Pub Date : 2008-08-01DOI: 10.1177/1059840508319628
S. Praeger
In response to the issue of obesity among youth, the researchers looked at the placement of fastfood outlets and convenience stores near schools, concerned that these venues could be a deterrent to healthy eating behaviors. Proximity was considered walking distance within 0.5 mile or 805 meters of the school. The final sample size was 31,243 “regular and operational” secondary schools whose latitude and longitude location in the United States were determined from the National Center for Education Statistics for schools in all 50 states and Washington, D.C. Separate analyses were done using 1,718 schools from the 20 largest U.S. cities. Convenience stores could be independent or chain stores. The fast-food outlets were classified as “fastfood restaurants and stands” (p. 338) and did not include coffee shops. They could be snack shops, drive-in restaurants, hot dog stands, sandwich and submarine shops, and delicatessens. Researchers found that 37% of public secondary schools nationwide had at least one fast-food restaurant nearby, and 33% had at least one convenience store. African American neighborhoods had fewer fast-food venues but similar numbers of convenience stores when compared with “White” neighborhoods; other racial/ethnic neighborhoods had more fast-food outlets and convenience stores than either of the above neighborhoods. Schools in the highest income neighborhoods had the fewest fast-food venues and convenience stores, followed by the middle-income and lowest income neighborhoods. Within 0.25 mile or 402 meters, high schools had more fast-food restaurants than did middle schools nationwide, whether independent or chain. Urban schools in the 20 largest cities had one or more fast-food restaurants (68%) and convenience stores (56%) in the neighborhood and had more convenience stores within 0.25 mile than did schools nationally. Urban high schools had more fast-food restaurants within walking distance than did middle schools.
针对青少年肥胖问题，研究人员研究了学校附近快餐店和便利店的位置，担心这些场所可能会阻碍健康的饮食习惯。距离被认为是距离学校0.5英里或805米以内的步行距离。最终的样本规模是31243所“正规和运营”的中学，这些学校在美国的经纬度位置由美国国家教育统计中心(National Center for Education Statistics)确定，涉及所有50个州和华盛顿特区的学校。便利店可以是独立的，也可以是连锁店。快餐店被归类为“快餐店和小卖部”(第338页)，不包括咖啡店。它们可能是小吃店、免下车餐厅、热狗摊、三明治和潜艇店，以及熟食店。研究人员发现，全国37%的公立中学附近至少有一家快餐店，33%的学校附近至少有一家便利店。与“白人”社区相比，非洲裔美国人社区的快餐店较少，但便利店的数量相似;其他种族/族裔社区的快餐店和便利店比上述任何一个社区都多。最高收入社区的学校快餐店和便利店最少，其次是中等收入和最低收入社区。在0.25英里(402米)范围内，无论是独立的还是连锁的，高中的快餐店数量都比全国的初中多。20个最大城市的城市学校在附近有一家或多家快餐店(68%)和便利店(56%)，并且在0.25英里范围内的便利店比全国学校都多。城市高中比中学有更多的步行距离内的快餐店。
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Pub Date : 2008-06-01DOI: 10.1177/1059840566778899
S. Praeger
{"title":"Applying Findings to Practice","authors":"S. Praeger","doi":"10.1177/1059840566778899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840566778899","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77407,"journal":{"name":"The Academic nurse : the journal of the Columbia University School of Nursing","volume":"9 1","pages":"170 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75726809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-01DOI: 10.1622/1059-8405(2008)024[0107:LC]2.0.CO;2
J. Denehy
{"title":"Leadership Characteristics","authors":"J. Denehy","doi":"10.1622/1059-8405(2008)024[0107:LC]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1622/1059-8405(2008)024[0107:LC]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77407,"journal":{"name":"The Academic nurse : the journal of the Columbia University School of Nursing","volume":"246 1","pages":"107 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76329805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.1622/1059-8405(2008)024[0059:WFSWAT]2.0.CO;2
J. Denehy
{"title":"Water for Sale: What Are the Costs?","authors":"J. Denehy","doi":"10.1622/1059-8405(2008)024[0059:WFSWAT]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1622/1059-8405(2008)024[0059:WFSWAT]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77407,"journal":{"name":"The Academic nurse : the journal of the Columbia University School of Nursing","volume":"71 6 1","pages":"59 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75532195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.1177/10598405080240020901
S. Praeger
In 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defined blood lead levels above 10 g/ dL as needing to prompt public health action. However, research since that time indicates adverse effects on children’s physical, mental, and cognitive development with blood lead levels (BLL) less than 10 g/ dL. In 2005, the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention determined an inverse relationship between BLL and cognitive function. The studies included in this 2007 report address BLLs below the 10 g/dL threshold where this inverse relationship persists despite the lower BLL. Since 1976 there have been substantial decreases in childhood exposure to lead mainly due to regulatory policies. However, imprecision in specimen collection and analytic techniques reveals BLL variations due to an allowable error range. For instance, ‘‘an actual value of blood lead at 7 g/dL could be reported as being any value ranging from 3 g/dL to 11 g/dL and still remain within the allowable error limit’’ as established by federal regulations (p. 3). Although a rapid increase in BLL occurs after acute exposure followed by a gradual decrease in body stores, 70% of lead is stored in bone compartments that can be present for decades. Therefore, BLL levels may not indicate the pattern of exposure to lead, depending on the time of testing. Exposure to lead occurs through a variety of mechanisms. ‘‘The major sources of lead exposure among U.S. children are lead contaminated dust, deteriorated lead-based paint, and lead-contaminated soil’’ (p. 4), although water can be a problem if additives in the disinfection processes are changed. Other sources of
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Pub Date : 2008-02-01DOI: 10.1177/10598405080240010901
S. Praeger
Powell, L. M., Szczypka, G., Chaloupka, F. J., & Braunschweig, C. L. (2007). Nutritional content of television food advertisements seen by children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics, 120(3), 576–583. The purpose of this study was to conduct a largescale assessment of child and adolescent exposure to nutritional television advertising using Neilsen Media Research television ratings. The authors identified the 170 top-rated broadcast network, cable, and syndicated television shows for children (2–11 years old) and adolescents (12–18 years old), and examined every national advertisement aired on those shows over a 9-month period. Excluded from the sample were programs aired on Spanish-language television. Previous literature indicated that television advertising influences food consumption patterns and dietary intake and is associated with adiposity. It is estimated that America’s youth watch, on average, 3 hours and 19 minutes of television per day, and the authors identified 9.5 minutes of product advertising during each hour on television. Children see an average of 18 advertisements for food products per day that are equivalent to 30 seconds each, and teens see 10 per day. The sample included 167,838 product advertisements for children and 182,340 product advertisements for teens. Data analysis focused on advertisements that were food products rather than food-related products, fast-food and non-fast-food restaurants, or other products. Food product advertisements included 50,351 advertisements equivalent to 30 seconds, or 30% of all advertisements for children (2–11 years of age) and 47,955 food product advertisements (18.3%) for adolescent viewers. The nutritional content of these products was analyzed using U.S. Food and Drug Administration serving sizes, nutritional food labeling, or (as a last resort) direct manufacturer information. Food product advertising for child viewing included 451 distinct food brand items. Nutritional analysis indicated the food products advertised for children were
鲍威尔，L. M.， Szczypka, G.， Chaloupka, F. J.， & brunschweig, C. L.(2007)。美国儿童和青少年看到的电视食品广告的营养成分。儿科学杂志，20(3)，576-583。本研究的目的是利用尼尔森媒体研究公司的电视收视率，对儿童和青少年接触营养电视广告的情况进行大规模评估。作者挑选了170个收视率最高的广播网络、有线电视和联合电视节目，针对儿童(2-11岁)和青少年(12-18岁)，并研究了在9个月的时间里在这些节目中播出的所有全国性广告。在西班牙语电视上播出的节目被排除在样本之外。先前的文献表明，电视广告影响食物消费模式和饮食摄入，并与肥胖有关。据估计，美国的年轻人平均每天看3小时19分钟的电视，作者确定了电视上每小时9.5分钟的产品广告。儿童平均每天看到18个食品广告，相当于每个广告30秒，青少年平均每天看到10个。样本包括167,838个儿童产品广告和182,340个青少年产品广告。数据分析的重点是食品广告，而不是食品相关产品、快餐店和非快餐店或其他产品。食品广告包括50,351个广告，相当于30秒，占所有针对儿童(2-11岁)的广告的30%，47,955个针对青少年的食品广告(18.3%)。这些产品的营养成分是根据美国食品和药物管理局的份量、营养食品标签或(作为最后手段)直接制造商信息进行分析的。供儿童观看的食品广告包括451种不同的食品品牌。营养分析表明，广告中针对儿童的食品
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Pub Date : 2007-12-01DOI: 10.1177/10598405070230061001
D. Canham
Research studies indicate a general lack of knowledge among sexually active women regarding transmission, prevention, and treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV). The high incidence of cervical cancer in the female population of Vermont and the link of HPV to cervical cancer prompted the researchers to examine HPV information provided to middle and high school students. A survey tool was collaboratively developed by the HPV Working Group (Fletcher Allen Health Care), the University of Vermont, and the Vermont Cancer Center. Survey questions addressed HPV knowledge, teaching attitudes and behaviors, motivating and enabling factors, and barriers in providing HPV information to students. Public middle and high school nurses and educators throughout Vermont received the mailed survey. One hundred eight surveys were returned, and results were analyzed for four distinct groups (middle school nurses, middle school teachers, high school nurses, and high school teachers). Surveys were returned from 40 high schools and 42 middle schools. Only three of the eight HPV general knowledge questions were answered correctly by more than 70% of the participants. The two questions with the most frequent incorrect answers addressed the relationship between HPV infection and cervical cancer. One question that dealt with the use of condoms for prevention of HPV infection resulted in a statistically significant difference between correct answers from teachers (71%) in comparison to school nurses (44%) (p .006). Correct responses for the general knowledge questions were also higher from high school participants (70%) than from middle school participants (31%) (p .00001). Significantly more high school nurses (81%) stated that insufficient time was spent teaching about HPV in comparison to high school teachers (47%). Categories of HPV content taught were (a) transmission, signs and symptoms, treatment, and consequences;
研究表明，性活跃妇女普遍缺乏关于人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)传播、预防和治疗的知识。佛蒙特州女性宫颈癌的高发病率以及HPV与宫颈癌的联系促使研究人员检查提供给初高中学生的HPV信息。一个调查工具是由HPV工作组(Fletcher Allen Health Care)、佛蒙特大学和佛蒙特癌症中心合作开发的。调查问题涉及HPV知识，教学态度和行为，激励和使能因素，以及向学生提供HPV信息的障碍。佛蒙特州公立中学的护士和教育工作者收到了邮寄的调查问卷。调查共收到108份问卷，并对四个不同的群体(中学护士、中学教师、高中护士和高中教师)的结果进行了分析。对40所高中和42所初中进行了调查。超过70%的参与者正确回答了8个HPV常识问题中的3个。错误答案最多的两个问题是关于HPV感染和宫颈癌之间的关系。在关于使用避孕套预防HPV感染的问题中，教师(71%)的正确答案与学校护士(44%)的正确答案有统计学上的显著差异(p .006)。高中生对一般知识问题的正确回答(70%)也高于初中生(31%)(p .00001)。与高中教师(47%)相比，更多的高中护士(81%)表示花在HPV教学上的时间不足。讲授的HPV内容类别为(a)传播、体征和症状、治疗和后果;
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Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.1177/10598405070230050901
D. Canham
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become increasingly prevalent in the school-age population, and advance practice registered nurses (APRNs) are involved in the assessment and diagnosis of this disorder on a regular basis. The literature indicated that many children with ADHD were not being identified in the primary care setting and that the lack of accurate identification and treatment negatively influenced these children’s long-term outcomes. This study examined the diagnostic practices of APRNs who treated children suspected of having ADHD. Diagnostic methods, the perceived accuracy of the methods, and comfort levels of APRNs in diagnosing and treating children with ADHD also were explored. Questionnaires were mailed to 926 APRNs identified from the Division of Occupational and Professional licensing in the state of Utah. The resulting purposive sample of 526 provided 101 eligible participants. The participants diagnosed and/or treated children with ADHD; the 425 who did not diagnose or treat children with ADHD were excluded from the study. Participants completed a 17-item researcher-developed questionnaire titled ‘‘Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Diagnostic Assessment Methods Utilized in Primary Care.’’ The questionnaire contained three demographic questions, eight nominal questions, three interval questions, and three openended questions. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL). The majority (58.4%) of the participants were family nurse practitioners. Clinical nurse specialists, pediatric nurse practitioners, adult nurse practitioners, and certified nurse midwives made up the remainder
注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)在学龄人口中越来越普遍，高级执业注册护士(APRNs)定期参与对这种疾病的评估和诊断。文献表明，许多患有ADHD的儿童在初级保健机构中没有被识别出来，缺乏准确的识别和治疗对这些儿童的长期预后产生了负面影响。本研究考察了APRNs治疗疑似患有ADHD儿童的诊断实践。探讨了APRNs在诊断和治疗ADHD儿童中的诊断方法、方法的感知准确性和舒适度。问卷邮寄给犹他州职业和专业许可部门确定的926名APRNs。最终有目的的526个样本提供了101个符合条件的参与者。诊断和/或治疗多动症儿童的参与者;425名没有诊断或治疗多动症儿童的人被排除在研究之外。参与者完成了一份由研究人员开发的问卷，题目为“初级保健中使用的注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)诊断评估方法”，共17个项目。问卷包含3个人口统计问题、8个名义问题、3个间隔问题和3个开放式问题。数据使用SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL)进行分析。大多数(58.4%)的参与者是家庭护理从业人员。临床专科护士、儿科执业护士、成人执业护士和注册护士助产士构成了其余部分
{"title":"Research to Reality: Applying Findings to Practice","authors":"D. Canham","doi":"10.1177/10598405070230050901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405070230050901","url":null,"abstract":"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become increasingly prevalent in the school-age population, and advance practice registered nurses (APRNs) are involved in the assessment and diagnosis of this disorder on a regular basis. The literature indicated that many children with ADHD were not being identified in the primary care setting and that the lack of accurate identification and treatment negatively influenced these children’s long-term outcomes. This study examined the diagnostic practices of APRNs who treated children suspected of having ADHD. Diagnostic methods, the perceived accuracy of the methods, and comfort levels of APRNs in diagnosing and treating children with ADHD also were explored. Questionnaires were mailed to 926 APRNs identified from the Division of Occupational and Professional licensing in the state of Utah. The resulting purposive sample of 526 provided 101 eligible participants. The participants diagnosed and/or treated children with ADHD; the 425 who did not diagnose or treat children with ADHD were excluded from the study. Participants completed a 17-item researcher-developed questionnaire titled ‘‘Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Diagnostic Assessment Methods Utilized in Primary Care.’’ The questionnaire contained three demographic questions, eight nominal questions, three interval questions, and three openended questions. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL). The majority (58.4%) of the participants were family nurse practitioners. Clinical nurse specialists, pediatric nurse practitioners, adult nurse practitioners, and certified nurse midwives made up the remainder","PeriodicalId":77407,"journal":{"name":"The Academic nurse : the journal of the Columbia University School of Nursing","volume":"54 1","pages":"299 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90104641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-08-01DOI: 10.1622/1059-8405(2006)22[244:rtraft]2.0.co;2
D. Canham
The development of psychosocial resilience is a key factor in coping with stressful life events. Adolescence is a period of physical and emotional stress. Minimal research has examined the relationship between supportive or stressful contributing factors and development of resilience in the adolescent population. This secondary analysis study looked at the developmental process of adolescent psychosocial resilience, specifically in a rural population. The purposes of the study included (a) identifying adolescents demonstrating psychosocial resilience (PR) and determining gender differences in PR in a rural adolescent population, and (b) developing a model that reflects predictive and moderating relationships among critical factors (optimism, chronological age, gender, perceived family and friend support, number of negative life events, and psychosocial resilience). Resilience was defined as having a high-risk status and adapting better than expected in stressful situations. For this rural adolescent population, better-than-expected adaptation was defined as depressive symptoms lower than the population mean, substance use lower than the sample mean, and cognitive coping above the sample mean. A convenience sample of 624 students (females n 376; males n 248) was selected from four rural Pennsylvania schools. The group was predominantly Caucasian (n 606), with a mean age of 15.8 years. Secondary analysis examined numbers of the sample population having a specific attribute at one time, levels of PR, and predictive and/ or moderating PR internal factors. Results of the study indicated that 30.6% had low levels of PR, 45% had medium levels, and 21.3% had high levels. A greater percentage of girls (36%) had low PR, whereas a higher percentage of boys (50%) had medium PR. A total of 25.4% of the males had higher levels of PR in comparison with female participants. Gender and resiliency levels were statistically significant. Five variables were found to be predictive of psychosocial resilience: optimism, bad life event, gender, age,
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Pub Date : 2007-06-01DOI: 10.1177/10598405070230031001
D. Canham
The increasing rate of skin cancer in the United States and the finding of a marked decrease in the use of sun protection in the adolescent population require the development of effective intervention strategies. This study proposed to determine if a community-wide intervention with several components could change the downward trend in sun protection that occurs in early adolescence. The study involved 10 communities located in New Hampshire and Vermont, matched into five pairs based on their school and community characteristics. Additional criteria included not participating in a previous SunSafe study, the middle school had grades 6 through 8 in one building, and the community had to have at least one primary care provider and a freshwater beach or town swimming pool. The communities were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. The initial observations of the sun protection behaviors of early adolescents (entering 6th–8th grades) were completed over the course of one summer. Community intervention strategies were implemented during the 3 years following the initial observations and subsequent observations for three summers. Multiple sun protection messages were distributed through a variety of channels in the schools and communities. Thirty-minute sessions to provide information about sun protection rates of adolescents and the risks of skin cancer were presented by project staff to clinicians, school personnel, pool and beach staff, and athletic coaches. The school principals selected volunteer liaisons, most frequently school nurses or health education teachers. Teachers were offered curricular activities that could be incorporated into the curriculum. Physical education teachers provided a 45-minute related activity for all students during the second and third years of the study. Peer education teams composed of 8th through 12th grade students worked with the middle school students and the teachers. A variety of community involve-
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