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This study was designed to analyze the succession of an ecosystem of microbial flora in periodontal pockets, in vitro. Bacterial strains used in this study, were Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953, Porphyromonas gingivalis 381, Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557 and Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176. The bacterial cells, associated with beneficial, pathogenic or plaque forming activity, were cultured in brain heart infusion medium including hemin, vitamin-K1, L-cysteine hydrochloride and sodium thioglycollate under anaerobic condition (N2: 80%, CO2: 10%, H2: 10%). The effect of environmental Eh and pH on the growth of bacterial cells was investigated in single and mixed culture, and Eh and pH tolerance tests were also undertaken. The environmental pH decreased from pH 7.0 to pH 4.9 accompanied with the growth of S. mutans OMZ 176 and S. sanguis ATCC 10557 in both single and mixed culture. The environmental Eh increased from -308 mV to -180 mV accompanied with the growth of S. sanguis ATCC 10557. The growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as F. nucleatum ATCC 10953 and P. gingivalis 381, varied markedly with Eh and pH. Especially, the growth of P. gingivalis 381 was severely inhibited at or below pH 6.0 in an acid tolerance test, whereas the growth of F. nucleatum ATCC 10953 was strongly inhibited at Eh -100 mV in an Eh tolerance test. The oxygen generation (10.8%) was confirmed in the anaerobic culture of S. sanguis ATCC 10557. Therefore, it was suggested that hydrogen peroxide produced by S. sanguis ATCC 10557 was reduced to oxygen and water. These results suggest that the high Eh and the low pH generated from bacterial metabolism is a powerful determinant in ecology of microbial flora in periodontal pockets.

The purpose of this experiment is to understand the influence of playing the clarinet on the dentomaxillofacial morphology and function. The 12 subjects, selected at random (all adults, 4 men and 8 women) had played the clarinet for more than 10 years. The subjects had anamnesis, oral photo pictures, facial photo pictures, cast model, lateral cephalograms (lateral cephalo) and frontal cephalograms (frontal cephalo) taken when they were in centric occlusion and playing the clarinet. The results were as follows: 1. The facial profile and occlusal relation depend on the subjects. (2 mandibular retrognathism. 4 prognathism and 6 crowding.) 2. No characteristic skeletal pattern was found compared with controls in angle measurement but subjects had a tendency to have large facial height in linear measurement of lateral cephalo. And in denture pattern the lower incisors were linguoclination. 3. Concerning the lateral cephalo, we noticed that the angle of the clarinet in relation to the body axis increased in accordance with the prognathism and decreased with the retrognathism. 4. The subjects don't have identical midline, comparing lower midline to dentofacial midline, when playing, the angle of clarinet to the body was eccentric according to maxillary incisors in frontal cephalo. 5. Anterial and posterial length was short in mandibular arch, analyzing the cast model. 6. The pressure on mouthpiece increased in accordance with the prognathism and decreased with retrognathism. 7. The results of the EMG analysis indicated that the muscle activity of oral sphincter was described as 1). upper lip, 2). lower lip, 3). commisure of lips and differences were found depending on the parts being studied and the sound played on the clarinet. In conclusion, the skeletal and denture problem influence the holding position of the clarinet, embouchure and the way of playing it. In case of mandibular prognathism, when playing, the subjects pressed on their teeth with the clarinet. So B instrument won't do for prognathism because lower incisors are pushed inward as a result.

This study was designed to investigate the healing processes of fresh autogenous bone grafted from iliac to maxillary bone defect, which was an artificial oro-antro fistula and covered with submucosal flap made by ckeek mucosa. The experiments were carried out in vivo on adult mongrel dogs ranging 7,14,30,90,180 and 360 days postoperatively. Radiographic and histological investigations were made to evaluate details, further study has made by means of X-ray contact microradiography (CMR), tetracycline (TC) labeling and angiographic images. Results 1. Radiographic findings, the grafted bone remained unchanged until 14 days postoperatively. The bone bridge formation between host and grafted bone was completed after 30 days in all of the cases. Bone resorption can be observed at 90 days postoperatively, which were as much as one second or one third of grafted. But thereafter there were no changes on the grafting bone area, that is to say, bone resorption ceased and stabilised. 2. Histological findings, inflammatory changes can be mainly observed at the early postoperative stages. And osteoclasts and new bone formation can be observed along the host bone. On 14th postoperative day, all of the grafted bone cells turned to necrosis. Osteoclasts and the new bone formation were observed in that area. 30th postoperative day, new bone formation made connector between host and grafted bone area. And medullary cavity of the grafted bone was filled with fibrous connective tissue, new bone formation and bone resorption occurred at the same spot. On 90th day old grafted bone was scattered like an island among new bones. In 180 days, grafted area was nearly normal maxilla. 3. 7th postoperative day, inflammatory changes can be mainly observed on the mucosal bed of the grafted bone, those diminished in 14 days. It was completely changed to dense fibrous connective tissue. 4. Angiographic images, vascularization to medullary cavity of the grafted bone started on 7 days. In 14 days, vascularization filled about half of the grafted bone. Vascularization was also observed a little in cortical bone. It was completed throughout the entire grafted bone in 30 days and it connected with the host bone. In 180 days, the grafting bone was nearly normal angiographic image. 5. Contact microradiogram, the new bone formation was partially observed in the host bone in 7 days. In 14 days, the bone bridges formation started. It was almost completed in 30 days after transplantation. In 180 days, it was entirely completed. 6. Tetracycline labeling, the host bone was labelled weakly in the early postoperative stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Experiments were made to determine the dependence of CO3(3-) signal intensity on enamel weight in the ESR dosimetry utilizing teeth. After all human tooth enamel samples were crushed into 500-840 micrometers particles, they were irradiated with various doses of 60Co gamma rays at the same dose rate. Irradiated samples were distributed into 10-500 milli-grams weights and were measured with ESR instrument. The relation between CO3(3-) signal intensity and enamel weight have linearity up to 300 mg weight under the same dose as shown by measurements.

Morphometry of bone resorption in experimental periodontitis is performed primarily by radiography after sacrificing the animal or by microscopy of histopathologic specimens prepared from resected jaw bones. Both techniques are recognized as effective examinations. However, these are cross-sectional procedures involving resection of specimens, and for evaluation of changes in symptoms from reversible to irreversible, which are characteristic of periodontal diseases, or for follow-up of the aging process, application of standard radiography and a method to properly interpret the images obtained are needed. The author designed an apparatus that allows in site radiographic evaluation of individual animals, which has not been considered in conventional morphometric analyses of periodontal bone resorption. With this apparatus, radiograms are obtained by placing a soft X-ray film in the oral cavity and exposing it with a soft X-ray projector. As a fundamental study of the usefulness of this apparatus, author evaluated the optimal conditions of radiography for imaging of soft tissues, the accuracy of the measurements, and the method for bone measurement. Experimental bone resorption was induced in the mandibular alveolar bone of the hamster, the changing lesion was radiographed daily with this apparatus by the standard procedure, and measurements were attempted by the length measuring method and densitometry method. The following results were obtained: 1) The intraoral apparatus was designed to allow radiography of both sides of the mandibular molar regions of the hamster. The apparatus consisted basically of a film cartridge, an opening, and a fixing portion. The projection angle can be adjusted by the fixing portion so that soft X-ray is always projected orthoradially on the surface of the film, and the soft X-ray film can be kept attached to the hamster mandibular molar region by microadjustment of the opening and the calibrations for angle adjustment. With this apparatus, the percent enlargement was minute at 0.43%, and the reproduced image showed a correlation of 0.998 with the standard. (2) The radiographic conditions of a focus-film distance of 30 cm. acceleration potential of 40 kV, current of 2.5 mA, and projection time of 20 sec. were considered to be optimal in hamsters with regard to the quality of the image and stress to the animals. 3) Palladium used as a reference for densitometry was highly manipulatable with a maximum thickness of 0.1 mm and was appropriate for estimation of the mineral content of the hamster mandibular bone. 4) According to morphometry of the hamster lower jaw alveolar region by the length measuring method and the densitometry method in serial standard soft X-ray images, bone absorption was greater in the order of the diet + inoculation group, diet group and control group in a decreasing order. In the control group, the growth of the bilateral alveolar region reached a peak 23 weeks (about 165 days) after birth,

In order to clarify the relation between the synthetic condition and the biocompatibility in vitro, a dynamics of the osteogenic MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on hydroxyapatite ceramics (HAC) was examined. HAC used in this study was sintered at temperatures of 1000 degrees C or 1350 degrees C to produce the dense ceramics material, and then smoothly surfaced (0.3 micron). Disk (diameter: 10mm, thickness: 1mm) of HAC were placed in plastic disk. The cells were inoculated at 3000 cells/disk on HAC, and cultured for up to 18 Days. In scanning electron microscopic observation, cell proliferation cultured on the polished HAC was more active than that on the unpolished HAC. Furthermore, cell proliferation cultured on the 1000 degrees C-HAC was more active than that on the 1350 degrees C-HAC. Width, length and concentration of microvilli (MV) on the cell surface cultured on the 1000 degrees C-HAC were more dense, and increased with cultivation. Length and concentration of MV of the cells cultured on the 1000 degrees C-HAC were more dense than that on the 1350 degrees C-HAC. Most of the cells cultured on each material were intensely positive with alkaline phosphatase or von Kossa staining. However, the cells cultured on the 1000 degrees C-HAC were more positive than those on 1350 degrees C-HAC. In conclusion, these results suggest that the synthetic condition of HAC have close connection with the biocompatibility.

WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) syndrome is a rare disease characterized by electro-cardiographic anomalies associated with a history of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. ECG abnormalities consist of a short PR interval and a broad QSR complex with a slurred upstroke. We experienced general anesthesia in a 29-year-old male with this syndrome for operation of maxillary cyst. Physical laboratory examinations of this patient revealed his conditions of within normal limits with the exception of ECG findings. After premedication with atropine, hydroxyzine and pethilorfan intramuscularly one hour prior to anesthesia, anesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopental 325 mg and the trachea was intubated with intravenous succinylcholine 40 mg. Thereafter anesthesia was maintained with 2.0% enflurane and 67% nitroxide in oxygen under controlled ventilation. During 1 hour operation, vital signs remained stable and paroxysmal tachycardia was not recognized on the ECG. The postoperative course was uneventful.

alpha-Amylase (1.4-alpha-D-glucan-glucanohydrolase, E.C 3.2.1.1) is distributed widely in animal and plant kingdoms. A number of properties of this enzyme have been recognized molecular biologically using animal organs. On the other hand, physiological roles and specificities of serum amylase are not known. The source organs of serum amylase have not been confirmed in every animal. The purposes of the experiments are to find out the specificities and varieties of amylase in some kinds of animals. The following results were obtained. 1. Amylase activities in the sera (body fluids) of some animals (Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Fishes, Insects and Shellfish, 25 kinds altogether) were quite different from each other. The highest amylase activity except insects was observed in the serum of hamster (400 units) and the lowest was in the serum of horse (0.4 units). The activity of locust and oriental longheaded locust, eating grain mainly, was high (locust, 1965 units). 2. Five isoamylases were detected in the serum of rat. Four of them migrated to anode. 2-5 isoamylases were observed in other subjects and the mobility of isoamylases was different from each other. This seemed to be caused by the differences of isoamylase proteins. 3. Amylase activities in the brain, parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, tongue, lung, heart, liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, adrenal, serum and urine of hamster, rat, mouse and rabbit were measured. The activity was especially high in the parotid gland and pancreas. In rabbit, however, amylase activity in these organs was lower than that of other animals. 4. Isoamylases in some organs of four kinds of animals (hamster, rat, mouse and rabbit) were separated electrophoretically. Isoamylases in the serum of rat, hamster and mouse were similar to those in the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, respectively. In rabbit, it was difficult to separate isoamylases in the parotid gland and pancreas. 5. Amylases in the parotid gland and locus body were purified by column chromatography (potato starch).

Sixty-three Wistar female rats, weighing from 250 to 350g were used in order to investigate patency rate and histological changes of arterio-arterial and veno-venous autografts, using the right femoral artery and vein. The left femoral artery and vein served as control. The grafts were retrieved over a period of time ranging from 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56th day postoperatively. The patency rate was checked by Hayhurst and O'Brien's method. The histological changes of grafts were evaluated by the light and scanning electron microscope. Arterio-arterial graft maintained high patency rate throughout the experiment (90.0%, 27/30). This high patency rate may be explained by revascularization immediately after anastomosis. The average patency rate in veno-venous graft was 75.8% (25/33). Patency rate in 14th and 28th day in veno-venous graft showed 100%, that seemed to be related to the early completion of endothelial cells lining of the graft. Regeneration proceeded from the preserved endothelial cells in graft as well as endothelial cells of the artery and vein. The number of preserved endothelial cells in the arterial graft was fewer than that in the venous one. Therefore, the completion of covering by endothelial cells in arterial graft was slower than that in venous graft. The obstruction in arterio-arterial graft was caused by thrombus in the rupture of vessels formed by the suture procedures. In veno-venous graft, thrombus on the exposed vessels' wall resulted in the obstruction. Subintimal hyperplasia was seen in all arterial graft. No such change was seen in venous graft. These results indicate that revascularization immediately after anastomosis, tight and atraumatic suture procedures are important for the prevention of obstruction in arterio-arterial graft and veno-venous graft.

We experienced a case of general anesthesia in a one-year-old boy for palate plasty with a slight micrognathia, cleft palate and scoliosis. At the first anesthesia, we tried two times oral intubation under the spontaneous respiration after slow induction with halothane, nitrous-oxide in oxygen, twice but were unsuccessful. In site of easy intubation with succinyl choline chloride rales and bronchial secretions increased and the operation was postponed. Ten months later, the same operation was planned and re-tried using same method as the first anesthesia. As this time, it was relatively easy to intubate, blood pressure and heart rate were stable during the operation. The recovery from anesthesia was smooth. From the experience of this case, we recognized again that preoperative respiration management was very important for these patients.