Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466473
B G Cox, D T Mage, F W Immerman
Concern about the potential for indoor air pollution has prompted recent surveys of radon and NO/sub 2/ concentrations in homes and personal exposure studies of volatile organics, carbon monoxide and pesticides, to name a few. The statistical problems in designing sample surveys that measure the physical environment are diverse and more complicated than those encountered in traditional surveys of human attitudes and attributes. This paper addresses issues encountered when designing indoor air quality (IAQ) studies. General statistical concepts related to target population definition, frame creation, and sample selection for area household surveys and telephone surveys are presented. The implications of different measurement approaches are discussed, and response rate considerations are described.
{"title":"Sample design considerations for indoor air exposure surveys.","authors":"B G Cox, D T Mage, F W Immerman","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466473","url":null,"abstract":"Concern about the potential for indoor air pollution has prompted recent surveys of radon and NO/sub 2/ concentrations in homes and personal exposure studies of volatile organics, carbon monoxide and pesticides, to name a few. The statistical problems in designing sample surveys that measure the physical environment are diverse and more complicated than those encountered in traditional surveys of human attitudes and attributes. This paper addresses issues encountered when designing indoor air quality (IAQ) studies. General statistical concepts related to target population definition, frame creation, and sample selection for area household surveys and telephone surveys are presented. The implications of different measurement approaches are discussed, and response rate considerations are described.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 10","pages":"1266-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14364026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10467014
C R Brunner, C H Brown
Biomedical wastes are generated by hospitals, laboratories, animal research facilities, and by other institutional sources. The disposal of these wastes is coming under critical public scrutiny, and regulations are being promulgated to control their disposal. Incineration is not a final disposal method since it generates a solid residue (ash) which must be buried or otherwise disposed. The incineration process, however, renders the waste non-toxic, non-hazardous, and non-putrescible, and reduces the volume of material for ultimate disposal by an order of magnitude. In some instances, the residue may have high levels of heavy metals; however, this is the exception rather than the rule.
{"title":"Hospital waste disposal by incineration. Waste streams, technology, and state requirements.","authors":"C R Brunner, C H Brown","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10467014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10467014","url":null,"abstract":"Biomedical wastes are generated by hospitals, laboratories, animal research facilities, and by other institutional sources. The disposal of these wastes is coming under critical public scrutiny, and regulations are being promulgated to control their disposal. Incineration is not a final disposal method since it generates a solid residue (ash) which must be buried or otherwise disposed. The incineration process, however, renders the waste non-toxic, non-hazardous, and non-putrescible, and reduces the volume of material for ultimate disposal by an order of magnitude. In some instances, the residue may have high levels of heavy metals; however, this is the exception rather than the rule.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 10","pages":"1297-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10467014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14364028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466474
P Vanderstraeten, E Wauters, E Muylle, G Verduyn, E Vanderheyden, E F Vansant
A monitoring system enabling detection and determination of the nature of odour nuisance caused by industrial emissions of volatile organic sulphur compounds is presented. The system consists of two continuous, highly sensitive detectors for sulphur compounds at the ppb-level. One of the detectors is equipped with a SOx-scrubber and measures the total amount of non-S02 sulphur compounds. By the use of a newly developed scrubber retaining S02, H2S and CS2 the second detector monitors the presence of odorous mercaptans and organic sulphides in ambient air. Both these continuous detection signals are fed to a data processor which triggers air collection for the determination of the individual compounds by gas chromatographic analysis in the laboratory. The concept and operation, as well as the practical possibilities and applications of the system are explained
{"title":"A continuous quantitative detection method for total mercaptans, organic sulphides, H2S, and CS2 for odouriferous emissions.","authors":"P Vanderstraeten, E Wauters, E Muylle, G Verduyn, E Vanderheyden, E F Vansant","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466474","url":null,"abstract":"A monitoring system enabling detection and determination of the nature of odour nuisance caused by industrial emissions of volatile organic sulphur compounds is presented. The system consists of two continuous, highly sensitive detectors for sulphur compounds at the ppb-level. One of the detectors is equipped with a SOx-scrubber and measures the total amount of non-S02 sulphur compounds. By the use of a newly developed scrubber retaining S02, H2S and CS2 the second detector monitors the presence of odorous mercaptans and organic sulphides in ambient air. Both these continuous detection signals are fed to a data processor which triggers air collection for the determination of the individual compounds by gas chromatographic analysis in the laboratory. The concept and operation, as well as the practical possibilities and applications of the system are explained","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 10","pages":"1271-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14364027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10467024
D Marrack
Chlorinated plastics (PVC) accounted for 9.4 percent of the weight of red bag, supposedly infectious, waste from two community 150- and 98-bed hospitals. The hydrochloric acid, dioxins and furans generated during the burning of this red bag waste are important air pollutants. In this waste, PVC provides much of the organic chloride for the dioxins and furans generated. Their concentrations are least in flue gases from those plants with BACT design, flue gas clean up and management techniques-the most constrained incinerators. The many manually-fed, small categorical red bag incinerators associated with hospitals have no flue gas clean-up systems and represent minimally constrained incinerators. Their toxic stack emissions are considered a significant community health hazard. The evidence that the contents of red bag waste is infectious to such a degree that it cannot be disposed of as municipal solid waste without endangering the public with infectious diseases is not reflected in the relevant hospital accreditation guidelines, Centers for Disease Control recommendations, or related literature. Public health is compromised by the lack of accountability in the handling of some hospital and veterinary wastes, specifically body fluid contaminated equipment and containers as well as microbiological materials. Recommendations to protect public health are included.
{"title":"Hospital red bag waste. An assessment and management recommendations.","authors":"D Marrack","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10467024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10467024","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorinated plastics (PVC) accounted for 9.4 percent of the weight of red bag, supposedly infectious, waste from two community 150- and 98-bed hospitals. The hydrochloric acid, dioxins and furans generated during the burning of this red bag waste are important air pollutants. In this waste, PVC provides much of the organic chloride for the dioxins and furans generated. Their concentrations are least in flue gases from those plants with BACT design, flue gas clean up and management techniques-the most constrained incinerators. The many manually-fed, small categorical red bag incinerators associated with hospitals have no flue gas clean-up systems and represent minimally constrained incinerators. Their toxic stack emissions are considered a significant community health hazard. The evidence that the contents of red bag waste is infectious to such a degree that it cannot be disposed of as municipal solid waste without endangering the public with infectious diseases is not reflected in the relevant hospital accreditation guidelines, Centers for Disease Control recommendations, or related literature. Public health is compromised by the lack of accountability in the handling of some hospital and veterinary wastes, specifically body fluid contaminated equipment and containers as well as microbiological materials. Recommendations to protect public health are included.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 10","pages":"1309-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10467024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14364029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-09-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466469
J A Kaminski
{"title":"Hazardous waste minimization: Part VII (B). Hazardous waste minimization within the Department of Defense.","authors":"J A Kaminski","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466469","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 9","pages":"1174-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14359762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-09-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466464
D W Davis, K Hsiao, R Ingels, J Shikiya
The proportions of manganese to other metals in samples of airborne fine particles taken at some sites in California have increased greatly since the beginning of 1985. Here, data are presented which indicate that the addition of manganese to leaded gasoline is largely responsible for this increase. Concentrations of manganese, silicon, titanium, iron, lead and other elements in airborne particles were measured using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Coefficients of correlation among levels of manganese, iron and lead measured at twenty sites in California were calculated. Levels of manganese and iron are generally highly correlated because of the presence of large amounts of these elements in the earth’s crust. Levels of airborne manganese and lead at sites In Southern California are often highly correlated, suggesting a vehicular source of manganese. Observed manganese concentrations are apportioned into two major sources: the earth’s crust and motor vehicles. The apportionment indicates th...
{"title":"Origins of manganese in air particulates in California.","authors":"D W Davis, K Hsiao, R Ingels, J Shikiya","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466464","url":null,"abstract":"The proportions of manganese to other metals in samples of airborne fine particles taken at some sites in California have increased greatly since the beginning of 1985. Here, data are presented which indicate that the addition of manganese to leaded gasoline is largely responsible for this increase. Concentrations of manganese, silicon, titanium, iron, lead and other elements in airborne particles were measured using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Coefficients of correlation among levels of manganese, iron and lead measured at twenty sites in California were calculated. Levels of manganese and iron are generally highly correlated because of the presence of large amounts of these elements in the earth’s crust. Levels of airborne manganese and lead at sites In Southern California are often highly correlated, suggesting a vehicular source of manganese. Observed manganese concentrations are apportioned into two major sources: the earth’s crust and motor vehicles. The apportionment indicates th...","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 9","pages":"1152-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14359761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466450
J S Diemer, J W Eheart
A large scale simulation model was employed in evaluating various policy alternatives for reducing SO2 emissions from Illinois electric power plants for a broad range of nuclear power capacity addition scenarios. A dynamic simulation of a transferable discharge permit (TDP) program suggests a market oriented management system can assure an acceptable level of environmental quality while achieving typical cost savings of 40-60 percent over a program based on uniform decreases in existing emission standards. This cost advantage can be realized without any major decline in the demand for coal generally or indigenous coals in particular. Several options for initiating the TDP market are evaluated. The analysis concludes that initiating the market by government sales may not constitute a major financial burden on the electric utilities or their customers.
{"title":"Transferable discharge permits for control of SO2 emissions from Illinois power plants.","authors":"J S Diemer, J W Eheart","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466450","url":null,"abstract":"A large scale simulation model was employed in evaluating various policy alternatives for reducing SO2 emissions from Illinois electric power plants for a broad range of nuclear power capacity addition scenarios. A dynamic simulation of a transferable discharge permit (TDP) program suggests a market oriented management system can assure an acceptable level of environmental quality while achieving typical cost savings of 40-60 percent over a program based on uniform decreases in existing emission standards. This cost advantage can be realized without any major decline in the demand for coal generally or indigenous coals in particular. Several options for initiating the TDP market are evaluated. The analysis concludes that initiating the market by government sales may not constitute a major financial burden on the electric utilities or their customers.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 8","pages":"997-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14351461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466449
G B Frame
The Flakt dry adsorption system (DAS) with reactors and quasi dry or wet-dry lime slurry absorption systems with spray dryers (DRYPAC) achieve the high removal efficiencies required by the ever more restrictive environmental regulations in the 80s and 90s. Results of acid gas removals range up to 98 percent for HCl and 95 percent for SO/sub 2/ as measured at commercial plants and over an extensive testing program at a pilot plant at the municipal incinerator in Quebec City, Canada. Organic removals for the toxic chlorinated dioxins and furans approach 99.9 percent plus under most fabric filter temperatures at the Quebec City pilot facility, while similar removal values are obtained at full size installations in Europe. The latter tests were carried out at seven MSW plants located at Busto Arsizio (Milan), Lugo (Ravenna) in Italy; Kempten and Geiselbullach (near Munich) in Germany; and Sysav, Hogdalen, Linkoping in southern Sweden. This paper presents a description of the two systems. A comparison between DAS and DRYPAC technology is presented with operating and test results for the two alternative systems. In evaluating the two systems, the completely dry injection system (DAS) has a capital and operating cost advantage for incinerators of 250-300 TM/daymore » of MSW. No difference was determined, however, in acid gas removal efficiencies for the two alternatives.« less
{"title":"A comparison of air pollution control systems for municipal solid waste incinerators.","authors":"G B Frame","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466449","url":null,"abstract":"The Flakt dry adsorption system (DAS) with reactors and quasi dry or wet-dry lime slurry absorption systems with spray dryers (DRYPAC) achieve the high removal efficiencies required by the ever more restrictive environmental regulations in the 80s and 90s. Results of acid gas removals range up to 98 percent for HCl and 95 percent for SO/sub 2/ as measured at commercial plants and over an extensive testing program at a pilot plant at the municipal incinerator in Quebec City, Canada. Organic removals for the toxic chlorinated dioxins and furans approach 99.9 percent plus under most fabric filter temperatures at the Quebec City pilot facility, while similar removal values are obtained at full size installations in Europe. The latter tests were carried out at seven MSW plants located at Busto Arsizio (Milan), Lugo (Ravenna) in Italy; Kempten and Geiselbullach (near Munich) in Germany; and Sysav, Hogdalen, Linkoping in southern Sweden. This paper presents a description of the two systems. A comparison between DAS and DRYPAC technology is presented with operating and test results for the two alternative systems. In evaluating the two systems, the completely dry injection system (DAS) has a capital and operating cost advantage for incinerators of 250-300 TM/daymore » of MSW. No difference was determined, however, in acid gas removal efficiencies for the two alternatives.« less","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 8","pages":"1081-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14197567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466447
J. A. Kaminski
This article is a series of representative case studies of Department of Defense hazardous waste minimization. Each Military Department and the Defense Logistics Agency describe actual accomplishments. Areas covered range from production line modification to product specification change. These efforts are part of a Department of Defense plan composed of individual programs executed independently by each military service and defense agency. Part VII of the hazardous waste minimization series appears in two separate installments: the first installment, Part VII (A), dealt with Department of Defense waste minimization efforts in vehicle repair operations, explosives manufacturing, and abrasive blasting processes; Part VII (B) covers shipboard mercury wastes, industrial chemical control, solvent reclamation, and hazardous property sales efforts.
{"title":"Hazardous waste minimization: Part VII (B). Hazardous waste minimization within the Department of Defense.","authors":"J. A. Kaminski","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466447","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a series of representative case studies of Department of Defense hazardous waste minimization. Each Military Department and the Defense Logistics Agency describe actual accomplishments. Areas covered range from production line modification to product specification change. These efforts are part of a Department of Defense plan composed of individual programs executed independently by each military service and defense agency. Part VII of the hazardous waste minimization series appears in two separate installments: the first installment, Part VII (A), dealt with Department of Defense waste minimization efforts in vehicle repair operations, explosives manufacturing, and abrasive blasting processes; Part VII (B) covers shipboard mercury wastes, industrial chemical control, solvent reclamation, and hazardous property sales efforts.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 9 1","pages":"1174-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59513658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466441
G W Traynor, M G Apte, A R Carruthers, J F Dillworth, R J Prill, D T Grimsrud, B H Turk
Many energy conservation strategies for residences involve reducing house air exchange rates. Reducing the air exchange rate of a house can cause an increase in pollutant levels if there is an indoor pollution source and if the indoor pollutant source strength remains constant. However, if the indoor pollutant source strength can also be reduced, then it is possible to maintain or even improve indoor air quality. Increasing the insulation level of a house is a means of achieving energy conservation goals and, in addition, can reduce the need for space heating and thereby reduce the pollutant source strengths of combustion space heaters such as unvented kerosene space heaters, unvented gas space heaters, and wood stoves. In this paper, the indoor air quality trade-off between reduced infiltration and increased insulation in residences is investigated from combustion space heaters. Two similar residences were used for the experiment. One residence was used as a control and the other residence had infiltration and insulation levels modified. An unvented propane space heater was used as the source in this study. A model was developed to describe the dependence of both indoor air pollution levels and the appliance source strengths on house air exchange rates andmore » house insulation levels.« less
{"title":"The effects of infiltration and insulation on the source strengths and indoor air pollution from combustion space heating appliances.","authors":"G W Traynor, M G Apte, A R Carruthers, J F Dillworth, R J Prill, D T Grimsrud, B H Turk","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466441","url":null,"abstract":"Many energy conservation strategies for residences involve reducing house air exchange rates. Reducing the air exchange rate of a house can cause an increase in pollutant levels if there is an indoor pollution source and if the indoor pollutant source strength remains constant. However, if the indoor pollutant source strength can also be reduced, then it is possible to maintain or even improve indoor air quality. Increasing the insulation level of a house is a means of achieving energy conservation goals and, in addition, can reduce the need for space heating and thereby reduce the pollutant source strengths of combustion space heaters such as unvented kerosene space heaters, unvented gas space heaters, and wood stoves. In this paper, the indoor air quality trade-off between reduced infiltration and increased insulation in residences is investigated from combustion space heaters. Two similar residences were used for the experiment. One residence was used as a control and the other residence had infiltration and insulation levels modified. An unvented propane space heater was used as the source in this study. A model was developed to describe the dependence of both indoor air pollution levels and the appliance source strengths on house air exchange rates andmore » house insulation levels.« less","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 8","pages":"1011-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14351459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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