Pub Date : 1988-04-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466390
S R Hanna
The many advances made in air quality model evaluation procedures during the past ten years are discussed and some components of model uncertainty presented. Simplified statistical procedures for operational model evaluation are suggested. The fundamental model performance measures are the mean bias, the mean square error, and the correlation. The bootstrap resampling technique is used to estimate confidence limits on the performance measures, in order to determine if a model agrees satisfactorily with data or if one model is significantly different from another model. Applications to two tracer experiments are described. It is emphasized that review and evaluation of the scientific components of models are often of greater importance than the strictly statistical evaluation. A necessary condition for acceptance of a model should be that it is scientifically correct. It is shown that even in research-grade tracer experiments, data input errors can cause errors in hourly-average model predictions of point concentrations almost as large as the predictions themselves. The turbulent or stochastic component of model uncertainty has a similar magnitude. These components of the uncertainty decrease as averaging time increases.
{"title":"Air quality model evaluation and uncertainty.","authors":"S R Hanna","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466390","url":null,"abstract":"The many advances made in air quality model evaluation procedures during the past ten years are discussed and some components of model uncertainty presented. Simplified statistical procedures for operational model evaluation are suggested. The fundamental model performance measures are the mean bias, the mean square error, and the correlation. The bootstrap resampling technique is used to estimate confidence limits on the performance measures, in order to determine if a model agrees satisfactorily with data or if one model is significantly different from another model. Applications to two tracer experiments are described. It is emphasized that review and evaluation of the scientific components of models are often of greater importance than the strictly statistical evaluation. A necessary condition for acceptance of a model should be that it is scientifically correct. It is shown that even in research-grade tracer experiments, data input errors can cause errors in hourly-average model predictions of point concentrations almost as large as the predictions themselves. The turbulent or stochastic component of model uncertainty has a similar magnitude. These components of the uncertainty decrease as averaging time increases.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 4","pages":"406-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14522811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-04-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466391
B J Ingebrethsen, D L Heavner, A L Angel, J M Conner, T J Steichen, C R Green
Particulate mass concentration measurements have been made on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for the purpose of assessing the relative accuracy of several measurement procedures. ETS over a range of concentrations was generated in an environmental chamber by three methods. Mass concentration was measured by a gravimetric/spectrophotometric collection procedure, piezoelectric particle mass monitors, two nephelometry-based mass monitors, and a particle counting and sizing system. Two-hour average mass concentrations were determined by each method for concentrations ranging from very low levels up to those achieved by smoking one entire cigarette in the chamber. Statistical comparisons were made among procedures employing the gravimetric filter measurement as the basis for comparison. One nephelometry-based procedure gave significantly higher and the other significantly lower values than the filter determination. In one case, a correction for the difference between the particle mass density of the calibra...
{"title":"A comparative study of environmental tobacco smoke particulate mass measurements in an environmental chamber.","authors":"B J Ingebrethsen, D L Heavner, A L Angel, J M Conner, T J Steichen, C R Green","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466391","url":null,"abstract":"Particulate mass concentration measurements have been made on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for the purpose of assessing the relative accuracy of several measurement procedures. ETS over a range of concentrations was generated in an environmental chamber by three methods. Mass concentration was measured by a gravimetric/spectrophotometric collection procedure, piezoelectric particle mass monitors, two nephelometry-based mass monitors, and a particle counting and sizing system. Two-hour average mass concentrations were determined by each method for concentrations ranging from very low levels up to those achieved by smoking one entire cigarette in the chamber. Statistical comparisons were made among procedures employing the gravimetric filter measurement as the basis for comparison. One nephelometry-based procedure gave significantly higher and the other significantly lower values than the filter determination. In one case, a correction for the difference between the particle mass density of the calibra...","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 4","pages":"413-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14522812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466375
E L Avol, W S Linn, L H Wightman, J D Whynot, K R Anderson, J D Hackney
To explore short-term respiratory health risks from acid-polluted fog, 22 normal and 22 asthmatic adult volunteers were exposed in an environmental control chamber to light fogs (∼0.1 g/m3 liquid water content, 10 μm median droplet diameter, 10°C) containing nominally 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 μg/m3 of sulfuric acid. Fog was produced by atomizing dilute acid solution Into purified air humidified to near 100 percent by steam injection. Exposures were administered in random order at 1-week intervals, lasted 1 h, and Included three 10-min periods of moderately heavy exercise. Responses were measured in terms of forced expiratory function, airway resistance, Irritant symptoms, and bronchial reactivity to methacholine aerosol. Sulfuric acid per se showed no more than a slight effect on pulmonary function, even at the highest concentration. Asthmatics experienced bronchoconstrlction, attributable to exercise, under all exposure conditions. Despite the lack of substantial function changes, modest statistically sign...
{"title":"Short-term respiratory effects of sulfuric acid in fog: a laboratory study of healthy and asthmatic volunteers.","authors":"E L Avol, W S Linn, L H Wightman, J D Whynot, K R Anderson, J D Hackney","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466375","url":null,"abstract":"To explore short-term respiratory health risks from acid-polluted fog, 22 normal and 22 asthmatic adult volunteers were exposed in an environmental control chamber to light fogs (∼0.1 g/m3 liquid water content, 10 μm median droplet diameter, 10°C) containing nominally 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 μg/m3 of sulfuric acid. Fog was produced by atomizing dilute acid solution Into purified air humidified to near 100 percent by steam injection. Exposures were administered in random order at 1-week intervals, lasted 1 h, and Included three 10-min periods of moderately heavy exercise. Responses were measured in terms of forced expiratory function, airway resistance, Irritant symptoms, and bronchial reactivity to methacholine aerosol. Sulfuric acid per se showed no more than a slight effect on pulmonary function, even at the highest concentration. Asthmatics experienced bronchoconstrlction, attributable to exercise, under all exposure conditions. Despite the lack of substantial function changes, modest statistically sign...","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"258-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14505926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466376
B A Tichenor, M A Mason
Organic vapors are emitted to the indoor air from a variety of consumer products and building materials. The U.S. EPA Is evaluating the emission characteristics from such sources using small environmental test chambers. Emission rate data are presented, and the effect of temperature and air exchange rate are discussed. Models are used to account for the Impact of chamber concentration and “wall effects” on emission rates. Indoor concentrations of specific organlcs emitted from a silicone caulk are estimated from the chamber test data.
{"title":"Organic emissions from consumer products and building materials to the indoor environment.","authors":"B A Tichenor, M A Mason","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466376","url":null,"abstract":"Organic vapors are emitted to the indoor air from a variety of consumer products and building materials. The U.S. EPA Is evaluating the emission characteristics from such sources using small environmental test chambers. Emission rate data are presented, and the effect of temperature and air exchange rate are discussed. Models are used to account for the Impact of chamber concentration and “wall effects” on emission rates. Indoor concentrations of specific organlcs emitted from a silicone caulk are estimated from the chamber test data.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"264-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14505927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466379
N J Giardino, J B Andelman, J E Borrazzo, C I Davidson
Degradation of indoor air quality by potentially toxic volatile organic chemicals is of growing concern. It has been shown that the use of contaminated potable water indoors, such as in showers and baths, can release these chemicals and cause inhalation exposures to the inhabitants that may be substantially higher than those from the direct ingestion of that water. In this paper, they describe a system for delivering controlled concentrations of SF/sub 6/ into water devices and present initial results of SF/sub 6/ volatilization studies with a full-size shower.
{"title":"Sulfur hexafluoride as a surrogate for volatilization of organics from indoor water uses.","authors":"N J Giardino, J B Andelman, J E Borrazzo, C I Davidson","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466379","url":null,"abstract":"Degradation of indoor air quality by potentially toxic volatile organic chemicals is of growing concern. It has been shown that the use of contaminated potable water indoors, such as in showers and baths, can release these chemicals and cause inhalation exposures to the inhabitants that may be substantially higher than those from the direct ingestion of that water. In this paper, they describe a system for delivering controlled concentrations of SF/sub 6/ into water devices and present initial results of SF/sub 6/ volatilization studies with a full-size shower.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"278-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14505929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466381
T L Foecke
An overview is provided of the production processes, waste generation, and waste management of the electronics products industries. Chosen product areas include electron tubes, semiconductors, capacitors/resistors, and printed circuit/wiring boards. Examples are given of specific processes and associated waste streams. Waste minimization activities are identified, and specific examples of successful applications provided. While faced with a wide variety of waste streams, many opportunities for waste minimization exist and await only application.
{"title":"Hazardous waste minimization: Part II. Waste minimization in the electronics products industries.","authors":"T L Foecke","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466381","url":null,"abstract":"An overview is provided of the production processes, waste generation, and waste management of the electronics products industries. Chosen product areas include electron tubes, semiconductors, capacitors/resistors, and printed circuit/wiring boards. Examples are given of specific processes and associated waste streams. Waste minimization activities are identified, and specific examples of successful applications provided. While faced with a wide variety of waste streams, many opportunities for waste minimization exist and await only application.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"283-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14505930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466378
F E Butler, E A Coppedge, J C Suggs, J E Knoll, M R Midgett, A L Sykes, M W Hartman, J L Steger
Prior to source sampling, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the best sample container in which to collect an integrated sample. It was found that CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ remained stable in Tedlar bags for at least four weeks. The analytical method selected was gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). During the field portion of the study, both manufacturer and user emissions sources of CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ were tested. Multiple sets of simultaneous quadruplicate bag samples were collected to determine the precision of both sampling and analysis in the field. All samples were analyzed at the test site after collection and then returned to Research Triangle Park. Samples were subsequently reanalyzed in the laboratories of Radian and the US EPA using three GC/FID instruments and two types of GC columns. The range of concentrations from the sources was 100 ppm to 27,000 ppm CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/. A statistical analysis of samples collected simultaneously showed no difference in the samples, proving good precision in both sampling and analysis. Some of the sample bags returned from the test sites developed leaks indicating that immediate on-site analysis is best. A comparison of results obtained in the field and the two laboratories showed thatmore » inter- and intra-laboratory precision was within 10%.« less
{"title":"Development of a method for determination of methylene chloride emissions at stationary sources.","authors":"F E Butler, E A Coppedge, J C Suggs, J E Knoll, M R Midgett, A L Sykes, M W Hartman, J L Steger","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466378","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to source sampling, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the best sample container in which to collect an integrated sample. It was found that CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ remained stable in Tedlar bags for at least four weeks. The analytical method selected was gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). During the field portion of the study, both manufacturer and user emissions sources of CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ were tested. Multiple sets of simultaneous quadruplicate bag samples were collected to determine the precision of both sampling and analysis in the field. All samples were analyzed at the test site after collection and then returned to Research Triangle Park. Samples were subsequently reanalyzed in the laboratories of Radian and the US EPA using three GC/FID instruments and two types of GC columns. The range of concentrations from the sources was 100 ppm to 27,000 ppm CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/. A statistical analysis of samples collected simultaneously showed no difference in the samples, proving good precision in both sampling and analysis. Some of the sample bags returned from the test sites developed leaks indicating that immediate on-site analysis is best. A comparison of results obtained in the field and the two laboratories showed thatmore » inter- and intra-laboratory precision was within 10%.« less","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"272-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14505928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466372
C L Elkins, J L Makris
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know law is an exciting new approach to environmental protection. It is based on the belief that the more information citizens have about environmental conditions in their communities, the better equipped they will be to insure their own protection from unacceptable risks to their health and safety. The law requires disclosure by industry of both the presence and release into the environment—including both accidental and “routine” releases—of hazardous substances. The information will be available not only to government regulators, but also to the people most directly affected—the residents of the communities where the substances are located.
{"title":"Emergency planning and community right-to-know.","authors":"C L Elkins, J L Makris","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466372","url":null,"abstract":"The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know law is an exciting new approach to environmental protection. It is based on the belief that the more information citizens have about environmental conditions in their communities, the better equipped they will be to insure their own protection from unacceptable risks to their health and safety. The law requires disclosure by industry of both the presence and release into the environment—including both accidental and “routine” releases—of hazardous substances. The information will be available not only to government regulators, but also to the people most directly affected—the residents of the communities where the substances are located.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"243-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14505924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466382
D Golden
EPRI has conducted a number of studies to provide utilities with cost information on waste management for conventional wet scrubbing. Studies have characterized waste products; developed engineering designs for effective waste handling, disposal, and/or utilization; and estimated waste management costs. A study, completed in late 1986 evaluated spray dryer wastes. On a dollar-per-ton-disposed basis, spray dryer waste management costs were found to be higher than those for either conventional fly ash or scrubber sludge alone. Cost estimates for new and retrofit spray dryer applications must be revised upward from those produced earlier by EPRI.
{"title":"Spray dryer waste management.","authors":"D Golden","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466382","url":null,"abstract":"EPRI has conducted a number of studies to provide utilities with cost information on waste management for conventional wet scrubbing. Studies have characterized waste products; developed engineering designs for effective waste handling, disposal, and/or utilization; and estimated waste management costs. A study, completed in late 1986 evaluated spray dryer wastes. On a dollar-per-ton-disposed basis, spray dryer waste management costs were found to be higher than those for either conventional fly ash or scrubber sludge alone. Cost estimates for new and retrofit spray dryer applications must be revised upward from those produced earlier by EPRI.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"292-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14505931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-03-01DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1988.10466374
S Cha, F Black, F King
Evaluation of emerging diesel particulate emissions control technology will require analytical procedures capable of continuous or “real-time” measurement of transient organic and elemental carbon emissions. Procedures based on the flame ionlzation properties of organic carbon and the opacity or light extinction properties of elemental carbon are described, and applied for measurement of particulate emissions from diesel engines. The Instrumentation provided adequate sensitivity and time resolution for observation of the transient emissions associated with typical automobile urban driving conditions. Analytical accuracy is evaluated by comparing Integrated average results to measurements using classical gravimetric filtration and solvent extraction procedures. Mass specifc extinction coefficients are evaluated using the Beer-Lambert law. A simplified linear model relating elemental carbon concentration to opacity is also evaluated.
{"title":"Continuous measurement of diesel particulate emissions.","authors":"S Cha, F Black, F King","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1988.10466374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466374","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of emerging diesel particulate emissions control technology will require analytical procedures capable of continuous or “real-time” measurement of transient organic and elemental carbon emissions. Procedures based on the flame ionlzation properties of organic carbon and the opacity or light extinction properties of elemental carbon are described, and applied for measurement of particulate emissions from diesel engines. The Instrumentation provided adequate sensitivity and time resolution for observation of the transient emissions associated with typical automobile urban driving conditions. Analytical accuracy is evaluated by comparing Integrated average results to measurements using classical gravimetric filtration and solvent extraction procedures. Mass specifc extinction coefficients are evaluated using the Beer-Lambert law. A simplified linear model relating elemental carbon concentration to opacity is also evaluated.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"38 3","pages":"252-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1988.10466374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13599801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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