This study reports malaria infection caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. This study provides information on the infectivity rate of this parasite in dry season and the variation of laboratory diagnosed cases of malaria to clinically diagnosed cases. A total of 200 patients attending University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) clinically diagnosed to have malaria were recruited into the study. Their blood samples were collected and analyzed microscopically for the presence of the parasite. Questionnaires were collated to obtain demographic and associated risk factors of the people to the infection. The study showed that microscopy stills remain a golden method for analyzing malaria infections in relation to the clinical methods; it also showed that malaria parasitaemia is low at dry season. 116(58.0%) were positive and 84(42.0%) negative of the subjects to the infection. The level of parasitaemia varied between 200 parasites/μl to 800 parasites/μl. 74.1% had lower parasitaemia of ≤ 500μl while 25.9% had a mild parasitaemia of 500μl. It is suggested that all clinically diagnosed cases of malaria should be followed up by microscopy test to ascertain the presence of the parasite before drug prescriptions are made so as to avoid drug misuse. Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum , Clinical symptoms, Laboratory diagnosis, Malaria Infection, Malaria parasitaemia
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN TEACHING HOSPITAL, ILORIN, NIGERIA","authors":"O. Kolawole, Onyinye Ozokonkwo, O. Mokuolu","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V11I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V11I2","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports malaria infection caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. This study provides information on the infectivity rate of this parasite in dry season and the variation of laboratory diagnosed cases of malaria to clinically diagnosed cases. A total of 200 patients attending University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) clinically diagnosed to have malaria were recruited into the study. Their blood samples were collected and analyzed microscopically for the presence of the parasite. Questionnaires were collated to obtain demographic and associated risk factors of the people to the infection. The study showed that microscopy stills remain a golden method for analyzing malaria infections in relation to the clinical methods; it also showed that malaria parasitaemia is low at dry season. 116(58.0%) were positive and 84(42.0%) negative of the subjects to the infection. The level of parasitaemia varied between 200 parasites/μl to 800 parasites/μl. 74.1% had lower parasitaemia of ≤ 500μl while 25.9% had a mild parasitaemia of 500μl. It is suggested that all clinically diagnosed cases of malaria should be followed up by microscopy test to ascertain the presence of the parasite before drug prescriptions are made so as to avoid drug misuse. Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum , Clinical symptoms, Laboratory diagnosis, Malaria Infection, Malaria parasitaemia","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"18 1","pages":"2063-2070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82383241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluated the effects of methanolic stem bark extract of Cassia sieberiana (MSBECS) on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum lipid profile (SLP) of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. The extract was prepared by cold maceration and administered orally at the dose of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight to evaluate the effects on fasting blood glucose (FBG) of the diabetic rats, and at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) for the serum lipid profile (SLP) assay. A total of 78 male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) of 12 weeks of age were used for the study; 42 were used to evaluate the effects of the extract on FBG, while 36 were used for the SLP assay. Data from the study showed that the optimum anti-hyperglycemic activity of the C. sieberiana extract on the diabetic rats was recorded in the rat group given 50 mg/kg bw of MSBECS, and this did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from that of glibenclamide-treated rats. Treatment of the diabetic rats with the extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw produced a significant (p<0.05) increase/improvement in the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), while rat groups given 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw of the extract had a significantly (p<0.05) lower serum triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC). It was concluded the administration of MSBECS at 50 mg/kg bw led to significant reduction in FBG of diabetic rats comparable to that obtained in the control group treated with a standard anti-hyperglycaemic drug (glibenclamide), while treatment at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw led to favorable effects on the lipid profile of the diabetic rats. These findings validate the traditional use of the stem bark of C. sieberiana in the management of diabetes mellitus and its dyslipidaemia complications.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC STEM BARK EXTRACT OF Cassia sieberiana DC ON FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE AND SERUM LIPID PROFILE OF ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS","authors":"T. E. Ihedioha, V. U. Omoja, I. Asuzu","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V11I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V11I1","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the effects of methanolic stem bark extract of Cassia sieberiana (MSBECS) on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum lipid profile (SLP) of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. The extract was prepared by cold maceration and administered orally at the dose of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight to evaluate the effects on fasting blood glucose (FBG) of the diabetic rats, and at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) for the serum lipid profile (SLP) assay. A total of 78 male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) of 12 weeks of age were used for the study; 42 were used to evaluate the effects of the extract on FBG, while 36 were used for the SLP assay. Data from the study showed that the optimum anti-hyperglycemic activity of the C. sieberiana extract on the diabetic rats was recorded in the rat group given 50 mg/kg bw of MSBECS, and this did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from that of glibenclamide-treated rats. Treatment of the diabetic rats with the extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw produced a significant (p<0.05) increase/improvement in the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), while rat groups given 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw of the extract had a significantly (p<0.05) lower serum triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC). It was concluded the administration of MSBECS at 50 mg/kg bw led to significant reduction in FBG of diabetic rats comparable to that obtained in the control group treated with a standard anti-hyperglycaemic drug (glibenclamide), while treatment at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw led to favorable effects on the lipid profile of the diabetic rats. These findings validate the traditional use of the stem bark of C. sieberiana in the management of diabetes mellitus and its dyslipidaemia complications.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"37 1","pages":"1871-1880"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74382950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study investigated the morphology of the oropharynx and tongue of the guinea fowl using gross anatomical and histological techniques. The results showed that the mouth and pharynx of the guinea fowl lacked a definite line of demarcation, and so formed a common oropharyngeal cavity. The roof of the oropharynx was formed by the hard palate and the choana. The hard palate was characterized by a broad v-shaped rostral mucosal swelling, a median palatine ridge that bifurcated caudally into left and right lateral palatine ridges, and para-median rows of caudally pointed conical papillae. The tongue of the guinea fowl was located on the floor of the oropharynx, but did not extend to the full limits of the lower beak. The caudal and rostral parts of the tongue were demarcated by a v-shaped row of papillae, the papillary crest. Histologically, the dorsal surface of the tongue was lined by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contained intraepithelial taste buds, while the lining on the ventral surface of the tongue was a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Other features include a wide sub-epithelial connective tissue layer containing lingual glands, and a core of striated muscles. The lingual glands of the guinea fowl consisted of tubular secretory units made up of mucus-secreting cells. These findings may be important in nutritional and medical management of guinea fowls especially under the intensive system of production. Furthermore, our study has provided a foundation for recognition of pathology in the oropharynx and tongue of the guinea fowl.
{"title":"Gross and Histomorphological Assessment of the Oropharynx and Tongue of the Guinea Fowl ( Numida Meleagris )","authors":"U. Igwebuike, T. Anagor","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V10I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V10I2","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigated the morphology of the oropharynx and tongue of the guinea fowl using gross anatomical and histological techniques. The results showed that the mouth and pharynx of the guinea fowl lacked a definite line of demarcation, and so formed a common oropharyngeal cavity. The roof of the oropharynx was formed by the hard palate and the choana. The hard palate was characterized by a broad v-shaped rostral mucosal swelling, a median palatine ridge that bifurcated caudally into left and right lateral palatine ridges, and para-median rows of caudally pointed conical papillae. The tongue of the guinea fowl was located on the floor of the oropharynx, but did not extend to the full limits of the lower beak. The caudal and rostral parts of the tongue were demarcated by a v-shaped row of papillae, the papillary crest. Histologically, the dorsal surface of the tongue was lined by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contained intraepithelial taste buds, while the lining on the ventral surface of the tongue was a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Other features include a wide sub-epithelial connective tissue layer containing lingual glands, and a core of striated muscles. The lingual glands of the guinea fowl consisted of tubular secretory units made up of mucus-secreting cells. These findings may be important in nutritional and medical management of guinea fowls especially under the intensive system of production. Furthermore, our study has provided a foundation for recognition of pathology in the oropharynx and tongue of the guinea fowl.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"28 1","pages":"1739-1746"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73482664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper entomoremediation as a novel concept was critically projected as a bioremediation technique that needs to be harnessed in line with global realities of involving organisms like microorganisms and earthworms in soil decontamination. Entomoremediation is defined as a type of remediation in which insects are used in order to decontaminate a degraded soil. The candidacy of collembolans, ants, beetles and termites in entomoremediation is advocated because of their role as ecosystem engineers. The need for mass rearing of the insects to be used in proposed bioremediation is discussed. Bioremediation as a measure that requires interdisciplinary approach is emphasized. The need to use insects that are neither threatened or endangered in entomoremediation in order to achieve overall healthy balance of the soil environment is stressed.
{"title":"Entomoremediation - A Novel In-Situ Bioremediation Approach","authors":"S. C. Ewuim","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V10I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V10I1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper entomoremediation as a novel concept was critically projected as a bioremediation technique that needs to be harnessed in line with global realities of involving organisms like microorganisms and earthworms in soil decontamination. Entomoremediation is defined as a type of remediation in which insects are used in order to decontaminate a degraded soil. The candidacy of collembolans, ants, beetles and termites in entomoremediation is advocated because of their role as ecosystem engineers. The need for mass rearing of the insects to be used in proposed bioremediation is discussed. Bioremediation as a measure that requires interdisciplinary approach is emphasized. The need to use insects that are neither threatened or endangered in entomoremediation in order to achieve overall healthy balance of the soil environment is stressed.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"159 1","pages":"1681-1684"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79557792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some chemical parameters of a rock water productive pond were determined. Chicken droppings were applied at the rate of 1.5kg per day to a pond of mean surface area of 300m 2 :. The experimental period lasted for 10 months, with the first five months as the unfertilized period and the remaining five months as the fertilized period. All water quality parameters were studied titrimetrically and triplicated for accuracy and precision. There was no significant variation (P>0.05) in the conductivity (ionic content) of the pond water whether fertilized or unfertilized. The increased in the mean values of free carbon dioxide during the fertilized period was attributed to increased rate of decomposition of organic matter and a concomitant release of carbon dioxide. Both phosphate-phosphorus (P04-P) and nitrate-nitrogen (N0 3 -N) were significantly different (P<0.05) when the pond was fertilized. This was attributed to the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus as part of the constituents of chicken droppings. From this study it was observed that the use of fertilizer has favourable effect on the chemical parameters of the pond. Keywords : Free carbon dioxide, Phosphate-Phosphorus (P04-P), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), Conductivity, Chicken droppings Animal Research International (2012) 9(3): 1632 – 1637
{"title":"Some chemical parameters of a fertilized productive pond","authors":"H. Nwamba","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V9I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V9I3","url":null,"abstract":"Some chemical parameters of a rock water productive pond were determined. Chicken droppings were applied at the rate of 1.5kg per day to a pond of mean surface area of 300m 2 :. The experimental period lasted for 10 months, with the first five months as the unfertilized period and the remaining five months as the fertilized period. All water quality parameters were studied titrimetrically and triplicated for accuracy and precision. There was no significant variation (P>0.05) in the conductivity (ionic content) of the pond water whether fertilized or unfertilized. The increased in the mean values of free carbon dioxide during the fertilized period was attributed to increased rate of decomposition of organic matter and a concomitant release of carbon dioxide. Both phosphate-phosphorus (P04-P) and nitrate-nitrogen (N0 3 -N) were significantly different (P<0.05) when the pond was fertilized. This was attributed to the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus as part of the constituents of chicken droppings. From this study it was observed that the use of fertilizer has favourable effect on the chemical parameters of the pond. Keywords : Free carbon dioxide, Phosphate-Phosphorus (P04-P), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), Conductivity, Chicken droppings Animal Research International (2012) 9(3): 1632 – 1637","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80779812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aedes aegypti is one of the commonest mosquitoes in the tropics and sub topics, feeding on human blood when exposed and is responsible for the transmission of urban yellow fever in Africa and out side Africa, it transmits dengue fever. Aedes aegypti are basically freshwater mosquito. The effect of different concentrations of saline solution on the survivorship of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti is studied to possibly find a control measure that will utilize waste water from our kitchen which contains some form of saline solution. Different grams of NaCl were measured and dissolved in 100 ml of water to get the different concentrations and the different larva were subsequently introduced into these solutions. Increase in salinity, brings about increase in mortality rate as well as increase in length of days for development. While there was no mortality in saline concentration between 0.1 - 1.0 % the length of days for development remains almost the same as in freshwater. But from 1.5%-5.0% saline concentration, mortality recorded was on the increase and rate of development was delayed taking about 4.5 days in pupa as against the normal 2.5 days on the average. However optimal mortality was recorded in the first larval instars having 100% mortality in 1.5% to 5.0%. Where as the pupal stage recorded the highest survivorship rate of 83.3% in all. Finally it was observed that Aedes aegypti even though a freshwater mosquito tolerated some level of salinity and at the same time can be controlled effectively with NaCl solution.
{"title":"Human coping strategies to desertification in Yobe State, Nigeria","authors":"N. Ekechukwu, F. Ekeh","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V8I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V8I3","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti is one of the commonest mosquitoes in the tropics and sub topics, feeding on human blood when exposed and is responsible for the transmission of urban yellow fever in Africa and out side Africa, it transmits dengue fever. Aedes aegypti are basically freshwater mosquito. The effect of different concentrations of saline solution on the survivorship of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti is studied to possibly find a control measure that will utilize waste water from our kitchen which contains some form of saline solution. Different grams of NaCl were measured and dissolved in 100 ml of water to get the different concentrations and the different larva were subsequently introduced into these solutions. Increase in salinity, brings about increase in mortality rate as well as increase in length of days for development. While there was no mortality in saline concentration between 0.1 - 1.0 % the length of days for development remains almost the same as in freshwater. But from 1.5%-5.0% saline concentration, mortality recorded was on the increase and rate of development was delayed taking about 4.5 days in pupa as against the normal 2.5 days on the average. However optimal mortality was recorded in the first larval instars having 100% mortality in 1.5% to 5.0%. Where as the pupal stage recorded the highest survivorship rate of 83.3% in all. Finally it was observed that Aedes aegypti even though a freshwater mosquito tolerated some level of salinity and at the same time can be controlled effectively with NaCl solution.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"212 1","pages":"1439-1444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76600449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Alphonsus, G. Akpa, C. Mukasa, P. Rekwot, P. Barje
Genetic parameters for conformation traits of Bunaji cows are presented in this study. Data from 50 Bunaji cows collected between 2007 and 2008 at the Dairy Research Farm, National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika, Zaria was used. Analyzed conformation traits includes 7 body conformation traits: stature (ST), chest width (CW), wither height (WH), heart girth (HG), body length (BL), body depth (BD), rump width (RW) and 7 udder conformation traits: rear udder height (RUH), rear udder width (RUW), udder depth (UD), udder cleft (UC), fore teat position (FTP), rear teat placements (RTP) and teat length (TL), both of which were measured in centimeter (cm) using measuring stick and flexible tape. The measurements were taken monthly by 3 evaluators for the complete lactation length of the cows, this resulted in 1200 cumulative records, The estimated h2 of the linear conformation traits were between 0.203 (UD) and 0.621 (HG). The genetic correlations amongst the body conformation traits ranged from 0.116 to 0.992 while the phenotypic correlation ranged from 0.187 to 0.743. The genetic and phenotypic correlations amongst the udder conformation traits varied between – 0.538 to 0.352 and -0.257 to 0.325, respectively. The observed higher magnitude of genetic correlations than the phenotypic correlations for most of the conformation traits, coupled with the high heritability and repeatability estimate indicates that most of the conformation traits are influenced more by genetic factors rather than environmental factors; hence they can be improved with high degree of certainty through selection.
{"title":"GENETIC EVALUATION OF LINEAR UDDER AND BODY CONFORMATION TRAITS IN BUNAJI COWS","authors":"C. Alphonsus, G. Akpa, C. Mukasa, P. Rekwot, P. Barje","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V8I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V8I1","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic parameters for conformation traits of Bunaji cows are presented in this study. Data from 50 Bunaji cows collected between 2007 and 2008 at the Dairy Research Farm, National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika, Zaria was used. Analyzed conformation traits includes 7 body conformation traits: stature (ST), chest width (CW), wither height (WH), heart girth (HG), body length (BL), body depth (BD), rump width (RW) and 7 udder conformation traits: rear udder height (RUH), rear udder width (RUW), udder depth (UD), udder cleft (UC), fore teat position (FTP), rear teat placements (RTP) and teat length (TL), both of which were measured in centimeter (cm) using measuring stick and flexible tape. The measurements were taken monthly by 3 evaluators for the complete lactation length of the cows, this resulted in 1200 cumulative records, The estimated h2 of the linear conformation traits were between 0.203 (UD) and 0.621 (HG). The genetic correlations amongst the body conformation traits ranged from 0.116 to 0.992 while the phenotypic correlation ranged from 0.187 to 0.743. The genetic and phenotypic correlations amongst the udder conformation traits varied between – 0.538 to 0.352 and -0.257 to 0.325, respectively. The observed higher magnitude of genetic correlations than the phenotypic correlations for most of the conformation traits, coupled with the high heritability and repeatability estimate indicates that most of the conformation traits are influenced more by genetic factors rather than environmental factors; hence they can be improved with high degree of certainty through selection.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"70 1","pages":"1366-1374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72909556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many terrestrial tetrapod, olfactory sensory communication is mediated by two anatomically and functionally distinct sensory systems; the main olfactory system and vomeronasal system (accessory olfactory system). Recent anatomical studies of the central pathways of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems showed that these two systems converge on neurons in the telencephalon providing an evidence for functional interaction. The combined anatomical, molecular, physiological and behavioural studies have provided new insights into the involvement of these systems in pheromonal perception and their influence on the neuroendocrine pathways. The olfactory and vomeronasal systems have overlapping functions and both are involved in responses to both pheromones and chemical odorants. Several studies in insects, amphibians rodents and ungulates have established the importance of pheromones in the astonishing influence exerted by the male on the reproductive activity of the female. The great diversity of signals used in chemical communication indicates that this communication is not mediated exclusively by pheromones. A number of pheromonal responses are not dependent on the vomeronasal system, but on the main olfactory system. The dual olfactory systems also have overlappng functons. The importance of this organ in reproductve and socia behaviours was the aim of carrying out the review on its basic morphology and functional correlations in order to encourage more future studies of this important organ of our local species and breeds of mammals. Keywords: Main olfactory system, Vomeronasal system, Pheromones, Behaviour, Mammals
{"title":"THE ROLE OF MAIN OLFACTORY AND VOMERONASAL SYSTEMS IN ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AND REPRODUCTION","authors":"C. Igbokwe","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I3.55994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I3.55994","url":null,"abstract":"In many terrestrial tetrapod, olfactory sensory communication is mediated by two anatomically and functionally distinct sensory systems; the main olfactory system and vomeronasal system (accessory olfactory system). Recent anatomical studies of the central pathways of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems showed that these two systems converge on neurons in the telencephalon providing an evidence for functional interaction. The combined anatomical, molecular, physiological and behavioural studies have provided new insights into the involvement of these systems in pheromonal perception and their influence on the neuroendocrine pathways. The olfactory and vomeronasal systems have overlapping functions and both are involved in responses to both pheromones and chemical odorants. Several studies in insects, amphibians rodents and ungulates have established the importance of pheromones in the astonishing influence exerted by the male on the reproductive activity of the female. The great diversity of signals used in chemical communication indicates that this communication is not mediated exclusively by pheromones. A number of pheromonal responses are not dependent on the vomeronasal system, but on the main olfactory system. The dual olfactory systems also have overlappng functons. The importance of this organ in reproductve and socia behaviours was the aim of carrying out the review on its basic morphology and functional correlations in order to encourage more future studies of this important organ of our local species and breeds of mammals. Keywords: Main olfactory system, Vomeronasal system, Pheromones, Behaviour, Mammals","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"68 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88206838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The female Anopheles gambiae s.l is the principalintermediate host/vector of Plasmodium - the causative organism of malaria fever in many tropical countries. After a preliminary acute toxicity screening of leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens using descending series of concentrations (1000, 500, 100, 50 and 5 μg/ml ), two extracts (aqueous and ethanolic ) were assayed against freshly laid eggs and larval instars of An. gambiae following the standard World Health Organisation ovicide and insecticide susceptibility bioassay methodology. The results indicate that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the test plant significantly (F = 30.23, df = 5, p < 0.01; F = 45.28, df = 5, ρ < 0.01 respectively) reduced the viability of the An. gambiae ova exposed to different doses of the extracts. In the ovicidal assay the lethal inhibition doses of egg hatching (IH50) was 31.52 and 48.01/μg/ml respectively for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Also at a dose of 82.5 μg/ml the ethanolic extract completely inhibited An. gambiae hatching whereas the aqueous extract could inhibit only 70.42% egg hatching at the same dose. The results further indicate that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts also exhibited larval median lethal toxic (LC 50 ) values of 62.41 (range 61.22 – 67.04) and 80.02 (range 77.55 – 86.41) respectively thus making both extracts candidates for further fractionation and compound isolation studies to characterize the active phytochemical constituents.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF OVICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL EFFECTS OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF Hyptis suaveolens (L) POIT (LAMIACEAE) AGAINST Anopheles gambiae (DIPTERA: ANOPHELIDAE) COMPLEX","authors":"N. Ivoke, F. Okafor, Laura Onyi Owoicho","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I3.55987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I3.55987","url":null,"abstract":"The female Anopheles gambiae s.l is the principalintermediate host/vector of Plasmodium - the causative organism of malaria fever in many tropical countries. After a preliminary acute toxicity screening of leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens using descending series of concentrations (1000, 500, 100, 50 and 5 μg/ml ), two extracts (aqueous and ethanolic ) were assayed against freshly laid eggs and larval instars of An. gambiae following the standard World Health Organisation ovicide and insecticide susceptibility bioassay methodology. The results indicate that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the test plant significantly (F = 30.23, df = 5, p < 0.01; F = 45.28, df = 5, ρ < 0.01 respectively) reduced the viability of the An. gambiae ova exposed to different doses of the extracts. In the ovicidal assay the lethal inhibition doses of egg hatching (IH50) was 31.52 and 48.01/μg/ml respectively for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Also at a dose of 82.5 μg/ml the ethanolic extract completely inhibited An. gambiae hatching whereas the aqueous extract could inhibit only 70.42% egg hatching at the same dose. The results further indicate that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts also exhibited larval median lethal toxic (LC 50 ) values of 62.41 (range 61.22 – 67.04) and 80.02 (range 77.55 – 86.41) respectively thus making both extracts candidates for further fractionation and compound isolation studies to characterize the active phytochemical constituents.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81244418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The length-weight relationships and conditions of Citharinus citharus and Alestes baremoze from Anambra River were investigated from September 2007- March 2008. Analysis of the size ranges of the two fishes showed that C. citharinus was heavier than A. baremoze but A. baremoze was long than C. citharus. Both fishes showed only one peak each in their size distribution indicating that they belonged to the same size or year class. There was highly significant relationship between the body weights and standard lengths of C. citharinus and A. baremoze (P < 0.001). The Kn values for the two fishes were fairly equal but the mean K. values showed that C. citharinus was more robust and in a better state of “well being” than A. baremoze. The results were discussed of similar studies, particularly the importance of the condition factor in the study of the biology of the fish population.
{"title":"LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS AND CONDITION FACTOR OF Citharinus citharus AND Alestes baremoze FROM ANAMBRA RIVER BASIN, NIGERIA","authors":"N. Ezenwaji, H. Ezenwaji","doi":"10.4314/ARI.V6I3.55996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ARI.V6I3.55996","url":null,"abstract":"The length-weight relationships and conditions of Citharinus citharus and Alestes baremoze from Anambra River were investigated from September 2007- March 2008. Analysis of the size ranges of the two fishes showed that C. citharinus was heavier than A. baremoze but A. baremoze was long than C. citharus. Both fishes showed only one peak each in their size distribution indicating that they belonged to the same size or year class. There was highly significant relationship between the body weights and standard lengths of C. citharinus and A. baremoze (P < 0.001). The Kn values for the two fishes were fairly equal but the mean K. values showed that C. citharinus was more robust and in a better state of “well being” than A. baremoze. The results were discussed of similar studies, particularly the importance of the condition factor in the study of the biology of the fish population.","PeriodicalId":7872,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research International","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72882110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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