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The purpose of the study was to find out the kind of management that satisfies the ward personnel. Based on the employees' satisfaction with the management in the ward, two groups were formed: 'Satisfied wards' (7 wards in which the personnel were exceptionally satisfied with the management, n = 124) and 'Other wards' (8 wards with not so satisfied personnel, n = 186). In the questionnaire survey, the employees in the 'Satisfied wards' reported more possibilities to participate in decision making, better communication in the ward as well as with other units, more innovative activities in the ward, and more managerial support, than did the employees in the 'Other wards'. There were no significant differences between the 'Satisfied' and 'Other wards' in the structure or number of employees in the ward, in clarity of goals and processes, or in the employees autonomy.

This article describes the images and experiences of being patient by the viewpoint of persons who have visited health care system. The purpose is to expand knowledge of the starting points and improvement of good care. The description of the subject is based on the data gathered by focused interviews (N = 60) during the spring 1989. The data was analysed in two phases. Images and experiences of being patient were identified and classified to establish concepts, which describe data as a whole. Analyses were carried out according to Grounded theory-method. Those who were interviewed expected a person as a patient to be active and to take care of her rights during the care or to be obedient. They named many reasons why patients are passive and shy. They also described patients' troublesome behaviour in many different ways. Those who were interviewed had been patients in five different styles. Styles were connected with peoples' individual ways of being healthy and their basic belief of life control. According to the study the goodness of care is partly affected by the norms of being patient in health care system and partly by the human being's own choices to be patient. It seems that patients who were active were heard better during the care than the passive ones. According to the study the development of good nursing care requires the analyses of good nursing care requires the analyses and the expanding of the norms of being a patient and the establishing of the data gathering methods describing a patient as a person.

The purpose of this study was to find out the level of research-based thinking that students have internalized during their professional education. The research-based thinking of students has been investigated by analyzing the study reports, they have made at the end of their professional education. "The research-based thinking" is evaluated from the perspective of a research consumer. So, the purpose of this study was not to evaluate the level of studies, but the basis of them. The data consisted of 51 study reports. The data was analyzed by using the content analysis and descriptive statistics. The content analysis was based on the set of general rules for research using deductive methods of approach. The students' problems in research-based thinking fell mainly into the following parts: (1) the students did not use previous studies to build up the frame and the problems of their study, the students used scientific publications limitedly, it seems that the knowledge had the same value to the students regardless of the reference they have taken it from; (2) the students had difficulties in connecting the empirical part of their study with theoretical or conceptual frame. In this study the results indicated, that Finnish nursing students' research-based thinking is not mature in their study-reports at the end of education. It seems important to do further research to be able to analyze the reasons for these findings and how education could be improved in the future.

The purpose of this study is to describe the current state of research in nursing science and to compare the research done in the USA and Canada with that in other countries. The data consist of 367 research abstracts submitted for conference, which were analyzed in terms of focus, purpose and methodology. The statistical significances of differences were tested using the chi-square test. Most of the research was focused on patients and very little on nursing education or administration. The purpose was in most cases the conceptualization and description of phenomena. A fifth of the abstracts were concerned with the development and evaluation of forms of treatment or interventions, these being more often from the other countries than from the USA and Canada. The data had mostly been gathered by questionnaire, the second most frequent method being interview. Interviews were more often used in the other countries (33%) than in the USA and Canada (24%), where biophysiological measures were used equally often. Most studies were quantitative and only 15% were qualitative. Multivariate analyses were used more often in the USA and Canada than elsewhere. Most of the research analyzed here was carried out in the USA and Canada, and since the group of other countries was very heterogeneous, the results of this study cannot be generalized except in as far as they concern North America.

In Finland a new law on patients' rights was stated in 1993. In this article the rights are described, as experienced by patients themselves (n = 204). The data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. The content of the questionnaire was formulated according four themes: right to good care and treatment, right to information, to self-determination and awareness of the new law. Based on the results, the patients are rather satisfied with their treatment, care and information given. Referring to relatives there are some problems in information. The patients were aware especially about their right to secrecy and to refuse for being a teaching patient. The study will be replicated after three years.

The research investigated the views which the student nurses and the student care assistants had received from their studies concerning the care of demented patients. It also dealt with the opinions they had received about the good care of a demented patient. The data was gathered by interviewing 11 student care assistants and 14 student nurses who were to finish their studies within a month. The data was analyzed by using qualitative analytical methods. The student care assistants emphasized the care itself and the patient more than the student nurses did. The student care assistants emphasized the rehabilitation and the physical care. While evaluating their studies, the student nurses considered the teaching in the nursing school in a more negative way than the student care assistants. Both groups regarded the prevailing nursing practice as a difficulty in learning the good care of the demented patients.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of historical research in nursing. The information of the chronology of nursing knowledge is considered to be important for the development of the discipline's knowledge for the future. This paper describes the process of historical research by a study of the home visits of the public health nurses in Finland 1944-1972. The first step in historical research is to identify the problem area and the purpose of the study. The second phase included data collection from primary and secondary sources. The third phase includes external and internal criticism of the data. This criticism occurs simultaneously with data collection. The last phase means synthesis and writing the research report. At the end of this article, some critical points in historical research are outlined.

This study forms part of the international family dynamics project. The study was carried out in two stages. In stage one the aim was to determine how expectant mothers and fathers view the family's activity on six bipolar dimensions (Barnhill 1979). Family dynamics was studied during the third trimester of pregnancy with both mothers (118) and fathers (118) participating in the study (N = 236). The data were collected by questionnaires, using the Family Dynamics Measure. Most parents (86%) reported that their family functioning was either very good or quite good. Married parents reported more stability, flexibility and clearer communication than cohabiting parents did. Mothers reported more flexibility, mutuality and clearer communication than fathers did. Families expecting their first child found more mutuality, role reciprocity and clearer communication than did families expecting their second child.

The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate theoretical principles, possibilities and limits of the qualitative research method called phenomenography. The article is based on a literature review. Phenomenography is a research methodology initiated by Ference Marton and his research group in Sweden in the 1970s. Unlike phenomenology, phenomenography is not a philosophical school. It is a pragmatic method for doing qualitative research. In phenomenography, the aim of research is to describe the qualitatively different ways in which people perceive the world around them (the second-order perspective). The most common method of data collection is thematic interviewing. The results are categories of description representing the different conceptions of a phenomenon found among a certain population. Phenomenography is a useful method for qualitative analyses. However, it has also been criticized for a static view of human thought--a criticism that points toward the risks of relying on a single method in qualitative research.

The aim of the study was to describe and understand the experiences and activities that people use in order to master their everyday health. Data was collected among 142 primary health care patients, who were given a semi-structured diary to fill for two weeks. The diaries were analysed by using qualitative methods of content analysis and grounded method. The main theme of diaries were analysed in order to depict the different orientations of mastery. Four different types were found: Daily life dominated by one theme, such as sport, faith or diet; Daily life as struggle with pain and illness, Regular daily life, Daily life as an ordeal and Daily life characterized by abundant joyful life.