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Vagus nerve stimulation in dementia: A scoping review of clinical and pre-clinical studies. 迷走神经刺激治疗痴呆症:临床和临床前研究范围综述。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024024
Ronald Kamoga, Godfrey Zari Rukundo, Samuel Kalungi, Wilson Adriko, Gladys Nakidde, Celestino Obua, Johnes Obongoloch, Amadi Ogonda Ihunwo

Background: Dementia is a prevalent, progressive, neurodegenerative condition with multifactorial causes. Due to the lack of effective pharmaceutical treatments for dementia, there are growing clinical and research interests in using vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as a potential non-pharmacological therapy for dementia. However, the extent of the research volume and nature into the effects of VNS on dementia is not well understood. This study aimed to examine the extent and nature of research activities in relation to the use of VNS in dementia and disseminate research findings for the potential utility in dementia care.

Methods: We performed a scoping review of literature searches in PubMed, HINARI, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane databases from 1980 to November 30th, 2023, including the reference lists of the identified studies. The following search terms were utilized: brain stimulation, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, vagal stimulation, memory loss, Deme*, cognit*, VNS, and Cranial nerve stimulation. The included studies met the following conditions: primary research articles pertaining to both humans and animals for both longitudinal and cross-sectional study designs and published in English from January 1st, 1980, to November 30th, 2023; investigated VNS in either dementia or cognitive impairment; and were not case studies, conference proceedings/abstracts, commentaries, or ordinary review papers.

Findings and conclusions: We identified 8062 articles, and after screening for eligibility (sequentially by titles, abstracts and full text reading, and duplicate removal), 10 studies were included in the review. All the studies included in this literature review were conducted over the last three decades in high-income geographical regions (i.e., Europe, the United States, the United Kingdom, and China), with the majority of them (7/10) being performed in humans. The main reported outcomes of VNS in the dementia cases were enhanced cognitive functions, an increased functional connectivity of various brain regions involved in learning and memory, microglial structural modifications from neurodestructive to neuroprotective configurations, a reduction of cerebral spinal fluid tau-proteins, and significant evoked brain tissue potentials that could be utilized to diagnose neurodegenerative disorders. The study outcomes highlight the potential for VNS to be used as a non-pharmacological therapy for cognitive impairment in dementia-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

背景:痴呆症是一种多因素导致的流行性、进行性神经退行性疾病。由于缺乏治疗痴呆症的有效药物,使用迷走神经刺激(VNS)作为治疗痴呆症的潜在非药物疗法的临床和研究兴趣日益浓厚。然而,人们对迷走神经刺激对痴呆症的影响的研究范围和性质还不甚了解。本研究旨在考察与 VNS 用于痴呆症相关的研究活动的范围和性质,并传播研究结果,以了解其在痴呆症护理中的潜在作用:我们对1980年至2023年11月30日期间在PubMed、HINARI、Google Scholar和Cochrane数据库中进行的文献检索进行了范围审查,包括已确定研究的参考文献目录。使用了以下检索词:脑刺激、痴呆、阿尔茨海默病、迷走神经刺激、记忆力减退、Deme*、cognit*、VNS 和颅神经刺激。纳入的研究符合以下条件:纵向和横断面研究设计中涉及人类和动物的主要研究文章,发表于 1980 年 1 月 1 日至 2023 年 11 月 30 日期间的英语文章;研究 VNS 治疗痴呆症或认知障碍的文章;非病例研究、会议记录/摘要、评论或普通综述论文:我们确定了 8062 篇文章,经过资格筛选(按顺序阅读标题、摘要和全文,并删除重复内容),10 项研究被纳入综述。本次文献综述所纳入的所有研究都是过去 30 年间在高收入地区(即欧洲、美国、英国和中国)进行的,其中大部分(7/10)是在人体中进行的。据报道,在痴呆症病例中使用 VNS 的主要结果是认知功能增强、参与学习和记忆的各大脑区域的功能连接性增强、小胶质细胞结构从神经破坏性构型转变为神经保护性构型、脑脊液 tau 蛋白减少,以及可用于诊断神经退行性疾病的脑组织诱发电位显著增强。研究结果凸显了 VNS 作为一种非药物疗法治疗阿尔茨海默病等痴呆相关疾病认知障碍的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The potential of exosomal biomarkers: Revolutionizing Parkinson's disease: How do they influence pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies? 外泌体生物标记物的潜力:彻底改变帕金森病:它们如何影响发病机制、诊断和治疗策略?
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-23 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024023
Naeimeh Akbari-Gharalari, Maryam Ghahremani-Nasab, Roya Naderi, Leila Chodari, Farshad Nezhadshahmohammad

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein, which has driven extensive research into the role of exosomes in disease mechanisms. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles enriched with proteins, RNA, and lipids that facilitate critical intercellular communication processes. Recent studies have elucidated the role of exosomes in transmitting misfolded proteins among neurons, which significantly impacts the progression of PD. The presence of disease-associated exosomes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood highlights their substantial diagnostic potential for PD. Specifically, exosomes derived from the central nervous system (CNS) have emerged as promising biomarkers because of their ability to accurately reflect pathological states. Furthermore, the isolation of exosomes from distinct brain cell types allows the identification of precise biomarkers, increasing diagnostic specificity and accuracy. In addition to being useful for diagnostics, exosomes hold therapeutic promise given their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and selectively modulate their cargo. These findings suggest that these materials could be used as delivery systems for therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review comprehensively examines the multifaceted roles of exosomes in PD pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It also addresses the associated clinical challenges and underscores the urgent need for further research and development to fully leverage exosome-based strategies in PD management.

帕金森病(PD)的特征是α-突触核蛋白的病理性积累,这推动了对外体在疾病机制中的作用的广泛研究。外泌体是一种富含蛋白质、核糖核酸和脂质的纳米级囊泡,可促进关键的细胞间通信过程。最近的研究阐明了外泌体在神经元间传递折叠错误的蛋白质方面的作用,这对帕金森病的进展产生了重大影响。脑脊液和血液中存在与疾病相关的外泌体,这突显了外泌体在诊断帕金森病方面的巨大潜力。具体来说,源自中枢神经系统(CNS)的外泌体因其能准确反映病理状态而成为有前景的生物标记物。此外,从不同的脑细胞类型中分离外泌体可以鉴定出精确的生物标记物,从而提高诊断的特异性和准确性。除了可用于诊断,外泌体还具有治疗前景,因为它们能够穿过血脑屏障(BBB)并选择性地调节其载体。这些发现表明,这些材料可用作治疗药物的递送系统,用于治疗神经退行性疾病。本综述全面探讨了外泌体在帕金森病发病机制、诊断和治疗中的多方面作用。它还探讨了相关的临床挑战,并强调了进一步研究和开发的迫切需要,以充分利用基于外泌体的策略来治疗帕金森病。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of right temporoparietal junction stimulation on embodiment, presence, and performance in teleoperation. 右侧颞顶交界处刺激对远程操作中的体现、临场感和表现的影响。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-10 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024022
Valentina Cesari, Graziella Orrù, Andrea Piarulli, Alessandra Vallefuoco, Franca Melfi, Angelo Gemignani, Danilo Menicucci

Embodiment (the sensation that arises when the properties of an external instrument are processed as if they are the attributes of one's own biological body) and (tele)presence (the sensation of being fully engaged and immersed in a location other than the physical space occupied by one's body) sustain the perception of the physical self and potentially improve performance in teleoperations (a system that enables human intelligence to control robots and requires implementing an effective human-machine interface). Embodiment and presence may be interdependent and influenced by right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ) activity. We investigated the interplay between embodiment, (tele)presence, and performance in teleoperation, focusing on the role of the rTPJ. Participants underwent a virtual reality task with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) twice, receiving either active or sham stimulation. Behavioral measures (driving inaccuracy, elapsed time in the lap, time spent in attentional lapses, short-term self-similarity, and long-term self-similarity), perceived workload (mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, own performance, effort, and frustration), embodiment's components (ownership, agency, tactile sensations, location, and external appearance), and presence's components (realism, possibility to act, quality of interface, possibility to examine, self-evaluation of performance, haptic, and sounds) were assessed. The results showed that rTPJ stimulation decreased perceived ownership but enhanced presence with changes in the complexity of visuomotor adjustments (long and short-term self-similarity indices). Structural equation modeling revealed that embodiment increased visuomotor inaccuracy (a composite variable of overall performance, including deviations from the optimal trajectory and the time taken to complete the task), presence reduced workload, and workload increased inaccuracy. These results suggested a dissociation between embodiment and presence, with embodiment hindering performance. Prioritizing virtual integration may lower human performance, while reduced workload from presence could aid engagement. These findings emphasize the intricate interplay between rTPJ, subjective experiences, and performance in teleoperation.

体现(当外部工具的属性被处理为自身生物体的属性时产生的感觉)和(远程)存在(全身心投入并沉浸在身体所占据的物理空间之外的某个位置的感觉)维持着对物理自我的感知,并有可能提高远程操作(一种使人类智能控制机器人的系统,需要实施有效的人机界面)的性能。体现和存在可能是相互依存的,并受右侧颞顶叶交界处(rTPJ)活动的影响。我们研究了远程操作中的体现、(远程)临场感和表现之间的相互作用,重点研究了右颞顶交界处的作用。受试者接受了两次经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)的虚拟现实任务,分别接受主动或假刺激。行为测量(驾驶不准确性、在圈中的时间、注意力缺失所花费的时间、短期自我相似性和长期自我相似性)、感知工作量(心理需求、身体需求、时间需求、自身表现、努力和挫败感)、此外,还评估了体现的组成部分(所有权、代理权、触觉、位置和外观)和存在的组成部分(逼真度、行动的可能性、界面质量、检查的可能性、对表现的自我评价、触觉和声音)。结果表明,随着视觉运动调整(长期和短期自我相似性指数)复杂性的变化,rTPJ 刺激降低了感知所有权,但增强了临场感。结构方程模型显示,体现会增加视觉运动的不准确性(整体表现的综合变量,包括偏离最佳轨迹和完成任务所需的时间),存在会减少工作量,而工作量会增加不准确性。这些结果表明,化身和临场感之间存在差异,化身会阻碍表现。优先考虑虚拟整合可能会降低人类的表现,而临场感带来的工作量减少则有助于参与。这些发现强调了远程操作中 rTPJ、主观体验和表现之间错综复杂的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive effects of brief and intensive neurofeedback treatment in schizophrenia: a single center pilot study. 简短和强化神经反馈治疗对精神分裂症患者认知能力的影响:一项单中心试点研究。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-09 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024021
Fabrizio Turiaco, Fiammetta Iannuzzo, Giovanni Genovese, Clara Lombardo, Maria Catena Silvestri, Laura Celebre, Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello, Antonio Bruno

Background: Schizophrenia is characterized by significant cognitive impairments and affects up to 98% of patients. Neurofeedback (NF) offers a means to modulate neural network function through cognitive processes such as learning and memorization, with documented structural changes in the brain, most notably an increase in grey matter volume in targeted regions.

Methods: The present 2-week, open-label, preliminary study aims to evaluate the efficacy on cognition of an adjunctive short and intensive (8 daily sessions lasting 30 minutes) alpha/theta NF training in a sample of subjects affected by schizophrenia on stabilized treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs. The efficacy was measured at baseline and at the end of the study by the Brief Neuropsychological Examination 2 (ENB 2), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Stroop color-word interference test; the clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Results: A final sample of nine patients completed the study. Regarding the cognitive performance, at the final assessment (week 2), the NF treatment significantly improved the performance in the "Story Recall Immediate" (p = 0.024), "Story Recall Delayed" (p = 0.007), "Interference Memory 30 s" (p = 0.024), "Clock Test" (p = 0.014) sub-tests, and the ENB2 Total Score (p = 0.007). Concerning the clinical symptoms, no significant changes were observed in the PANSS subscales and the PANSS Total score.

Conclusions: NF could represent an adjunctive treatment strategy in the therapeutic toolbox for schizophrenia cognitive symptoms.

背景:精神分裂症的特征是严重的认知障碍,高达 98% 的患者会受到影响。神经反馈(NF)提供了一种通过认知过程(如学习和记忆)调节神经网络功能的方法,并记录了大脑结构的变化,最显著的是目标区域灰质体积的增加:本研究是一项为期两周、开放标签的初步研究,旨在评估在接受非典型抗精神病药物稳定治疗的精神分裂症受试者样本中进行短期强化(每天 8 次,每次 30 分钟)α/θ NF 辅助训练对认知能力的影响。在基线和研究结束时,通过简短神经心理学检查 2 (ENB 2)、迷你精神状态检查 (MMSE) 和 Stroop 彩色单词干扰测试对疗效进行测量;通过阳性和阴性综合征量表 (PANSS) 对临床症状进行评估:最终有九名患者完成了研究。在认知表现方面,在最终评估(第2周)时,NF治疗显著改善了 "故事即时回忆"(p = 0.024)、"故事延迟回忆"(p = 0.007)、"30秒干扰记忆"(p = 0.024)、"时钟测试"(p = 0.014)子测试的表现,以及ENB2总分(p = 0.007)。在临床症状方面,PANSS分量表和PANSS总分均无明显变化:NF可作为精神分裂症认知症状治疗工具箱中的一种辅助治疗策略。
{"title":"Cognitive effects of brief and intensive neurofeedback treatment in schizophrenia: a single center pilot study.","authors":"Fabrizio Turiaco, Fiammetta Iannuzzo, Giovanni Genovese, Clara Lombardo, Maria Catena Silvestri, Laura Celebre, Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello, Antonio Bruno","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2024021","DOIUrl":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2024021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schizophrenia is characterized by significant cognitive impairments and affects up to 98% of patients. Neurofeedback (NF) offers a means to modulate neural network function through cognitive processes such as learning and memorization, with documented structural changes in the brain, most notably an increase in grey matter volume in targeted regions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present 2-week, open-label, preliminary study aims to evaluate the efficacy on cognition of an adjunctive short and intensive (8 daily sessions lasting 30 minutes) alpha/theta NF training in a sample of subjects affected by schizophrenia on stabilized treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs. The efficacy was measured at baseline and at the end of the study by the Brief Neuropsychological Examination 2 (ENB 2), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Stroop color-word interference test; the clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A final sample of nine patients completed the study. Regarding the cognitive performance, at the final assessment (week 2), the NF treatment significantly improved the performance in the \"Story Recall Immediate\" (p = 0.024), \"Story Recall Delayed\" (p = 0.007), \"Interference Memory 30 s\" (p = 0.024), \"Clock Test\" (p = 0.014) sub-tests, and the ENB2 Total Score (p = 0.007). Concerning the clinical symptoms, no significant changes were observed in the PANSS subscales and the PANSS Total score.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NF could represent an adjunctive treatment strategy in the therapeutic toolbox for schizophrenia cognitive symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"11 3","pages":"341-351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11486612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Novel perspective of therapeutic modules to overcome motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. 治疗模块的新视角,克服帕金森病的运动和非运动症状。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-06 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024020
Anmol Kumar, Ajay Kumar Gupta, Prashant Kumar Singh

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons, which leads to motor and non-motor symptoms that have a significant impact. The pathophysiology of PD is complex and involves environmental and genetic factors that contribute to alpha-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The current treatments of PD primarily focus on symptom management and have limitations in addressing disease progression and non-motor symptoms. Epidemiological data indicates a rise in PD cases worldwide, which highlights the need for effective treatments. Pathophysiological insights point out the involvement of various factors in PD progression, such as dopamine dysregulation, genetic mutations, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, alpha-synuclein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Although current treatments, which include dopamine precursors, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and non-dopaminergic drugs, can alleviate motor symptoms, they are not effective in preventing disease progression or managing non-motor symptoms. Additionally, they can lead to adverse effects and become less effective over time. Novel therapeutic approaches, including cell-based therapies, gene therapies, targeted drug delivery therapies, and magnetic field therapies, are promising in improving symptom management and providing personalized treatment. Additionally, emerging therapies that target alpha-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation may have potential disease-modifying effects. To sum up, for dealing with the multiple aspects of PD, there is a great need to come up with new and creative therapeutic approaches that not only relieve symptoms, but also prevent the progression of disease and non-motor symptoms. The progress made in comprehending the underlying mechanisms of PD provides optimism for developing successful treatments that can enhance the outcomes and quality of life.

帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是一种神经退行性疾病,涉及多巴胺能神经元的缺失,导致运动和非运动症状,影响重大。帕金森病的病理生理学非常复杂,涉及环境和遗传因素,这些因素导致α-突触核蛋白聚集、线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激和神经炎症。目前对帕金森病的治疗主要集中在症状控制上,在解决疾病进展和非运动症状方面存在局限性。流行病学数据表明,全世界的帕金森病病例在不断增加,这凸显了对有效治疗的需求。病理生理学研究指出,多巴胺失调、基因突变、氧化应激、线粒体损伤、α-突触核蛋白聚集和神经炎症等多种因素参与了帕金森病的进展。尽管目前的治疗方法(包括多巴胺前体、单胺氧化酶(MAO)抑制剂和非多巴胺能药物)可以缓解运动症状,但它们无法有效预防疾病进展或控制非运动症状。此外,这些药物还可能导致不良反应,并随着时间的推移而变得越来越无效。新的治疗方法,包括细胞疗法、基因疗法、靶向给药疗法和磁场疗法,有望改善症状管理并提供个性化治疗。此外,针对α-突触核蛋白聚集、线粒体功能障碍和神经炎症的新兴疗法可能具有潜在的疾病调节作用。总之,为了应对帕金森病的多个方面,我们亟需提出新的、创造性的治疗方法,不仅能缓解症状,还能预防疾病进展和非运动症状。在理解帕金森氏症的内在机制方面取得的进展,为开发成功的治疗方法提供了乐观的前景,这些治疗方法可以改善患者的预后和生活质量。
{"title":"Novel perspective of therapeutic modules to overcome motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Anmol Kumar, Ajay Kumar Gupta, Prashant Kumar Singh","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2024020","DOIUrl":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2024020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons, which leads to motor and non-motor symptoms that have a significant impact. The pathophysiology of PD is complex and involves environmental and genetic factors that contribute to alpha-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The current treatments of PD primarily focus on symptom management and have limitations in addressing disease progression and non-motor symptoms. Epidemiological data indicates a rise in PD cases worldwide, which highlights the need for effective treatments. Pathophysiological insights point out the involvement of various factors in PD progression, such as dopamine dysregulation, genetic mutations, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, alpha-synuclein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Although current treatments, which include dopamine precursors, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and non-dopaminergic drugs, can alleviate motor symptoms, they are not effective in preventing disease progression or managing non-motor symptoms. Additionally, they can lead to adverse effects and become less effective over time. Novel therapeutic approaches, including cell-based therapies, gene therapies, targeted drug delivery therapies, and magnetic field therapies, are promising in improving symptom management and providing personalized treatment. Additionally, emerging therapies that target alpha-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation may have potential disease-modifying effects. To sum up, for dealing with the multiple aspects of PD, there is a great need to come up with new and creative therapeutic approaches that not only relieve symptoms, but also prevent the progression of disease and non-motor symptoms. The progress made in comprehending the underlying mechanisms of PD provides optimism for developing successful treatments that can enhance the outcomes and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"11 3","pages":"312-340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11486614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The brain-gut axis: communication mechanisms and the role of the microbiome as a neuroprotective factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases: A literature overview. 脑-肠轴:神经退行性疾病发展过程中的沟通机制和微生物组作为神经保护因子的作用:文献综述。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-28 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024019
Mgr Natalia Białoń, Dr Hab N O Zdr Dariusz Górka, Mgr Mikołaj Górka

The study of the brain-gut axis and its impact on cognitive function and in the development of neurodegenerative diseases is a very timely topic of interest to researchers. This review summarizes information on the basic mechanisms of gut-brain communication. We then discuss the roles of the gut microbiome as a neuroprotective factor in neurodegeneration. The gut microbiota is extremely important in maintaining the body's homeostasis, shaping the human immune system and the proper functioning of the brain. The intestinal microflora affects the processes of neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis, and neuronal regeneration. This review aims to explain changes in the composition of the bacterial population of the intestinal microflora among patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Abnormalities in gut microflora composition are also noted in stress, depression, or autism spectrum development. New observations on psychobiotic supplementation in alleviating the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases are also presented.

研究脑-肠轴及其对认知功能和神经退行性疾病发展的影响,是研究人员非常感兴趣的一个适时课题。本综述总结了肠道与大脑交流的基本机制。然后,我们将讨论肠道微生物群作为神经保护因子在神经退行性疾病中的作用。肠道微生物群在维持机体平衡、塑造人体免疫系统和大脑正常功能方面极其重要。肠道微生物群会影响神经可塑性、突触生成和神经元再生过程。本综述旨在解释阿尔茨海默氏症、帕金森氏症和多发性硬化症患者肠道微生物菌群组成的变化。在压力、抑郁或自闭症谱系发育过程中,肠道微生物菌群的组成也会出现异常。此外,还介绍了关于精神生物补充剂在缓解神经退行性疾病症状方面的新发现。
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引用次数: 0
Establishment of a method to measure the intracellular potassium ion concentration of brain tissue using a simple device. 利用简单装置建立测量脑组织细胞内钾离子浓度的方法。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-26 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024018
Takaya Iwamoto, Minori Fujita, Yukiko Futamata, Teruki Okada, Ryuta Morinaga, Airi Nishi, Toshihiko Kinjo, Koichi Kawada, Kyosuke Uno, Nobuyuki Kuramoto

Intracellular potassium ion (K+) concentration is higher than extracellular K+ concentration. Some cells maintain intracellular potassium levels by taking up extracellular potassium. However, investigating these details requires techniques to measure intracellular potassium concentrations. We established a method to easily measure intracellular potassium concentrations using a simpler electrode. The LAQUAtwin K-11 was capable of linearly quantifying potassium concentrations and was not affected by cellular constituents other than nucleic acids; however, it did not tolerate low temperatures. Interference caused by a high concentration of nucleic acids was eliminated by the addition of cations. It was also suggested that the concentration of nucleic acids in the cell suspension was not sufficiently high to interfere with the measurements. Intracellular potassium concentrations increased and decreased in response to extracellular potassium concentrations. Exposure to valinomycin did not decrease the potassium concentration, suggesting that re-uptake of the potassium released outside the cells occurred immediately. Additionally, potassium concentrations could be measured in the brain tissue homogenates using the device. This measurement method can track the relative changes in potassium concentration in cells under various conditions and in tissues of various disease models.

细胞内钾离子(K+)浓度高于细胞外钾离子(K+)浓度。一些细胞通过吸收细胞外钾来维持细胞内钾的水平。然而,研究这些细节需要测量细胞内钾浓度的技术。我们建立了一种使用较简单电极轻松测量细胞内钾浓度的方法。LAQUAtwin K-11 能够线性地量化钾浓度,并且不受核酸以外的细胞成分的影响;但是,它不能耐受低温。通过添加阳离子,可以消除高浓度核酸造成的干扰。还有人认为,细胞悬浮液中的核酸浓度不足以干扰测量。细胞内钾浓度随细胞外钾浓度的变化而升高和降低。暴露于缬氨霉素不会降低钾浓度,这表明细胞外释放的钾立即被重新吸收。此外,该装置还能测量脑组织匀浆中的钾浓度。这种测量方法可以跟踪细胞在各种条件下以及各种疾病模型组织中钾浓度的相对变化。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of combined training in water on hippocampal neuronal Plasticity and memory function in healthy elderly rats. 水中综合训练对健康老年大鼠海马神经元可塑性和记忆功能的影响
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-21 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024017
Roya Askari, Mohadeseh NasrAbadi, Amir Hossein Haghighi, Mohammad Jahan Mahin, Rajabi Somayeh, Matteo Pusceddu

Purpose: The cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have been proposed as key modulators of brain health and are involved in synaptic plasticity. The study investigates how combined water-based training affects hippocampal neuron plasticity and memory function in old rats.

Methods: 16 Wistar male rats 24-month-old were randomly divided into two groups: combined training (n = 8) and control (n = 8). Four sessions were performed per week for 10 weeks, and consisted of resistance and endurance training in water. The control group was placed in a water container during training for 30 minutes to be homogenized in terms of the stress conditions. The.NGF and CREB genes in the hippocampus were evaluated and the working memory was measured using real-time PCR and Y-maze tests. The SPSS 26 software was utilized in which independent t-tests were used to analyze the genes and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze functional memory with a significant level of (P < 0.05).

Results: The combined training resulted in a significant rise in NGF and CREB gene expression in the hippocampus tissue of elderly rats compared to the control group (P < 0.05); however, there was no notable difference in the Y maze performance test between the two groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: These findings suggest that water-based combined training has beneficial effects on gene expression of NGF and CREB; however, it is necessary to conduct more studies to comprehend the effects of combined training on memory function.

目的:环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和神经生长因子(NGF)被认为是大脑健康的关键调节因子,并参与突触可塑性。本研究探讨了水基联合训练如何影响老年大鼠的海马神经元可塑性和记忆功能。方法:将 16 只 24 个月大的 Wistar 雄性大鼠随机分为两组:联合训练组(n = 8)和对照组(n = 8)。每周进行四次训练,为期 10 周,包括水中阻力和耐力训练。对照组在训练期间被放置在一个水容器中 30 分钟,以达到应激条件的均质化。对海马中的 NGF 和 CREB 基因进行了评估,并使用实时 PCR 和 Y 型迷宫测试对工作记忆进行了测量。使用 SPSS 26 软件,用独立 t 检验分析基因,用 Mann-Whitney U 检验分析功能记忆,显著水平为 (P < 0.05):结果:与对照组相比,联合训练使老年大鼠海马组织中的NGF和CREB基因表达量明显增加(P < 0.05);但两组大鼠在Y迷宫表现测试中没有明显差异(P < 0.05):这些研究结果表明,以水为基础的联合训练对 NGF 和 CREB 的基因表达有益处;但要了解联合训练对记忆功能的影响,还需要进行更多的研究。
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引用次数: 0
The role of physical activity in the physiological activation of the scholastic pre-requirements. 体育活动在学前要求的生理激活中的作用。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024016
Francesca Latino, Francesco Tafuri

Physical activity during the developmental age is an indispensable tool for the physical and mental growth of children. Thanks to physical activity, individuals have the opportunity to improve their physical efficiency and promote better health, establish relationships with the environment and with others, and develop cognitive processes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical activity and the development of scholastic prerequisites among kindergarten children. 52 children (aged 4-5) participated in either a classroom-based physical activity program (60'/3 days per week) or regular lessons. At the beginning and end of the intervention programs, a set of standardized motor evaluation tests and the Observational Questionnaire for the Early Identification of Learning Disabilities (IPDA) were administered. As a result, a meaningful Time x Group interaction for the IPDA Variable was observed. The aforementioned development denotes a noteworthy advancement within the treatment group (p < 0.001). Conversely, no substantial modification was noted in the control group. The findings derived from this study provide a foundational support to the concept that physical activity integrated into classroom settings is an effective strategy to improve both scholastic prerequisites and academic performance.

发育期的体育活动是儿童身心成长不可或缺的工具。通过体育活动,个人有机会提高身体效率,促进健康,与环境和他人建立关系,并发展认知过程。因此,本研究旨在调查体育活动与幼儿园儿童学业先决条件发展之间的关系。52 名儿童(4-5 岁)参加了以课堂为基础的体育活动项目(每周 3 天,每次 60 分钟)或常规课程。在干预计划开始和结束时,对他们进行了一套标准化的运动评估测试和学习障碍早期识别观察问卷(IPDA)。结果,在 IPDA 变量上观察到了有意义的 "时间 x 组别 "交互作用。上述发展表明治疗组有显著进步(p < 0.001)。相反,对照组则没有显著变化。这项研究的结果为以下概念提供了基础性支持:将体育活动融入课堂环境是一种有效的策略,可以提高学生的先决条件和学业成绩。
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引用次数: 0
Neuroinflammation mechanism underlying neuropathic pain: the role of mesenchymal stem cell in neuroglia. 神经性疼痛的神经炎症机制:间充质干细胞在神经胶质细胞中的作用。
IF 3.1 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-12 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2024015
Ida Ayu Sri Wijayanti, I Made Oka Adnyana, I Putu Eka Widyadharma, I Gede Eka Wiratnaya, Tjokorda Gde Bagus Mahadewa, I Nyoman Mantik Astawa

Pain is an essential aspect of the body's physiological response to unpleasant noxious stimuli from either external sustained injuries or an internal disease condition that occurs within the body. Generally, pain is temporary. However, in patients with neuropathic pain, the experienced pain is persistent and uncontrollable, with an unsatisfactory treatment effectiveness. The activation of the immune system is a crucial factor in both central and peripheral neuropathic pain. The immune response plays an important role in the progression of the stages of neuropathic pain, and acts not only as pain mediators, but also produce analgesic molecules. Neuropathic pain has long been described as a result of dysfunctional nerve activities. However, there is substantial evidence indicating that the regulation of hyperalgesia is mediated by astrocytes and microglia activation. Mesenchymal stem cells currently hold an optimal potential in managing pain, as they can migrate to damaged tissues and have a robust immunosuppressive role for autologous or heterologous transplantation. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells revealed their immunomodulatory capabilities by secreting growth factors and cytokines through direct cell interactions. The main idea underlying the use of mesenchymal stem cells in pain management is that these cells can replace damaged nerve cells by releasing neurotrophic factors. This property makes them the perfect option to modulate and treat neuropathic pain, which is notoriously difficult to treat.

疼痛是人体对外界持续伤害或体内疾病引起的不愉快有害刺激的生理反应的一个重要方面。一般来说,疼痛是暂时的。然而,神经病理性疼痛患者所经历的疼痛是持续性的,无法控制,治疗效果也不理想。免疫系统的激活是中枢和外周神经病理性疼痛的关键因素。免疫反应在神经病理性疼痛各阶段的进展中起着重要作用,它不仅是疼痛介质,还能产生镇痛分子。长期以来,神经病理性疼痛一直被描述为神经活动失调的结果。然而,有大量证据表明,超痛感的调节是由星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞激活介导的。间充质干细胞目前在控制疼痛方面具有最佳潜力,因为它们可以迁移到受损组织,并在自体或异体移植中具有强大的免疫抑制作用。此外,间充质干细胞通过直接细胞相互作用分泌生长因子和细胞因子,显示了其免疫调节能力。间充质干细胞用于疼痛治疗的主要理念是,这些细胞可以通过释放神经营养因子来替代受损的神经细胞。这一特性使它们成为调节和治疗众所周知难以治疗的神经性疼痛的完美选择。
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引用次数: 0
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AIMS Neuroscience
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