pages":"1 p. preceding 429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13249818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Abortion and the experience for the physician who performs it].","authors":"P Petersen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 3","pages":"2 p. preceding 429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13249820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Topicality, expressiveness and universal validity of current ethical vows in medicine are compared critically. Instead of outmoded formula Pellegrino's and Thomasma's suggestion for a new and mainly at patient autonomy-oriented vow is favored.
{"title":"[Discussion forum medical ethics. B2. Physician's oath: still current? Critical observations on various professional ethical oath texts].","authors":"W U Eckart","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Topicality, expressiveness and universal validity of current ethical vows in medicine are compared critically. Instead of outmoded formula Pellegrino's and Thomasma's suggestion for a new and mainly at patient autonomy-oriented vow is favored.</p>","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 2","pages":"3 p. following 365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13356599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There can be no oath, which does not possess a very special quality of obligation. Inseparably from this, there must be a justification stage which includes transcendental references.
{"title":"[Discussion forum medical ethics. B7. Essence of the oath. Reflections on the substance of the oath].","authors":"A von Aretin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There can be no oath, which does not possess a very special quality of obligation. Inseparably from this, there must be a justification stage which includes transcendental references.</p>","PeriodicalId":77110,"journal":{"name":"Diskussionsforum medizinische Ethik","volume":" 2","pages":"3 p. preceding 365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13356600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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