Antioxidants最新文献

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease in which kidney involvement, so-called lupus nephritis (LN), is common and one of the most severe manifestations. Oxidative stress (OS) may play a role in the pathogenesis of LN through the exacerbation of inflammation and immune cell dysfunction/dysregulation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), also known as nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2, is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L2 gene and is regarded as a central regulator of the antioxidative response. Nrf2-activating compounds have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress in cells and tissues of lupus-prone mice. Although the precise mechanisms of Nrf2 activation on the immune system in SLE remain to be elucidated, Nrf2-activating compounds are considered novel therapeutical options to suppress OS and thereby might alleviate disease activity in SLE, especially in LN. This review therefore summarizes the role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of SLE with LN and describes compounds modulating this pathway as potential additional clinical interventions.

Activities such as childbirth and breastfeeding can cause severe oxidative stress and inflammatory damage to the mother during early lactation, and can affect animal milk production, and the growth and development of offspring. Trehalose alleviates damage to the body by endowing it with stress resistance. In this study, we used trehalose combined with Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to explore whether dietary intervention can alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in early lactation and to evaluate the growth ability, acid production ability, antioxidant ability, non-specific adhesion ability, antibacterial ability, and other parameters to determine the optimal combinations and proportions. The results showed that the synbiotics composed of 2.5% trehalose and 1 × 10⁷ cfu/g of Bifidobacterium longum could regulate the gut microbiota, and promote mammary gland development in dams by reducing progesterone (PROG) content in the blood, increasing prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) content, enhancing their antioxidant and immune abilities, and effectively increasing the weight and lactation of early lactating dams. In addition, it can also affect the growth of offspring and the development of the intestinal barrier. These results indicate that trehalose synbiotics have great potential in alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in early lactation.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and aberrant keratinocyte proliferation. Despite tremendous advances in understanding its etiology, effective therapies that target its fundamental mechanisms remain necessary. Recent research highlights the role of reactive oxygen species dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in psoriasis pathogenesis. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species mediate cellular signaling pathways involved in psoriasis, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation, leading to oxidative stress, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage if dysregulated. This review explores oxidative stress biomarkers and parameters in psoriasis, including myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase, sirtuins, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress index, total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status. These markers provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Modulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels and enhancing antioxidant defenses can alleviate inflammation and oxidative damage, improving patient outcomes. Natural antioxidants like quercetin, curcumin, gingerol, resveratrol, and other antioxidants show promise as complementary treatments targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review aims to guide the development of personalized therapeutic methods and diagnostic techniques, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive clinical studies to validate the efficacy and safety of these interventions, paving the way for more effective and holistic psoriasis care.

Polyphenols are organic chemical compounds naturally present in plants, renowned for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and cardiovascular protective properties. Their bioactivity and bioavailability can vary widely depending on the methods of food processing and interactions with the gut microbiome. These factors can induce changes in polyphenols, affecting their ability to achieve their intended health benefits. Thus, it is essential to develop and apply food processing methods that optimize polyphenol content while maintaining their bioactivity and bioavailability. This review aims to explore how various food processing techniques affect the quantity, bioactivity, and bioavailability of polyphenols, as well as their interactions with the gut microbiome, which may ultimately determine their health effects.

The discarding of agri-food by-products is a stringent problem due to their high environmental impact. Recovery strategies can lead to a reduction of waste and result in new applications. Agri-food waste represents a source of bioactive molecules, which could promote health benefits. The primary goal of this research has been the assessment of the antioxidant activity of milk permeate, a dairy farm by-product, and the isolation and identification of peptide fractions endowed with antioxidant activity. The chromatographic extraction of the peptide fractions was carried out, and the peptides were identified by mass spectrometry. The fractions showed radical scavenging activity in vitro. Moreover, the results in the Caco-2 cell model demonstrated that the peptide fractions were able to protect from oxidative stress by stimulating the Keap1/Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway, increasing the transcription of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the bioactive peptides can affect cellular metabolism, increasing mitochondrial respiration. The action of the peptide fractions was also assessed in vivo on a zebrafish model and resulted in the protection of the whole organism from the adverse effects of acute cold stress, highlighting their strong capability to protect from an oxidative insult. Altogether, the results unveil novel recovery strategies for food by-products as sources of antioxidant bioactive peptides that might be utilized for the development of functional foods.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and Paraoxonase 3 (PON3) are enzymes located on the surface of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and share similar antioxidant properties, possibly modulated by other proteins such as Myeloperoxidase (MPO), which drives the shift from functional to dysfunctional HDL. PON1 has been extensively studied in relation to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the role of PON3 remains unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, the study analyzed PON3 protein levels and PON1-arylesterase activity in 99 AD patients, 100 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 79 cognitively normal controls. The results showed that serum PON3 levels remained unchanged across all groups. In contrast, serum arylesterase activity was significantly reduced in both AD and MCI patients compared to controls (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Surprisingly, there was no correlation between arylesterase activity and MPO protein concentration or activity. However, PON3 was found to have a significant positive correlation with both MPO concentration (r = 0.507, p < 0.0001) and MPO activity (r = 0.264, p < 0.01). In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that PON1 and PON3 have distinct relationships with AD, with only PON1 showing a decrease in activity in this disease, while PON3 levels remained unchanged. Another noteworthy finding was the selective correlation between PON3 and MPO, which may suggest a preferential physical association of PON3 with dysfunctional HDL.

The objectives of this study were to design multilayer oil-in-water nanoemulsions using a layer-by-layer technique to enhance the stability of β-carotene and evaluate its effect on in vitro release and antioxidant activity. To prepare β-carotene-loaded multilayer nanoemulsions (NEs), a primary NE (PRI-NE) using Tween 20 was coated with chitosan (CS) for the secondary NE (SEC-CS), and with dextran sulfate (DS) and sodium alginate (SA) for the two types of tertiary NEs (TER-DS, TER-SA). The multilayer NEs ranged in particle size from 92 to 110 nm and exhibited high entrapment efficiency (92-99%). After incubation in a simulated gastrointestinal tract model, the release rate of free fatty acids decreased slightly after coating with CS, DS, and SA. The bioaccessibility of β-carotene was 7.02% for the PRI-NE, 7.96% for the SEC-CS, 10.88% for the TER-DS, and 10.25% for the TER-SA. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging abilities increased by 1.2 times for the multilayer NEs compared to the PRI-NE. In addition, the cellular antioxidant abilities improved by 1.8 times for the TER-DS (87.24%) compared to the PRI-NE (48.36%). Therefore, multilayer nanoemulsions are potentially valuable techniques to improve the stability, in vitro digestion, and antioxidant activity of β-carotene.

Heat stress resulting from global climate change has been demonstrated to adversely affect growth, development, and reproduction of marine organisms. The Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri), an important economical mollusk in China, faces increasing risks of summer mortality due to the prolonged heat waves. The heart, responsible for transporting gas and nutrients, is vital in maintaining homeostasis and physiological status in response to environmental changes. In this study, the effect of heat stress on the cardiac function of C. farreri was investigated during the continuous 30-day heat stress at 27 °C. The results showed the heart rate of scallops increased due to stress in the initial phase of high temperature exposure, peaking at 12 h, and then gradually recovered, indicating an acclimatization at the end of the experiment. In addition, the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) exhibited an initial increase followed by recovery in response to heat stress. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of the heart identified 3541 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to heat stress. Subsequent GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these genes were primarily related to signal transduction and oxidative stress, such as the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, MAPK signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. In addition, two modules were identified as significant responsive modules according to the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The upregulation of key enzymes within the base excision repair and gap junction pathways indicated that the heart of C. farreri under heat stress enhanced DNA repair and maintained cellular integrity. In addition, the variable expression of essential signaling molecules and cytoskeletal regulators suggested that the heart of C. farreri modulated cardiomyocyte contraction, intracellular signaling, and heart rate through complex regulation of phosphorylation and calcium dynamics in response to heat stress. Collectively, this study enhances our understanding of cardiac function and provides novel evidence for unraveling the mechanism underlying the thermal response in mollusks.

Herbal teas are used in South Africa as digestives to lower glycaemia and for other indications. However, the chemical composition of the infusions and their effect on enzymes related to metabolic syndrome is poorly known. The composition of infusions and methanol extracts of B. saligna (Scrophulariaceae), Lippia javanica, L. scaberrima, and Phyla dulcis (Verbenaceae) was assessed and the effect of the infusions and extract was determined towards α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase. The commercial herbal products were extracted separately with MeOH or hot water to obtain the extract/infusion for comparative studies. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant capacity were assessed. The fingerprints of the MeOH extracts and infusions were compared by HPLD-DAD. The extract constituents were tentatively identified by HPLC-MS/MS and NMR analyses. From the extracts/infusions, 57 compounds were identified, including iridoids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids, and caffeic acid derivatives, among others. The MeOH extracts and infusions showed strong inhibition towards α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ in the range of 0.13-0.84 µg/mL for the phenolic-enriched infusion extract (PEI) and 0.47-0.50 µg/mL for the MeOH extracts, respectively. The P. dulcis PEI showed higher inhibition towards α-glucosidase, and the MeOH extract of L. scaberrima was better than the PEI. At 100 µg/mL, the PEI from the four herbal teas reduces the activity of α-amylase by 23.03-28.61%, with L. javanica as the most active tea. Three of the species are high in phenylpropanoid glycosides, while P. dulcis contains rosmarinic acid. Some 26 compounds were identified in the infusion from B. saligna, 28 from L. scaberrima, and 21 from P. dulcis. Four of them are common in all the teas, namely decaffeoylverbascoside, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, and tuberonic acid hexoside. Ten compounds occur in two of the teas and seventeen, fifteen, and eleven compounds were detected only in B. saligna, L. scaberrima, and P. dulcis, respectively. Most of the compounds are reported for the first time from the crude drug infusions. The results give some support for the traditional use of herbal teas as digestives and/or indications for diabetes. The chemical fingerprints set the basis for quality control of the crude drugs, based on the main constituents and differential compounds occurring in the samples.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes within the human body. This review specifically examines the involvement of NO in age-related diseases, focusing on the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. The discussion delves into the mechanisms of NO signaling in these diseases, emphasizing the post-translational modifications of involved proteins, such as S-nitrosation and nitration. The review also covers the dual nature of NO, highlighting both its protective and harmful effects, determined by concentration, location, and timing. Additionally, potential therapies that modulate NO signaling, including the use of NO donors and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and oncological diseases, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the methods for the determination of NO and its derivatives in the context of illness diagnosis and monitoring. The review underscores the complexity and dual role of NO in maintaining cellular balance and suggests areas for future research in developing new therapeutic strategies.