Pub Date : 2020-06-09DOI: 10.11648/j.avs.20200803.11
G. Aryee, G. Adu-Aboagye, Mark Ewusi Shiburah, T. Nkrumah, David Amedorme
A study was undertaken to predict the correlation between egg weight and egg characteristics in quail. Data was collected on 102 eggs collected from female quails at 28 weeks. Eggs were numbered, weighed and classified into six egg weight groups: below 9.0g, 9.0-9.5g, 9.6-10.0g, 10.1-10.5g, 10.6-11.0g, and above 11g group. There were 17 eggs per egg weight group. Data was collected on egg weight, shell weight, shell ratio, albumen height, albumen weight, albumen ratio, albumen index, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk weight, yolk ratio and Haugh Unit. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the Genstat edition 11. The correlation between the various characteristics of egg were determined. The result shows that Albumen diameter, albumen length and albumen width were influenced by size of egg (p 0.05) influenced by the sizes of quail eggs. The egg sizes of above 11g had the best egg length followed by 10.6g-11.0g, 10.1g-10.5g, 9.6g-10.5g, 9.0g-9.5g and below 9.0 g had the least egg length indicating a direct relationship between egg length and egg weight. The positive correlations between the internal and external egg quality traits indicated that the traits can be improved through selection.
{"title":"Correlation Between Egg Weight and Egg Characteristics in Japanese Quail","authors":"G. Aryee, G. Adu-Aboagye, Mark Ewusi Shiburah, T. Nkrumah, David Amedorme","doi":"10.11648/j.avs.20200803.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20200803.11","url":null,"abstract":"A study was undertaken to predict the correlation between egg weight and egg characteristics in quail. Data was collected on 102 eggs collected from female quails at 28 weeks. Eggs were numbered, weighed and classified into six egg weight groups: below 9.0g, 9.0-9.5g, 9.6-10.0g, 10.1-10.5g, 10.6-11.0g, and above 11g group. There were 17 eggs per egg weight group. Data was collected on egg weight, shell weight, shell ratio, albumen height, albumen weight, albumen ratio, albumen index, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk weight, yolk ratio and Haugh Unit. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the Genstat edition 11. The correlation between the various characteristics of egg were determined. The result shows that Albumen diameter, albumen length and albumen width were influenced by size of egg (p 0.05) influenced by the sizes of quail eggs. The egg sizes of above 11g had the best egg length followed by 10.6g-11.0g, 10.1g-10.5g, 9.6g-10.5g, 9.0g-9.5g and below 9.0 g had the least egg length indicating a direct relationship between egg length and egg weight. The positive correlations between the internal and external egg quality traits indicated that the traits can be improved through selection.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82757592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20200802.12
Adejoh Christiana Ojonegecha, Musa Abdulraheem Arome, Okoh Joseph Joseph, Okolo Freedom Atokolo, Emmanuel Amanabo Theophilus, Efienokwu Jude
Yankasa sheep play a vital role in food security and the livelihood of smallholder farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship amongst body measurements. A total of 126 extensively reared Yankasa rams, between 15.5 – 28.3 months of age, were randomly selected for the study. Data on body measurements were collected and subjected to correlation, principal component (PC), and step-wise multiple regression analyses. We found that mean body measures ranged from 11.2cm for scrotal circumference (SC) to 71.9cm for chest girth (CG), and the coefficient of variation ranged from 10.7%for height at withers (HW) to 30.3%forBW. All body measures, except ear length, were significantly (P<0.01) associated with BW. All body measures, except ear length, were significantly (P<0.01) associated with BW. Of all body measures, CG, rump width (RW), and neck circumference (NC) were the most associated with BW, with correlation coefficients of 0.83, 0.8, and 0.79, respectively, while neck length, ear width, and tail length were the least associated with correlation coefficients of 0.21, 0.33, and 0.46. Three principal components from the factor analysis of body measurements explained about 64% of the total variance. Regression models using original morphometric traits as predictors explained up to 80% of the variation in body weight, while PC explained up to 75%. This study shows that body measurements, such as CG, RW, and NC, could serve as markers for BW in Yankasa sheep.
{"title":"Principal Component Analysis of Body Measurements of Yankassa Sheep in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria","authors":"Adejoh Christiana Ojonegecha, Musa Abdulraheem Arome, Okoh Joseph Joseph, Okolo Freedom Atokolo, Emmanuel Amanabo Theophilus, Efienokwu Jude","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20200802.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20200802.12","url":null,"abstract":"Yankasa sheep play a vital role in food security and the livelihood of smallholder farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship amongst body measurements. A total of 126 extensively reared Yankasa rams, between 15.5 – 28.3 months of age, were randomly selected for the study. Data on body measurements were collected and subjected to correlation, principal component (PC), and step-wise multiple regression analyses. We found that mean body measures ranged from 11.2cm for scrotal circumference (SC) to 71.9cm for chest girth (CG), and the coefficient of variation ranged from 10.7%for height at withers (HW) to 30.3%forBW. All body measures, except ear length, were significantly (P<0.01) associated with BW. All body measures, except ear length, were significantly (P<0.01) associated with BW. Of all body measures, CG, rump width (RW), and neck circumference (NC) were the most associated with BW, with correlation coefficients of 0.83, 0.8, and 0.79, respectively, while neck length, ear width, and tail length were the least associated with correlation coefficients of 0.21, 0.33, and 0.46. Three principal components from the factor analysis of body measurements explained about 64% of the total variance. Regression models using original morphometric traits as predictors explained up to 80% of the variation in body weight, while PC explained up to 75%. This study shows that body measurements, such as CG, RW, and NC, could serve as markers for BW in Yankasa sheep.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85192064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20200802.11
O. Amina, Efienoku Jude, S. Ibrahim, Umar Abdullahi Yaro, Ahmed Sule Hassanatu, Emmanuel Amanabo Theophilus, Adamu Abdulmajid Tsobaza
Sixteen West African dwarf bucks) were allotted into four (4) treatments of four goats each. The goats were fed leaves fromGmelina, (Gmelinaaborea) Tamarind, (Tamarindusindicus, Neem (Azadirachtaindica) and Teak (Tectonagrandis) at 300g/goat/day forTreatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively and a concentrate supplement diet at 100gper goat/dayfor a duration of thirty five (35) days. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, data were analysed using a one way analysis of variance and least significant difference to separate the significant means. Concentrate and browse samples were analysed using the methods of AOAC, the blood samples for serological studies were collected in sample bottles from the jugular veins of the goats, using needles and syringes. Values for daily supplement intake (75.33 – 94.43g), daily browse intake (134.22 – 245.44g) and total daily feed intake (225.53 – 339.87g) were significantly different at 5% level, values for urea (0.84 – 1.38Mmol/l), cholesterol, (4.83 – 6.02) creatinine (16.00 – 18.50mol/l, and blood sugar (38.96 – 44.32mg/dl) were significantly different, alkaline phosphate values ranged from 56.93 – 58.20 and were not significantly different. It was therefore concluded that the four browse species were safe for the goats, nutrients in the concentrate diets and the four browse species were adequate for the goats. Gmelinaarborea was the most preferred by the goats in terms of intake, The four browse species were therefore recommended for goat feeding especially during the long dry season. Further research using other breeds and classes of goats as well as other species of ruminants such as sheep and cattle was also recommended.
{"title":"Serum Biochemistry of West African Dwarf Goats Fed, Some Browse Species Supplemented with a Concentrate Diet","authors":"O. Amina, Efienoku Jude, S. Ibrahim, Umar Abdullahi Yaro, Ahmed Sule Hassanatu, Emmanuel Amanabo Theophilus, Adamu Abdulmajid Tsobaza","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20200802.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20200802.11","url":null,"abstract":"Sixteen West African dwarf bucks) were allotted into four (4) treatments of four goats each. The goats were fed leaves fromGmelina, (Gmelinaaborea) Tamarind, (Tamarindusindicus, Neem (Azadirachtaindica) and Teak (Tectonagrandis) at 300g/goat/day forTreatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively and a concentrate supplement diet at 100gper goat/dayfor a duration of thirty five (35) days. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, data were analysed using a one way analysis of variance and least significant difference to separate the significant means. Concentrate and browse samples were analysed using the methods of AOAC, the blood samples for serological studies were collected in sample bottles from the jugular veins of the goats, using needles and syringes. Values for daily supplement intake (75.33 – 94.43g), daily browse intake (134.22 – 245.44g) and total daily feed intake (225.53 – 339.87g) were significantly different at 5% level, values for urea (0.84 – 1.38Mmol/l), cholesterol, (4.83 – 6.02) creatinine (16.00 – 18.50mol/l, and blood sugar (38.96 – 44.32mg/dl) were significantly different, alkaline phosphate values ranged from 56.93 – 58.20 and were not significantly different. It was therefore concluded that the four browse species were safe for the goats, nutrients in the concentrate diets and the four browse species were adequate for the goats. Gmelinaarborea was the most preferred by the goats in terms of intake, The four browse species were therefore recommended for goat feeding especially during the long dry season. Further research using other breeds and classes of goats as well as other species of ruminants such as sheep and cattle was also recommended.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"77 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87889213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.15
Peter Noah Gboshe, B. Ukorebi
A 90-day feeding trial involving 20, 4-5-month old West African Dwarf bucks was carried out to evaluate the performance, carcass and its by-products characteristics expressed as percentage of their live weight in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed cassava peel meal partially replaced by sugarcane peel meal at dietary levels of 100, 75, 50, 25, 0 and 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% for T1, T2 T3 T4, respectively. The parameters measured were performance traits, carcass and by-products characteristics. From the parameters evaluated, feed intake (280.74-349.77 g/day), daily body weight gain (32.22-45.88 g/kg), total weight gain (3.17-4.13 kg), final body weight (11.38-12.33 kg), daily water intake (665.55-838.55 ml), and feed conversion ratio (7.63-8.83) were significantly affected. Carcass characteristics, loin, and back expressed as percentage live weight were significantly affected. While dressing percentage, live weight, carcass weight, rib, shoulder neck, thigh% and the by-products parameters evaluated which were also expressed as percentage live weight were not significantly affected. The non-enlargement of other visceral organs such as lungs, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, testes, full gut and empty gut in this study is an indication that, the peel meals does not have any negative effect on the development of the whole cuts. It is therefore, safe for goats’ feeding and could be incorporated as feeds ingredients in their feeding which can help, not only to reduce cost of production but also to increase meat production.
{"title":"Performance and Carcass Characteristics of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Cassava Peel Meal Partially Replaced with Sugarcane Peel Meal","authors":"Peter Noah Gboshe, B. Ukorebi","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.15","url":null,"abstract":"A 90-day feeding trial involving 20, 4-5-month old West African Dwarf bucks was carried out to evaluate the performance, carcass and its by-products characteristics expressed as percentage of their live weight in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed cassava peel meal partially replaced by sugarcane peel meal at dietary levels of 100, 75, 50, 25, 0 and 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% for T1, T2 T3 T4, respectively. The parameters measured were performance traits, carcass and by-products characteristics. From the parameters evaluated, feed intake (280.74-349.77 g/day), daily body weight gain (32.22-45.88 g/kg), total weight gain (3.17-4.13 kg), final body weight (11.38-12.33 kg), daily water intake (665.55-838.55 ml), and feed conversion ratio (7.63-8.83) were significantly affected. Carcass characteristics, loin, and back expressed as percentage live weight were significantly affected. While dressing percentage, live weight, carcass weight, rib, shoulder neck, thigh% and the by-products parameters evaluated which were also expressed as percentage live weight were not significantly affected. The non-enlargement of other visceral organs such as lungs, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, testes, full gut and empty gut in this study is an indication that, the peel meals does not have any negative effect on the development of the whole cuts. It is therefore, safe for goats’ feeding and could be incorporated as feeds ingredients in their feeding which can help, not only to reduce cost of production but also to increase meat production.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"92 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80211077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.14
Gboshe Peter Noah, Ebiloma Stella Osarenakhue, S. Ibrahim, Boyi Prince Ufedojo, N. Jibrin
This study was carried out to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical indices of Grasscutters fed elephant grass supplemented with different levels of concentrate. A total of fifty grower Grasscutters were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups of 10 Grasscutters each with 5 replicates with two animals serving as a replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% respectively of concentrate feed supplements which were served at their weekly live weight. The results showed that, except the haemoglobin and blood platelets, all others blood indices measured had no significant (P>0.05) effect. However, Packed cell volume (PCV) (41.61 -41.93%), White blood cells-WBC (2.50 - 2.55 (x 103/ μl), red blood cells-RBC (4.95 - 5.35 x 106/ μl), mean corpuscular volume-MCV (89.25 - 90.80 fl), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin-MCH (25.35 - 25.90 pg) and Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration MCHC (28.10 - 29.20 g/dl) and haemoglobin-Hb (12.07 - 12.55 g/dl). The results of the serum biological indices showed that total protein was not significantly affected except its fractions. Serum glucose, cholesterol, enzymes and ions except potassium were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the test, however these values were within the normal range for grasscutters when compared to other researchers. It was therefore concluded that, basal feed of elephant grass supplemented with concentrate can be fed without any adverse effect on the blood profile of grasscutters.
{"title":"Haematological Traits and Serum Biochemistry of Grasscutters Fed Elephant Grass Supplemented with Concentrate","authors":"Gboshe Peter Noah, Ebiloma Stella Osarenakhue, S. Ibrahim, Boyi Prince Ufedojo, N. Jibrin","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.14","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical indices of Grasscutters fed elephant grass supplemented with different levels of concentrate. A total of fifty grower Grasscutters were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups of 10 Grasscutters each with 5 replicates with two animals serving as a replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% respectively of concentrate feed supplements which were served at their weekly live weight. The results showed that, except the haemoglobin and blood platelets, all others blood indices measured had no significant (P>0.05) effect. However, Packed cell volume (PCV) (41.61 -41.93%), White blood cells-WBC (2.50 - 2.55 (x 103/ μl), red blood cells-RBC (4.95 - 5.35 x 106/ μl), mean corpuscular volume-MCV (89.25 - 90.80 fl), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin-MCH (25.35 - 25.90 pg) and Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration MCHC (28.10 - 29.20 g/dl) and haemoglobin-Hb (12.07 - 12.55 g/dl). The results of the serum biological indices showed that total protein was not significantly affected except its fractions. Serum glucose, cholesterol, enzymes and ions except potassium were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the test, however these values were within the normal range for grasscutters when compared to other researchers. It was therefore concluded that, basal feed of elephant grass supplemented with concentrate can be fed without any adverse effect on the blood profile of grasscutters.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81375071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-07DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.13
Hassan Ahmed Khalaf, Badry Aml, Abdelhafez Awd
The background: E. coli infection is a septicemic disease with an economic importance of poultry causing multiple lesions in broiler chickens. Recent reports described increased resistance of E. coli to many antimicrobial agents. This research work aimed to detect, identify and study antimicrobial resistance genes of E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Upper Egypt. Methods: Three-hundreds samples, including 200 liver and 100 tracheal swabs, were collected from broiler chicken flocks at different localities in Assiut and El-Minya Governorates. Samples were subjected to isolation and phenotypic identification, serological typing, detection of sensitivity and resistance to antimicrobial drugs and determination of genes responsible for resistance to antimicrobial agents. Results and conclusion: revealed that E. coli could be isolated and phenotypically identified with a percent ratio 70% (210 from 300). Twenty-six out of 30 E. coli isolates were serologically identified. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns of E. coli isolates to variable antimicrobial drugs using standard disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods was done. Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes of 12 serologically identified E. coli isolates showed that ƒloR gene (Florfenicol resistance gene) was detected in 6 isolates and strA-strB gene was detected in 5 isolates, while aadA gene was detected in all 12 isolates. Both strA-strB and aadA are streptomycin resistance genes.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Genes of E. coli Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Upper Egypt","authors":"Hassan Ahmed Khalaf, Badry Aml, Abdelhafez Awd","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.13","url":null,"abstract":"The background: E. coli infection is a septicemic disease with an economic importance of poultry causing multiple lesions in broiler chickens. Recent reports described increased resistance of E. coli to many antimicrobial agents. This research work aimed to detect, identify and study antimicrobial resistance genes of E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Upper Egypt. Methods: Three-hundreds samples, including 200 liver and 100 tracheal swabs, were collected from broiler chicken flocks at different localities in Assiut and El-Minya Governorates. Samples were subjected to isolation and phenotypic identification, serological typing, detection of sensitivity and resistance to antimicrobial drugs and determination of genes responsible for resistance to antimicrobial agents. Results and conclusion: revealed that E. coli could be isolated and phenotypically identified with a percent ratio 70% (210 from 300). Twenty-six out of 30 E. coli isolates were serologically identified. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns of E. coli isolates to variable antimicrobial drugs using standard disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods was done. Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes of 12 serologically identified E. coli isolates showed that ƒloR gene (Florfenicol resistance gene) was detected in 6 isolates and strA-strB gene was detected in 5 isolates, while aadA gene was detected in all 12 isolates. Both strA-strB and aadA are streptomycin resistance genes.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91005018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.12
Ocheja Josiah Omachi, Usman Grace Ojali, Ahmed Sule Hassanatu, Boyi Prince Ufedojo, Akoh Josiah Omale, Adamu Abdulmajid Tsobaza, E. Sulé
Studies on cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell meal for feeding West African dwarf goats were carried out. Four diets containing 0% (control), 10%, 15% and 20% steam-treated cashew nut shell coded as T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, were compared. Twenty growing, West African dwarf goats were randomly assigned to four (4) treatments of five (5) goats each. The goats were fed and given water ad libitum. The effects of feeding graded levels of cashew nut shell based diets on performance and, Bio-economics were evaluated. Completely randomized design was used in the experiments. Data obtained were subjected to a one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means that were significantly different were separated using least significant difference (LSD) both contained in SPSS for window, version 16. Samples of the diets and bamboo leaves were analyzed using standard procedure. Final weight gain, total weight gain daily weight gain, (5.0g, T4 – 13.00g, T4gW0.75) daily supplement intake (44.65g, T4-91.54g, T1) and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P 0.05). Cost of supplement reduced significantly (P<0.05) from T1 to T4. Cost benefit ratio ranged from 0.79 (T2-1.63 (T4) and showed significance differences. This study indicated that cashew nut shell could be fed to growing West African dwarf goats up to 10% level of inclusion without adverse effects on feed intake, growth performance, and feed conversion ratio. Diets containing graded levels of cashew nut shell could also provide a cheaper source of feed, and also help to reduce environmental pollution.
对西非矮山羊用腰果壳粕进行了饲粮研究。4种添加0%(对照)、10%、15%和20%蒸汽处理腰果壳的饲粮分别编码为T1、T2、T3和T4。20只生长中的西非矮山羊被随机分配到4个处理中，每个处理5只山羊。山羊被随意喂养和饮水。研究了不同饲喂水平的腰果壳饲粮对生产性能和生物经济学的影响。实验采用完全随机设计。获得的数据进行单向方差分析(ANOVA)，并使用SPSS for window, version 16中包含的最小显著差异(LSD)分离显着差异的均值。采用标准程序对饲料和竹叶样品进行分析。末增重、总增重、日增重、(5.0g, T4 ~ 13.00g, T4gW0.75)日添加量(44.65g, T4 ~ 91.54g, T1)和饲料系数显著(P 0.05)。从T1到T4，补饲成本显著降低(P<0.05)。成本效益比为0.79 (t2) ~ 1.63 (T4)，差异有统计学意义。本研究表明，腰果壳添加量达到10%时，对生长中的西非矮山羊采食量、生长性能和饲料系数均无不良影响。含有不同水平腰果壳的日粮还可以提供更便宜的饲料来源，并有助于减少环境污染。
{"title":"Performance and Feed Bio Economics of Growing West African Dwarf Goats Fed Diets Containing Graded Levels of Steam-Treated Cashew Nut Shell","authors":"Ocheja Josiah Omachi, Usman Grace Ojali, Ahmed Sule Hassanatu, Boyi Prince Ufedojo, Akoh Josiah Omale, Adamu Abdulmajid Tsobaza, E. Sulé","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.12","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell meal for feeding West African dwarf goats were carried out. Four diets containing 0% (control), 10%, 15% and 20% steam-treated cashew nut shell coded as T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, were compared. Twenty growing, West African dwarf goats were randomly assigned to four (4) treatments of five (5) goats each. The goats were fed and given water ad libitum. The effects of feeding graded levels of cashew nut shell based diets on performance and, Bio-economics were evaluated. Completely randomized design was used in the experiments. Data obtained were subjected to a one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means that were significantly different were separated using least significant difference (LSD) both contained in SPSS for window, version 16. Samples of the diets and bamboo leaves were analyzed using standard procedure. Final weight gain, total weight gain daily weight gain, (5.0g, T4 – 13.00g, T4gW0.75) daily supplement intake (44.65g, T4-91.54g, T1) and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P 0.05). Cost of supplement reduced significantly (P<0.05) from T1 to T4. Cost benefit ratio ranged from 0.79 (T2-1.63 (T4) and showed significance differences. This study indicated that cashew nut shell could be fed to growing West African dwarf goats up to 10% level of inclusion without adverse effects on feed intake, growth performance, and feed conversion ratio. Diets containing graded levels of cashew nut shell could also provide a cheaper source of feed, and also help to reduce environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80745130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20200801.11
Jennifer L. Federico, N. Petervary, R. Banks
Shelter care of animals and shelter medicine are both a growing field with expectations of improved welfare for shelter animals. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians (ASV) published The Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters in 2010. The ASV Guidelines outline minimum care expectations for shelters, using a ‘must,’ ‘should,’ and ‘ideal’ ranking. Frequently shelters have limited resources, staff with a variety of training or experience, and often only consulting veterinarians – or even no veterinary coverage in certain locations. The ASV Guidelines are open access, freely available, and provide a roadmap for skills expectations. We performed comprehensive training searches to determine how available training could be crafted to meet or exceed the ASV Guidelines. The search for internet training resources was moderately successful. While useful resources were discovered, many others known to be available by the authors were not included in the search results. This article reviews our search methodology, reporting what was found and identifying certain ‘missed’ training activities. We then outline a basic online training program which could address each major topic identified in the ASV Guidelines and offer encouragement for shelter managers seeking to enhance local training experiences.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-18DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20190706.12
Victor S. Lukarevskiy, Munkhnast Dalannast, S. Lukarevskiy, Erdenechimeg Damdin
Studies of the distribution, assessment of the Snow leopard population, as well as the state of the populations of its main prey species, the impact of anthropogenic factors are the basis for the development of long-term and effective action plans and strategies for its conservation. To this end, we have carried out work on three different territories of the Mongolian Altai: Jargalant, Bumbat and Baatar Khairkhan Mountains. All three territories differ in the nature of the location in relation to other parts of the Snow leopard's range, and in the nature of the relief and economic use. The main method of research is the search and registration of traces of life activity of the Snow leopard and its main prey species (Mongolian marmot and Siberian ibex). For this purpose, we have passed 18 research routes with a total length of 197.5 km where we recorded all traces of the Snow leopard, Siberian ibex and Mongolian marmot life activities, as well as the distribution of the number of livestock. Another research method we have used is the application of camera traps. We installed 27 camera traps in total. As a result of their work we have obtained 51 photo location of the Snow leopard and identified at least 3 females, 2-3 adult males, 2-3 young individuals, the sex of which could not be established, including individuals aged about 2 years, 2 cubs. Both methods of research (search for traces of life activities and the application of camera traps) complement each other, and the correct use of camera traps can reduce the subjectivity of the results obtained by the search for traces of life activities. Thus, the reliability of the results is significantly increased. Our studies show that the largest number of traces of Snow leopard activity (the number of scrapes per 1 km of the route) and the largest number of photo locations were recorded in the central part of the Jargalant khairkhan mountain range – the territory that is the most remote and inaccessible for grazing livestock. In this territory, the highest frequency of Snow leopard presence was noted (20-40 scratches/km), and accordingly 5 from 11 identified snow leopards were registered. A similar pattern of distribution of traces of vital activity was registered for the other two territories.
{"title":"Factors Determining the Distribution and Status of the Snow Leopard Population (Panthera uncia) in Western Mongolia","authors":"Victor S. Lukarevskiy, Munkhnast Dalannast, S. Lukarevskiy, Erdenechimeg Damdin","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20190706.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20190706.12","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of the distribution, assessment of the Snow leopard population, as well as the state of the populations of its main prey species, the impact of anthropogenic factors are the basis for the development of long-term and effective action plans and strategies for its conservation. To this end, we have carried out work on three different territories of the Mongolian Altai: Jargalant, Bumbat and Baatar Khairkhan Mountains. All three territories differ in the nature of the location in relation to other parts of the Snow leopard's range, and in the nature of the relief and economic use. The main method of research is the search and registration of traces of life activity of the Snow leopard and its main prey species (Mongolian marmot and Siberian ibex). For this purpose, we have passed 18 research routes with a total length of 197.5 km where we recorded all traces of the Snow leopard, Siberian ibex and Mongolian marmot life activities, as well as the distribution of the number of livestock. Another research method we have used is the application of camera traps. We installed 27 camera traps in total. As a result of their work we have obtained 51 photo location of the Snow leopard and identified at least 3 females, 2-3 adult males, 2-3 young individuals, the sex of which could not be established, including individuals aged about 2 years, 2 cubs. Both methods of research (search for traces of life activities and the application of camera traps) complement each other, and the correct use of camera traps can reduce the subjectivity of the results obtained by the search for traces of life activities. Thus, the reliability of the results is significantly increased. Our studies show that the largest number of traces of Snow leopard activity (the number of scrapes per 1 km of the route) and the largest number of photo locations were recorded in the central part of the Jargalant khairkhan mountain range – the territory that is the most remote and inaccessible for grazing livestock. In this territory, the highest frequency of Snow leopard presence was noted (20-40 scratches/km), and accordingly 5 from 11 identified snow leopards were registered. A similar pattern of distribution of traces of vital activity was registered for the other two territories.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90289055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AVS.20190706.11
J. Lawlor, A. Fahey, E. Neville, A. Stack, F. Mulligan
The objective of this study was to evaluate both the safety, and efficacy of supplementation at calving with a combined oral calcium and anti-oxidant bolus on post-partum metabolic status, fresh cow energy status, vaginal mucous score and early lactation milk production performance. Multiparous (n=103) cows from 3 dairy herds in Ireland were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to either a control (CON, n=51) group or an oral bolus supplemented (BOL, n=52) group. CON cows received no oral boluses. BOL cows received 2 oral boluses, at 0 and 18 hours (hrs) after calving. Cows were fed a standard dry cow diet of second cut grass silage with supplemental pre-calving minerals, and fewer than 2.3% of all fresh cows (n=899) in these herds were treated for clinical milk fever (below target incidence level). Trial-eligible cows treated with IV calcium at calving were excluded from the trial. No adverse events associated with bolus safety were observed. The bolus was adminstered with ease and was well-tolerated by all animals. Calving and early lactation disease events were recorded. Metabolic status was evaluated by using milk ketone (beta hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)) testing at day 14 and day 21 post-partum. Cows in the BOL group recorded significantly lower milk BHBA levels (0.46mg/dl) compared to CON cows (0.67mg/dl), (p<0.0001). Milk yield, Milk Fat % and kg, Milk Protein % and kg, combined milk components (milk fat and milk protein kg) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were recorded but no significant differences were observed. Results of this study indicate that the bolus is safe to use in post-partum dairy cows. Furthermore, cows responded favourably to treatment with the bolus with regard to improved metabolic status in the critical post-partum period. Results of this study suggest that supplementing dairy cows with oral boluses can have beneficial effects, even in dairy herds with a below-average incidence of hypocalcaemia.
{"title":"On-farm Safety and Efficacy Trial of Cow Start Calcium Bolus","authors":"J. Lawlor, A. Fahey, E. Neville, A. Stack, F. Mulligan","doi":"10.11648/J.AVS.20190706.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AVS.20190706.11","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate both the safety, and efficacy of supplementation at calving with a combined oral calcium and anti-oxidant bolus on post-partum metabolic status, fresh cow energy status, vaginal mucous score and early lactation milk production performance. Multiparous (n=103) cows from 3 dairy herds in Ireland were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to either a control (CON, n=51) group or an oral bolus supplemented (BOL, n=52) group. CON cows received no oral boluses. BOL cows received 2 oral boluses, at 0 and 18 hours (hrs) after calving. Cows were fed a standard dry cow diet of second cut grass silage with supplemental pre-calving minerals, and fewer than 2.3% of all fresh cows (n=899) in these herds were treated for clinical milk fever (below target incidence level). Trial-eligible cows treated with IV calcium at calving were excluded from the trial. No adverse events associated with bolus safety were observed. The bolus was adminstered with ease and was well-tolerated by all animals. Calving and early lactation disease events were recorded. Metabolic status was evaluated by using milk ketone (beta hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)) testing at day 14 and day 21 post-partum. Cows in the BOL group recorded significantly lower milk BHBA levels (0.46mg/dl) compared to CON cows (0.67mg/dl), (p<0.0001). Milk yield, Milk Fat % and kg, Milk Protein % and kg, combined milk components (milk fat and milk protein kg) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were recorded but no significant differences were observed. Results of this study indicate that the bolus is safe to use in post-partum dairy cows. Furthermore, cows responded favourably to treatment with the bolus with regard to improved metabolic status in the critical post-partum period. Results of this study suggest that supplementing dairy cows with oral boluses can have beneficial effects, even in dairy herds with a below-average incidence of hypocalcaemia.","PeriodicalId":7842,"journal":{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Sciences","volume":"23 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89839216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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