Hoitotiede最新文献

The aim of the study was to study the fat consumption of first grade pupils in elementary school, especially the quality and quantity of the fats used both at home and at school. The data were collected in the year 1990 by questionnaires sent to the parents and by interviewing the children. The study population consisted of all the first grade pupils (N = 54) in an elementary school in the town of Varkaus. According to our findings there is a need for individual nutrition education. The families ought to pay attention to decreasing saturated fats and to increasing oils and vegetables, fruits and berries in their diet.

The purpose of this article is to describe what kind of nursing standards have been written in Finland. The quality assurance process of nursing includes setting of nursing standards. They express the desired quality level of nursing. They would also guide the practice of nursing. The analysed nursing standards were collected from five university hospitals, 15 central hospitals and nine health centers. The standards were collected with the questionnaire studying the present situation of quality assurance of nursing in Finland. The total number of analysed nursing standards was 190. According to the results the standards were mostly set to evaluate and characterize the quality of nursing of the certain patient group (e.g. new born child, dying patient, cancer patient in chemotherapy) and to evaluate the realization of nursing principles. Safety and individuality of nursing and independence and autonomy of patient were the most often appeared nursing principles in the analysed standards. The standards were written in passive and the level of quality was the ideal optimum. The nursing standards were expressed often abstractively and in such a form that the measurement and evaluation of reached level of the standard is a very difficult task.

The aim is to describe the interventions used by nurses to reduce pain and fear in children during venipuncture. The aim of the various methods is not to eliminate all the pain, but rather to encourage the child to adopt a behavior which will not hamper even long-term treatment. The material was collected from Oulu University Hospital by means of open questionnaires to a total of 59 nurses and laboratory assistants regarding their work. A content analysis was performed, replies significant from the point of view of the present topic being tabulated and the results depicted in the form of frequency and/or percentage distributions. The nurses regarded pain and fear in children as real, employing local anaesthetics to reduce the fear of pain. The child was prepared for the procedure by means of guidance and therapeutic play. The nurses acted mainly intuitively during the procedure, combining task orientation and traditional nursing.

This study has three aims: 1) to examine the present role of hospital nurse directors; 2) to find out what changes will occur in their role in the near future; and 3) to explore what their future role should be. The data were collected by a means of a mail questionnaire in winter 1990 from 50 nurse directors and 42 chief physicians of departments and 50 head nurses of wards from five Finnish university hospitals and from five other large acute hospitals. The nurse directors assessed their present role as being the most active and the head nurses as the least active in the examined 27 leadership functions. Largest differences were found in the evaluation of the hospital nurse directors' present role between the nurse directors themselves and the head nurses. However, in respect to the future work role the head nurses and nurse directors had rather similar expectations. Both emphasized research and development of the nursing staff and nursing care. The chief physicians thought that nurse directors should concentrate more on the internal leadership functions of the hospitals such as personnel management, solving the conflicts between the staff and performing routine functions of personnel management. The nurse directors themselves emphasized the external functions of hospitals in their present and future work role, such as networking and negotiations outside the hospitals and financial management. The differences in the evaluations of the present role and in the expectations concerning the future role of nurse directors indicate conflicting views between the the three groups. All respondents perceived nurse directors as being important and needed in hospitals. They also considered that non-nurses cannot function as directors of nursing services.

The purpose of the research was to describe views on health and health promotion of young men. A survey was made of a sample of 150 selected from a group of men aged under 30 years whose employment placed them within the scope of the government service occupational health scheme. The results presented here are derived from a questionnaire that had a response rate of 70%. The results show that these men had a broad outlook on matters of health as a whole. An open question was used to elicit views on health. Almost all the subjects mentioned physical and psychological well-being. The major factor the observation of healthy living habits was adequate, properly internalized information. The most important motive for healthy living habits was their current well-being. The research provides information for the development of health education within the scope of the government service occupational health scheme.

The purpose of this study was to test construct and content validity of Monitor and to evaluate if its criteria were clear and concrete. The construct validity was evaluated after reviewing the Finnish nursing literature in order to determine how man is perceived and what are the essential principles of Finnish nursing care. Each of the Monitor criteria was then compared with that view of man and the principles present in the literature. The human needs by Yura and Walsh were examined in order to find out to what extent the Monitor-instrument covers these needs. The content validity and the clarity and concreteness of the criteria were evaluated by experts. The results imply that the physical characteristics of man were prevalent in 76 out of 155 criteria. The essential principles were found in Monitor, but the principles concerning health centricity and patients' independence were found only in 13 out of 155 criteria. The instrument covered 4 human needs by Yura and Walsh totally and 20 in part. The experts rated 151 criteria content valid, 143 concrete and 139 clear in this study. Retesting is needed in the future studies.

This study discusses the attitudes of nurses and other nursing staff towards the nursing profession; their views on the community in which they carry out their daily work; and their opinions on how their job is being affected by ongoing efforts to develop the hospital organization. The study was carried out in two hospitals, where we selected for closer analysis the nursing staff of the inpatient wards (N = 153). The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Methods of statistical description included percentage distributions, means and standard deviations, and cross tabulation. Content analysis was used in the case of the open-ended answers. The majority of the nursing staff described the general atmosphere of their work community as open. It was also widely agreed that cooperation among different occupational groups on the ward was good or fairly good. Both of these factors were considered essential in view of the common objective of improving nursing quality. All occupational groups had a high regard for their profession. Similarly, most of the respondents believed that with the general development of nursing they would be able to further develop their own professional competence. About half of nursing staff took a positive attitude towards the ongoing campaign to develop the hospital work organization; they were described as justified and meaningful. This campaign implied, for example, a stronger patient-orientation and an improved quality of nursing. Most of the respondents felt they had good opportunities to influence decision-making in matters related to their own daily job. However, there were also critical voices saying that most innovations are in practice implemented by hospital management.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The purpose of the study, carried out in the Health Centre of Järvenpää, was to examine how directors of nursing and nurse managers perceived the health status of their long-term patients and how they thought health could be promoted by means of nursing strategies. The approach of the study was phenomenological, and the data were produced by the nurses themselves who wrote down their own ideas on the subject. The resulting qualitative data were then analyzed and interpreted by means of theme and model analysis. According to the conceptions of the directors of nursing and nurse managers, the long-term patient continues to enjoy certain aspects of health; this can be perceived as wellbeing. The patient accepts his current situation, participates in his care and meets his needs. Promoting health by means of nursing strategies is possible. 1) if the nursing practitioner knows both the past and present of her patient as well as his needs and wishes, and 2) if the organization facilitates implementation of individual patient care; a well functioning primary p6rsing model was seen as an ideal system. The following nursing strategies for promoting health came up in the study: the way of performing the work, protecting the patient against social death, creating a beneficial care environment and supporting the patient in the final stages of his life. The nursing care of long-term patients was regarded as demanding. The results of the study seem to imply that the way the nursing leaders perceive the health status and health promotion of long-term patients may differ from the perceptions of nursing practitioners.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)