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This study is part of the research project "Multidimensional Health". It is empirical and has a descriptive-explorative orientation. Its purpose is to describe high school students' idea of health and it focuses on hopes and possibilities. The theoretical frame of reference consists of a synthesis of theories according to J. J. Rousseau, E. H. Eriksson and K. Eriksson. The results of the study show that the young person's idea of health is relative to his stage of development and to his context. An essential part of the experience of health is the experience of possibility. The young persons' ideals of health consists of faith or confidence, hope and love. Courage is the basis of health for young persons.

The purpose of this study was to describe attitudes of the nurses and the physicians and their knowledge towards the sexuality of the hospitalized and non-hospitalized aged patients. The study was carried out in a small health centre near Turku involving a total of 70 persons of the medical staff, nurses and doctors. The questionnaire was returned by 53 of those involved. According to the participants, aged people only rarely express their wish to discuss their sexual needs during the care. Neither do the nurses or physicians bring up the matter themselves. Most of the attendants in the study would be ready to discuss with the patients matters dealing with the sexuality of the aged. The participants had knowledge of the sexual needs of the elderly and their attitudes were acceptive. This might mean that the member of the staff is willing to try to help the patient in matters usually difficult to handle.

In this article the concept 'life control' is being analysed and defined. A need to define the concept 'life control' emerged during a research that deat with a human being's descriptions being healthy. 'Life control' turned out to be the central category and the main concept organising the whole data. The data were collected by focused interviews (N = 60). Those interviewed represented five different styles of 'life control'. One of these styles that were discovered in the research was chosen as the basis of the conceptual analysis. This style was characterised by 'laissez faire' attitude towards life. Hybrid model was used as the theoretical frame of reference in the conceptual analysis. Thorough study of Finnish and foreign literature about 'life control' leads into an explicit definition of 'life control' describing the data collected by focused interviews: 'Life control' is an individual's basic belief concerning the possibilities to control the course of human life and the extent of this control. An individual either controls his/her life quite independently and completely or only to a certain extent, or it is controlled by factors beyond the influence of a human being. The definition of the 'life control' -concept in the sense that it displays basic beliefs should be examined by studying people's way of thinking with the help of interviews, essays, questionnaires or analysis of autobiographies.

This investigation describes health promotion from a caring science perspective. Caring is defined as an act of "caritas" c.e. love and mercy (Eriksson 1991). The investigation is theoretical and comes as a result in a model for health education. The model will be empirically tested in the future further on. The research method is qualitative and descriptive consisting of three processes: the abductive, deductive and inductive. This method was created by Charles Peirce (1839-1914). The inductive process will be implemented by testing the model. Abduction is the process of forming an explanatory hypothesis. The abductive hypothesis of this investigation is formed in the following way: "the kind of mood od mind, the kind of health". Main emphasis has been in examining the meaning of the mood of mind for ones health and the possibilities to develop it. The following question were asserted; 1. What is meant by the mood of mind? 2. What attributes are required in order to talk about health's mood of mind? 3. What are the possibilities of developing the mood of mind as a way for health education? The result of this investigation is presented as a model for health promotion. The model is upbuilt by the caritative elements featuring belief, hope, love and the concept of virtue. The model shows the consequences for a human beings daily living. In the case of having too much belief a human being may develop some kind of health fanatism. In the case of having too much belief a human being may develop some kind of health fanatism. In the case of having too much hope a human being puts forward the decisions about health for tomorrow. In the case of having too much love it may lead to a irresponsible lifestyle. An assumption is that a balance between belief, hope and love leads in choosing health, planning for health and living in health.

The purpose of the study was to examine disruptive behaviors in elderly patients, to find out the prevalence of disruptive behaviors and the most disruptive behavior for staff and to examine nursing interventions in these situations. The data were collected with a questionnaire. The respondents on the survey were special nurses, nurses, mental health nurses and licensed nurses (N = 287). This type of study cannot be generalized to a larger population of geriatric care facilities without bearing in mind that the population studied was not representative of the general population of all geriatric care facilities. Our results show that problems of mobility, incontinence, dressing, language and passivity were among the top five most frequently occurring on geriatric wards. Nursing personnel identified physical aggression as the most disruptive behavior for them. The results of this study suggest that disruptive behaviors occur at rates which are clinically significant in a geriatric care setting. Research into the etiology and treatment of disruptive behaviors is in a most preliminary stage. Research is also needed on the potential for training nursing staff in the use of simple and positive behavioral procedures.

The aim of the study was to examine the opinions of psychiatric patients regarding the aims of their care and to compare these to the aims recorded by the nursing staff on the treatment plan forms. Attention was also paid to the reasons quoted by the patients for the given helping methods and their opinions on factors which promote or hamper treatment. The basic group consisted of patients who had been treated at the Department of Psychiatry in the University Hospital District of Northern Ostrobothnia for at least two weeks. The group was divided into two parts: 1) patients treated in a close ward and 2) those in an open ward. Thirty-one patients of each kind were selected by random sampling and interviewed using five open questions which concerned the aims of the treatment, their grounds for participating in the treatment concerned and factors promoting or hampering treatment. The notes on the aims of the treatment made by the nursing staff were gathered from the treatment plan forms for the patients in question. The data were analyzed by content analysis. The primary finding was that there are still discrepancies between the aims recorded in the course of treatment and patient's own opinions. The results indicate that the patients regarded social interaction as the primary reason for seeking treatment, followed by therapeutic interaction and normative factors in the ward. Factors considered to promote helping were therapeutic interaction, medical treatment, self realization and social interaction, whereas the detrimental factors were related to the patients themselves, their individual needs, the environment, the therapeutic community or the medication provided.

The purpose of this study was to use young diabetics descriptions of their illness, treatment and care to explain the actions of physicians, nurses, parents and friends relationship with diabetics'. The empirical data were collected by interviewing 51 diabetics of age 13-17-years. The data were processed by the method of continuous comparative analysis. The young diabetics described the actions of physicians as motivating, authoritarian, negligent and routine. By motivating they meant that, the doctors and young diabetics acted together, discussing the treatment and care and planning it together, whereas the routine and authoritarian aspects of their action referred to things that the doctors didn't discuss with the patient, and care that wasn't individual. The nurses' were described as taking notice of the young diabetics as individuals, but their actions were or intended to comply with the doctors' instructions. The individual aspect consisted of planning the care together and trying to combine it with the young persons's life. The actions of the parents were described as motivating, involving acceptance and disciplined control. Their motivating action consisted of support and a natural interest in young diabetics's life and not only in the disease. The parents who accepted the young diabetics didn't try to influence them. They accepted that the people would not necessarily care for themselves. Their disciplined control consisted of a lot of questions about care and attempts to oblige the young diabetics to care for themselves better than they do. The young diabetics described their interaction with friends, in terms of their silent support, their friends dominating their lives or their friends having no meaning for their self care. When their friends dominated their lives, the young diabetics lived according to their friends' habit, in which case the care didn't fit in with the young diabetics' life style. The silent support of the friends was typical in that the friends reminded the young diabetics of their care and tried to change their own habits to fit the young diabetics' lives. Friends had no meaning for those young diabetics for whom the care was a natural part of their lives.

In this article starting points and methodological issues of qualitative research will be examined. Questions of phenomenology, analytic hermeneutics and so called newer hemeneutics are handled. Methodological roots of some Finnish PhD. dissertations will be identified. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss and make some clarification to conceptual diversity in studies using qualitative research methods.